SINGLE-PHASE

TRANSFORMER

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 Single-phase Transformer

 Reminder about the transformer

Primary Secondary

𝐼1 𝐼2
𝑛1 𝑛2
𝑉2
𝑉1

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 2/25 Single-phase Transformer

 Reminder about the transformer
Transformer is ideal Transformation ratio

𝑉1 = 𝑗. 𝜔. 𝑛1 .  𝑉2 𝑛2 𝐼1
𝑉2 = 𝑗. 𝜔. 𝑛2 .  𝑚= = =
𝑉1 𝑛1 𝐼2
𝑛1 . 𝐼1 − 𝑛2 . 𝐼2 = 0

Reduced impedance

2
𝑍1 𝑛1 1
= = 2
𝑍2 𝑛2 𝑚

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 3/25 Single-phase Transformer

 No-load Transformer

Reluctance of the magnetic circuit : ℜ ≠ 0

𝑉1 = 𝑗. 𝜔. 𝑛1 . 
𝑉2 = 𝑗. 𝜔. 𝑛2 . 
𝑛1 . 𝐼1 − 𝑛2 . 𝐼2 = ℜ. Φ

Where from :

𝑛2 ℜ 𝑛2 ℜ. 𝑉1
𝐼1 = . 𝐼2 + . Φ = . 𝐼2 +
𝑛1 𝑛1 𝑛1 𝑗. 𝜔. 𝑛1 2

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 4/25 Single-phase Transformer

 No-load Transformer

The second term is magnetizing current :

𝑉1 𝑉1
𝐼10 = 2 =
𝑛 𝑗. 𝜔. 𝐿1
𝑗. 𝜔. 1
ℜ
with:
𝑛1 2
𝐿1 =
ℜ

L1 is the proper inductance of the primary winding.

No-load, I2 = 0. The transformer therefore absorbs I10. This

value is constant as long as V1 and ω do not vary.

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 5/25 Single-phase Transformer

 No-load Transformer

So we get :
𝑛2 𝑉2 𝑛2
𝐼1 = .𝐼 + 𝐼10 =
𝑛1 2 𝑉1 𝑛1

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 6/25 Single-phase Transformer

 Iron losses
No-load Transformer:
𝑚
𝐼1 𝐼2
𝑊

𝑉2
𝑉1

𝑃𝑛𝑜−𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 0 W, 𝑄𝐿1𝜔 = 𝑉1 ∗ 𝐼10 ∗ sin(𝜑1 )

Theoretically
𝑃𝑛𝑜−𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑉1 ∗ 𝐼1𝑣 ∗ cos 𝜑1𝑣 ? ? ? ? ?

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 7/25 Single-phase Transformer

 Iron losses

A transformer has iron losses :

• Hysteresis
• Eddy currents
• Heating the magnetic circuit
No-load, the transformer absorbs a current I1v. It is
composed of the real current I1fer due to iron losses
and imaginary magnetizing current I10.

𝑃𝑛𝑜−𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑃𝑓𝑒𝑟 = 𝑉1 . 𝐼1𝑣 . cos 𝜑1𝑣

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 8/25 Single-phase Transformer

 Iron losses
So we write :
𝐼1𝑣 = 𝐼10 + 𝐼1𝑓𝑒𝑟

𝐼1𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑉1
𝜑1𝑣

𝐼1𝑣
𝐼10

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 9/25 Single-phase Transformer

 Iron losses
Iron losses are represented by resistance Rpfer equivalent
resistance to iron losses.
𝑉1 2
𝑃𝑓𝑒𝑟 = 𝑉1 . 𝐼1𝑓𝑒𝑟 =
𝑅𝑝𝑓𝑒𝑟
𝑚
No-load, so we have : 𝐼1 𝑚. 𝐼2 𝐼2
𝑛2
𝐼1 = . 𝐼2 + 𝐼1𝑣
𝑛1 𝐼1𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝐼1𝑣

𝐼1 = 𝑚. 𝐼2 + 𝐼1𝑣 𝑉2
𝑉1 𝑅𝑝𝑓𝑒𝑟
𝐼1𝑣 = 𝐼10 + 𝐼1𝑓𝑒𝑟

𝐼1 = 𝑚. 𝐼2 + 𝐼10 + 𝐼1𝑓𝑒𝑟

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 10/25 Single-phase Transformer

 Iron losses
No-load, a non-sinusoidal current is observed.

B : magnetic Flux,
magnetic flux density (en T)
H : magnetic field,
magnetic field strength (en
A.m-1)

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 11/25 Single-phase Transformer

 Real Transformer

Real transformer under load

𝑉1 = 𝑅1 + 𝑗. 𝜔. 𝑙1 𝐼1 + 𝑗. 𝜔. 𝑛1 . 

𝑉2 = − 𝑅2 + 𝑗. 𝜔. 𝑙2 𝐼2 + 𝑗. 𝜔. 𝑛2 . 

𝑛2 𝑛2
𝐼1 = . 𝐼2 + 𝐼1𝑣 = . 𝐼2 + 𝐼10 + 𝐼1𝑓𝑒𝑟
𝑛1 𝑛1

The equations are transferred into an equivalent scheme.

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 12/25 Single-phase Transformer

 Real Transformer

As the voltage drop on R1 and 𝑙1 is weak compared to V1,

the diagram can be simplified.

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 13/25 Single-phase Transformer

 Real Transformer

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 14/25 Single-phase Transformer

 Real Transformer

To simplify this diagram, we will bring back R1 and 𝑙1 at the

transformer's secondary.

As seen previously :
2
𝑍1 𝑛1
=
𝑍2 𝑛2

So we can write :
2
𝑛2
𝑅𝑠 = 𝑅2 + . 𝑅1
𝑛1
2
𝑛2
𝑙𝑠 = 𝑙2 + . 𝑙1
𝑛1

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 15/25 Single-phase Transformer

 Real Transformer
Then, we obtain the final equivalent diagram of the
transformer

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 16/25 Single-phase Transformer

 Real Transformer

▪ 𝑉1 = 𝑗. 𝜔. 𝑛1 .  + 𝑅1 + 𝑗. 𝜔. 𝑙1 𝐼1 ➢ Transformation ratio
▪ 𝑉2 = 𝑗. 𝜔. 𝑛2 .  − 𝑅2 + 𝑗. 𝜔. 𝑙2 𝐼2 ➢ Windings (primary and secondary)

▪ 𝐼1 = 𝑚. 𝐼2 + 𝐼10 + 𝐼1𝑓𝑒𝑟 ➢ Iron losses

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 17/25 Single-phase Transformer
 Transformation ratio

With :
• RF or Rpfer, equivalent resistance to iron losses.
• L1, magnetic circuit inductance.
• Rs, equivalent resistance of primary and secondary
copper referred to the secondary.
• 𝑙𝑠 , equivalent inductance to the flux leakage of the
primary and the secondary brought back to the
secondary .

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 18/25 Single-phase Transformer

 Kapp

Voltage drop under load

In high school, we find the equation :

𝑛2
. V1 = 𝑉2 + 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑗. 𝜔. 𝑙𝑠 . 𝐼2
𝑛1
We can therefore draw the Kapp diagram :

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 19/25 Single-phase Transformer

 Kapp

𝑛2
No-load, I2 = 0, so we have 𝑉2 = 𝑉20 = .𝑉
𝑛1 1

This is called a voltage drop at the secondary:

∆𝑉2 = 𝑉20 − 𝑉2

In reality, 𝑅𝑠 . 𝐼2 and 𝑗. 𝜔. 𝑙𝑠 . 𝐼2 are weak compared to 𝑉2 .

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 20/25 Single-phase Transformer

 Kapp

So we find the approximation of Kapp :

∆𝑉2 ≈ 𝑅𝑠 . 𝐼2 . cos 𝜑2 + 𝑙𝑠 . 𝜔. 𝐼2 . sin 𝜑2
We can write 𝑋𝑠 = 𝑙𝑠 . 𝜔
MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 21/25 Single-phase Transformer
 Kapp

Kapp's approximation :
∆𝑽𝟐 ≈ (𝑹𝒔 . 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋𝟐 + 𝑿𝒔 . 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝋𝟐 ). 𝑰𝟐

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 22/25 Single-phase Transformer

 Reduced units
Nominal impedance
Primary
V1n V1n 2
Z1n = =
I1n Sn

Secondary
V2n V2n 2
Z2 n = =
I 2n Sn

Z2n = m2  Z1n

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 23/25 Single-phase Transformer

 Reduced units
Reduced impedance

L r =
Rs
l1 = 1 Z2 n
Z1n
Rpfer Xs
rpfer = xs =
Z1n Z2 n

r, xs: qq % l1: qq 1000%

rpfer: qq 1000 à 10000%

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 24/25 Single-phase Transformer

 Reduced units

Short circuit voltage

𝑉1𝑐𝑐 𝑅𝑠2 + 𝑋𝑠2 𝐼2𝑛

𝑣1𝑐𝑐 = = ⋅
𝑉1𝑛 𝑚 𝑉1𝑛

𝑅𝑠2 + 𝑋𝑠2
𝑣1𝑐𝑐 =
𝑍2𝑛

𝑣1𝑐𝑐 = 𝑟𝑠2 + 𝑥𝑠2

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 25/25 Single-phase Transformer