SINGLE-PHASE

TRANSFORMER

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 1/11 Single-phase Transformer

 Tests and properties of the transformer
• Rpfer • Rs
• L1 • ls

Two tests to determine the model of the transformer :

No-load (open-circuit) test and short-circuit (full-load) test.

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 2/11 Single-phase Transformer

 Tests and properties of the transformer

No-load test:

The secondary of the transformer is empty. We measure :

𝑉1𝑛 , 𝑉2 = 𝑉20 , 𝑃1𝑣 , 𝐼1𝑣

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 3/11 Single-phase Transformer

 Tests and properties of the transformer
The copper losses are neglected. Therefore :

𝑉1 2
𝑅𝑝𝑓𝑒𝑟 =
𝑃1𝑣
𝑉1 2
𝐿1 . 𝜔 =
𝑄1𝑣
𝑛2 𝑉20
𝑚= =
𝑛1 𝑉1

To obtain the reduced quantities of 𝑟𝑝𝑓𝑒𝑟 and 𝑙1 . 𝜔 :

𝑅𝑝𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑉1 2 𝐼1𝑛 𝑆𝑛
𝑟𝑝𝑓𝑒𝑟 = = . =
𝑍1𝑛 𝑃1𝑣 𝑉1𝑛 𝑃1𝑣
𝐿1 . 𝜔 𝑉1 2 𝐼1𝑛 𝑆𝑛
𝑙1.𝜔 = = . =
𝑍1𝑛 𝑄1𝑣 𝑉1𝑛 𝑄1𝑣
MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 4/11 Single-phase Transformer
 Tests and properties of the transformer
Short-circuit test

This test takes place under reduced primary voltage

(approximately 10% of V1).

The secondary of the transformer is short-circuited. We

measure :
𝑛1 𝑛1
𝑉1𝑐𝑐 , 𝑃1𝑐𝑐 ≈ 𝑃2𝑐𝑐 , 𝐼1= 𝐼1𝑐𝑐= 𝐼2𝑛= 𝐼2𝑐𝑐
𝑛2 𝑛2

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 5/11 Single-phase Transformer

 Tests and properties of the transformer
Iron losses are neglected. As a result :

𝑃2𝑐𝑐
𝑅𝑠 =
𝐼2𝑐𝑐 2
𝑄2𝑐𝑐
𝑙𝑠 . 𝜔 = 𝑋𝑠 =
𝐼2𝑐𝑐 2
𝑛2 𝐼1𝑐𝑐
𝑚= =
𝑛1 𝐼2𝑐𝑐

To obtain the reduced quantities of 𝑅𝑠 and 𝑋𝑠 :

𝑅𝑠 𝑃2𝑐𝑐 𝐼2𝑛 𝑃2𝑐𝑐
𝑟𝑠 = = 2 . =
𝑍1𝑛 𝐼2𝑐𝑐 𝑉2𝑛 𝑆𝑛
𝑙𝑠 . 𝜔 𝑄2𝑐𝑐 𝐼2𝑛 𝑄2𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑠 = = 2 . =
𝑍1𝑛 𝐼2𝑐𝑐 𝑉2 𝑆𝑛

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 6/11 Single-phase Transformer

 Tests and properties of the transformer
Voltage drop at the secondary of the transformer
as a function of the phase shift of the receiver

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 7/11 Single-phase Transformer

 Tests and properties of the transformer

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 8/11 Single-phase Transformer

 Tests and properties of the transformer
Transformer efficiency

By applying Boucherot's theorem :

𝑃1 = 𝑃2 + 𝑃𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝑃2 = 𝑉2 . 𝐼2 . cos 𝜑2
𝑃𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 = 𝑅1 . 𝐼1 2 + 𝑅2 . 𝐼2 2 = 𝑅𝑠 . 𝐼2 2
𝑉1 2
𝑃𝑓𝑒𝑟 = = 𝑃1𝑣
𝑅𝑝𝑓𝑒𝑟

Hence the performance :

𝑃2 𝑉2 . 𝐼2 . cos 𝜑2
η= =
𝑃2 + 𝑃𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 + 𝑃𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑉2 . 𝐼2 . cos 𝜑2 + 𝑅𝑠 . 𝐼2 2 + 𝑃𝑓𝑒𝑟
MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 9/11 Single-phase Transformer
 Tests and properties of the transformer
The efficiency is maximum for :
𝑃𝑓𝑒𝑟
𝑅𝑠 . 𝐼2 = which is to say 𝑃𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 = 𝑃𝑓𝑒𝑟
𝐼2
𝑉2 . cos 𝜑2
η=
𝑃𝑓𝑒𝑟
𝑉2 . cos 𝜑2 + 𝑅𝑠 . 𝐼2 +
𝐼2

For an
industrial
transformer,
η > 95%

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 10/11 Single-phase Transformer

 Single-phase transformer

Single-phase dry transformer : 1000 VA 50 Hz, 220V/110 V

MD/SC/BB/SH/CL/2018 11/11 Single-phase Transformer