STUDIES AND ANALYSIS

In each analysis, you will share:

• three things you learned about the system

• two things that surprised or interested you, and
• one question you still have.

MEET THE HEART

Three things I have learned about the heart system is that, in order for all the cells in our
human body to be healthy, it needs a good blood circulation. The heart is responsible for
these circulations by pumping the blood to all the different cells in our body system.
Secondly the difference between systemic flow and pulmonary flow. Pulmonary flow when
the heart transports the deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorbs oxygen and release
carbon dioxide and transported back to the heart, whereas systemic flow is when that
oxygenated blood that flows into the heart from the lungs is pumped out to all parts of the
body through the aorta. Lastly, there are so many blood vessels all over the heart and they
are called coronary vessels.
Two things that surprised me is that the diaphragm becomes the floor, while the ribs are the
ceiling and the walls that protects the heart and the lungs. Secondly the two veins that are
responsible for dragging blood in from all over the body into the heart, is called the superior
and inferior vena cava.
The question I still have, what happens if the deoxygenated blood did not get any
oxygenated blood from the lungs?

MEET THE LUNGS

Three things that I learned about the lungs, firstly the left and right lungs are not identical or
the same, the right lung has three lobes, while the left lung has two lobes. Secondly, there is
a cardiac notch that is in the middle towards the left lung is formed, because the heart is
peeking out from there. Lastly, the air that we breath in through our lungs when we inhale,
gets down into the alveoli, exchange with blood, and then we exhale or breath out and let
all the carbon dioxide out.
Two things that interests or surprised me, is our lungs looks like a flipped upside-down tree
which is called the bronchial tree and secondly, the notch that we felt on our Adam’s Apple
or our voice box is controlling our voice.
The question I still have is sometimes when we are eating, and we experienced food is going
into our windpipe instead of the esophagus. What happens if that food particles get into our
lungs?
 TWO CIRCULATIONS IN THE BODY
Three things that I learned about the two circulations in the body system is, in the upper
part of the heart, the blood goes through the right atrium into the right ventricle, goes
through the valve and headed to the lungs to get oxygenated, going through the pulmonary
trunk. Next, the red blood cell (RBC) does not have any mitochondria and that means that it
is not really using oxygen, but they carry oxygen around. Lastly, the blood from the arterial
side is coming from the aorta and the blood from the venous side is going directly into the
right atrium.
Two things that interest me from these two circulations in the body system is that the aorta
is the large vessel in the heart, and it branches and split into the various tissues and organs
in the body. Secondly, pulmonary circulation is relying on the right ventricle as the pump,
while the systemic circulation is relying on the left ventricle as the pump.
The question that I still have is, what will happen if one of the branches that is split from the
aorta is blocked?

STRUCTURE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Three things that I learned from this system is, firstly, the Nervous System is divided into 2
main structural parts, and they are Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
and both of Central and Nervous System are further divided into other parts. Central
Nervous system is further divided into the Brain and the Spinal Cord, whereas the Peripheral
Nervous System structures are the nerves and the ganglion. Secondly, the reason why it is
called the Central Nervous System because it is in the center of the body and the Peripheral
Nervous System it is going out to all parts of the body. Lastly, the difference between
Afferent Neurons and efferent neuron is, that the afferent neurons carry information into
the Central Nervous System from the periphery, while the efferent neurons carry
information away from the Central Nervous System to the periphery.
Two things that interest me from the Nervous System is, the spinal nerves are formed from
two parts which are called spinal nerve root, one from the front root and another is a back
root. Secondly, the mixed nerves is the root in the back that have ganglia.
The question that I still have is what happens if one of the nerves in our body is damaged?

WHY WE NEED LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Three things that I learned from the Lymphatic System is to begin with, Lymphatic System is
another plumbing system which contains cells that collected fluid and bring it back into the
blood. Secondly, Lymphatic Vessels are different from blood vessels because they do not
form a closed loop. Lastly, the hydrostatic pressure is lower in the latter part of the capillary
compared to the earlier part that is why we have less pushing out of red blood cells,
nutrient, protein in liquid form and more pulling back in between the cells.
Two things that interest me most is, the blood oxygen to the cells and by the time it gets
through the capillary bed, it lost its own oxygen, and that blood goes back to the heart.
Next, if the endothelial cells in the capillaries were tightly connected together, then all the
cells in our body would kind of be sealed off.
The question that I still have, what will happen if one of the endothelial cells in the
capillaries opens?

TYPES OF IMMUNE RESPONSE

Three things that I learned from this Immune response is that in the Immune System, we
have Non-Specific (Innate) Immune System and Specific (Adaptive) Immune System.
Secondly, Non-Specific means they don’t know what type of virus, what type of protein and
what type of bacteria they have. Finally, Specific Immune System is an adaptive Immune
System. For example, we hear people say that they are resistant to these bacteria or virus,
that is Adaptive Immune System.
Two things that interest me is that the main actor for specific immune system is
lymphocyte. Secondly, both lymphocytes and phagocytes are white blood cells.
The question that I still have is where does the Immune System takes place?