Ships Stability 2

Planning Procedure of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
Ship Stability
September 2013
Myung-Il Roh
Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering

Seoul National University
1
Planning Procedure of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Fall 2013, Myung-Il Roh
Ship Stability
þ Ch. 1 Introduction to Ship Stability

þ Ch. 2 Review of Fluid Mechanics
þ Ch. 3 Transverse Stability
þ Ch. 4 Initial Transverse Stability
þ Ch. 5 Free Surface Effect
þ Ch. 6 Inclining Test
þ Ch. 7 Longitudinal Stability
þ Ch. 8 Curves of Stability and Stability Criteria
þ Ch. 9 Numerical Integration Method in Naval Architecture
þ Ch. 10 Hydrostatic Values
þ Ch. 11 Introduction to Damage Stability
þ Ch. 12 Deterministic Damage Stability
þ Ch. 13 Probabilistic Damage Stability (Subdivision and Damage
Stability, SDS)
2
Ch. 7 Longitudinal Stability
Static Equilibrium
Longitudinal Stability
Longitudinal Stability in Case of Small Angle of Trim
Longitudinal Righting Moment Arm
Derivation of Longitudinal Metacentric Radius (BML)
Moment to Trim One Degree and Moment to Trim One
Centimeter (MTC)
Examples
3
Static Equilibrium
4
m: Mass of a ship
a: Acceleration of a ship
Static Equilibrium G: Center of mass of a ship
FG: Gravitational force of a ship
B: Center of buoyancy at initial position
FB: Buoyant force acting on a ship
I: Mass moment of inertia
FG w: Angular velocity
t : Moment
G
W1 L1
B
W1L1: Waterline at initial position
A.P FB F .P
Static Equilibrium
① Newton’s 2nd law ② Euler equation
ma = åF I w& = åt
= - FG + FB for the ship to be in static equilibrium
for the ship to be in static equilibrium 0 = åt , (Q w& = 0)
0 = åF , (Q a = 0) When the buoyant force(FB) and the
gravitational force(FG) are on one line,
\ FG = FB the total moment about the transverse axis
through any point becomes 0.
It does not matter where the axis of rotation is
selected if the two forces are on one line.
5
6
B1: Changed position of the center of buoyancy after the ship has been trimmed
Longitudinal Stability W1L1: Waterline at initial position
W2L2 : Waterline after trim
- Stable Equilibrium A.P : after perpendicular, F.P : forward perpendicular
te
FG
W2
FG
ZL
W1 G L1
G1 q
B1
B L2
FB
A.P tr FB F.P
① Produce an external trim moment by moving a weight in the longitudinal direction (te ).
② Then, release the external moment by moving the weight to its original position.
③ Test whether it returns to its initial equilibrium position.

ZL: Intersection point of the vertical line to the waterline W2L2 through the changed position of the center of buoyancy
(B1) with the horizontal line parallel to the waterline W2L2 through the center of mass of the ship(G)
Return to its initial equilibrium position
Longitudinal righting GZL Æ Longitudinal
Stable moment(τr) righting arm
7
Reference Frames
te
FG
W2
FG
ZL
W1 G L1
q
Rotation of the
B1 water plane fixed
frame while the
B L2
body(ship) fixed
FB frame is fixed
FB
tr
FB
Same in
te view of the
Mechanics!!
FG
ZL Rotation of the
W12 G q L12 body(ship) fixed
frame with
B1 respect to the
B water plane fixed
frame
FB
tr
8
Longitudinal stability of a ship
- Stable Condition (1/3)
① Apply an external trim moment to the
z , z¢ ship
z¢ ② Then release the external moment
③ Test whether it returns to its initial

equilibrium position.
Trim
moment t t stem
x¢
G
FG
O, O¢ q
x, x¢
FB
B
B1
stern
In this figure, the angle of inclination, q , is negative,

which means that the ship is trimmed by the stern.
9
i j k i ( yG × FG , z - zG × FG , y )
Longitudinal stability of a ship rG ´ FG = xG yG zG = + j(- xG × FG , z + zG × FG , x )
- Stable Condition (2/3) FG , x FG , y FG , z + k ( xG × FG , y - yG × FG , x )
z Resultant moment about

z¢ y-axis through point O (τ e ) :
τ e = rG ´FG +rB1 ´FB
= i ( yG × FG , z - zG × FG , y )
Trim
moment t t + j(- xG × FG , z + zG × FG , x )
x¢ + k ( xG × FG , y - yG × FG , x )
G + i ( yB1 × FB , z - z B1 × FB , y )
FG rG + j(- xB1 × FB , z + z B1 × FB , x )
O, O¢ q +k ( xB1 × FB , y - yB1 × FB , x )
x
é FG , x ù é 0 ù = j(- xG × FG , z + zG × FG , x )
FB rB1 ê ú
FG = ê FG , y ú = êê 0 úú + j(- xB1 × FB , z + z B1 × FB , x )
B
B1 êë FG , z úû êë -W úû = j(- xG × ( -W ) - xB1 × D)
é FB , x ù é 0 ù If W = D
ê ú
FB = ê FB , y ú = êê 0 úú = j(- xG × ( - D ) - xB1 × D)
êë FB , z úû êë D úû
In this figure, the angle of inclination, q , is negative, = j × D( xG - xB1 )
which means that the ship is trimmed by the stern. 10
Longitudinal stability of a ship
- Stable Condition (3/3)
z , z¢ Resultant moment about
z¢ y-axis through point O (τ e ) :
τ e = rG ´FG +rB1 ´FB
= j × D( xG - xB1 )
= j × D × GZ L
x¢ • Longitudinal Righting Moment
G t r = D × GZ L
ZL
FG rG xG
The moment arm induced by the
O, O¢ q buoyant force and gravitational
x, x¢ force is expressed by GZL, where ZL
xB1 is the intersection point of the line
FB rB1 of buoyant force(D) through the
new position of the center of
B buoyancy(B1) with a transversely
B1 parallel line to a waterline through
the center of the ship’s mass(G).
Restoring tr Stable !!
moment
11
Position and Orientation of a Ship
with Respect to the Water Plane Fixed and Body(Ship) Fixed Frame
z¢ z
The ship is rotated.
x¢
Emerged
G Rotation of the
volume
FG body(ship) fixed
O, O¢ q frame with
x respect to the
FB water plane fixed
Submerged frame
B
volume B1
Same
in view of
The water plane is rotated. z¢ the Mechanics!!
z
G
Rotation of the
FG
water plane fixed
O, O¢ x¢ frame while the
q body(ship) fixed
FB 관계 ID가 rId28 인 이미지
부분을 파일에서 찾을 수
없습니다 .
frame is fixed
B
x
12
in Case of Small Angle of Trim
13
Assumptions for Small Angle of Trim
te
FG FG
W2
Submerged volume
ZL
W1 G Emerged volume
q L1
B1
B L2
FB
A.P tr F.P
FB
Assumptions
① Small angle of inclination (3°~5° for trim)
② The submerged volume and the emerged volume are to be the

same.
14
Longitudinal Metacenter (ML) (1/3)
M L1
W2 G
W1 q L1
L2
B1
B
W1L1: Waterline at previous position
A.P FB F.P
FB
Longitudinal Metacenter (ML) ※ Metacenter “M” is valid for small angle of inclination.
The intersection point of
a vertical line through the center of buoyancy at a previous position (B)
with a vertical line through the center of buoyancy at the present position (B1)
after the ship has been trimmed.
15
M L1 M L 2
W
W23 G
q L2
L3
B2 B1 B
A.P FBFB F.P
ML remains at the same position for small angle of trim, up to about 2~5 degrees.
As the ship is inclined with a small trim angle, B moves on the arc of circle whose center is at ML.
The BML is longitudinal metacentric radius.
The GML is longitudinal metacentric height.
16
M L1 , M L 2
M L3
W4
W3
G
q
L3
B3
B2 B1 B L4
A.P FB FB F.P
ML does not remain in the same position for large trim angles over 5 degrees.
Thus, the longitudinal metacenter, ML, is only valid for a small trim angle.
17
Assumption
Longitudinal Stability ① A small trim angle (3°~5° )
for a Box-Shaped Ship ② The submerged volume and the

emerged volume are to be the same.
te
: Midship
FG FG
W2
Submerged volume
W1 G Emerged volume
O q L1
B1
B L2
FB K W2L2: Waterline after a small angle of trim
A.P tr F.P
FB
About which point a box-shaped ship rotates, while the submerged volume
and the emerged volume are to be the same?
① Apply an external trim moment(te ) which results in the ship to incline with a trim angle q.
② For the submerged volume and the emerged volume are to be the same,
the ship rotates about the transverse axis through the point O.
18
Assumption
Longitudinal Stability ① A small angle of inclination (3°~5° for trim)
for a General Ship ② The submerged volume and the

The hull form of a general ship is not symmetric
about the transverse(midship section) plane.
FG FG
W2
Submerged volume
G Emerged volume
W1 O q L1
B1
B L2
A.P FB K F.P
FB
What will happen if the hull form of a ship is not symmetric about the
transverse(midship section) plane through point O?
The submerged volume and the emerged volume are not same!
So, the draft must be adjusted to maintain same displacement.
19
Rotation Point (F)
Expanded view
FG
W2
Submerged volume
W3
Emerged volume
W1 F G
O
q
q L1
x¢
W1
B1
W1L1: Waterline at initial position B L2
W2L2 : Waterline after a small angle of trim x
W3L3 : Adjusted waterline L3
A.P FB K F.P
So, the draft must be adjusted to maintain same displacement.
The intersection of the initial waterline(W1L1) with the adjusted waterline(W3L3) is a point F,
on which the submerged volume and the emerged volume are supposed to be the same.
What we want to find out is the point F. How can we find the point F ?
20
Longitudinal Center of Floatation (LCF) (1/3)
z¢ z   : Longitudinal coordinate from the temporary origin F
  : Breadth of waterline W1L1 at any position  
q
W2
W1 FGO q L1
x¢
y¢
B1 x¢
B L2
W2L2 : Adjusted waterline x
A.P K F.P
From now on, the adjusted waterline is indicated as W2L2.
A( x¢) Submerged volume(va) = Emerged volume(vf)

F F .P
 = ( y¢ ) × ( x¢ × tan q ) y¢ × ( x¢ × tan q )dx¢ = ò y¢ × ( x¢ × tan q )dx¢
F  ò
A. P F
L
C = x¢ × y¢ × tan q F F .P
   ò x¢ × y¢ dx¢ = ò x¢ × y¢ dx¢
A. P F
q
V ( x¢)
= ò A( x¢)dx¢

 tan 
 = ò x¢ × y¢ × tan q dx¢ What does this equation mean?
21
y¢
dA
x¢
y¢
dx¢
F x¢
<Plan view of waterplane>

Since these moments are
Longitudinal moment of the after Longitudinal moment of the forward
equal and opposite, the
water plane area from F about the water plane area from F about the
longitudinal moment of the
transverse axis(y’) through the point transverse axis(y’) through the point F
entire water plane area about
F F F F .P F .P the transverse axis through
ò x¢ dA = ò x¢ × y¢ dx¢ ò x¢ dA = ò x¢ × y¢ dx
A. P A. P F F point F is zero.
That means the point F lies on

va = v f F F .P the transverse axis through the
ò y¢ × ( x¢ × tan q )dx¢ = ò y¢ × ( x¢ × tan q )dx¢
A. P F centroid of the water plane,
F F .P called longitudinal center of
ò x¢ × y¢ dx¢ = ò x¢ × y¢ dx¢
A. P F floatation(LCF).
22
z¢ M L
q
W2
ZL
W1 FGO q L1
x¢
y¢
B1
B L2
x
A.P K F.P
Therefore, for the ship to incline under the condition that the submerged volume and
emerged volume are to be the same,
the ship rotates about the transverse axis through the longitudinal center of floatation (LCF).
F Longitudinal Center of Floatation (LCF)
23
Longitudinal Righting Moment Arm
24
Longitudinal Righting Moment Arm (GZL)
Longitudinal Righting Moment

= GZ L × FB
From geometrical configuration
GZ L @ GM L × sin q
with assumption that ML remains at the same
z¢ position within a small angle of trim (about 2°~5°)
ML
FG
GM L = KB + BM L- KG
q
ZL
KB ≒ 51~52% draft Vertical center of mass
F G x¢ of the ship
q How can you get the
value of the BML?
x
B1  : Longitudinal metacentric height
B : Vertical center of buoyancy at initial position
FB  : Longitudinal metacentric radius
K : Vertical center of mass of the ship
: Keel  : Longitudinal Metacenter
25
Derivation of Longitudinal Metacentric
Radius (BML)
26
Assumption
Derivation of Longitudinal ① A small trim angle (3°~5° )
Metacentric Radius (BML) (1/8) ② The submerged volume and the

ML
Ñ: Displacement volume , g: Center of the emerged volume
v: Submerged / Emerged volume , g1: Center of the submerged volume
z¢ x'v,f , z'v,f : longitudinal and vertical distance
of the emerged volume from F
B: Center of buoyancy at initial position
B1: Changed position of the center of buoyancy
q x'v,a , z'v,a : longitudinal and vertical distance
W2 of the submerged volume from F
xv¢,a xv¢, f
W1 zv¢,a F O L1
g1 q
zv¢, f x¢
y¢
g¢ B1 g
B¢ B L2
x
A.P tr K F.P
Let’s derive longitudinal metacentric radius BML when a ship is trimmed. ML

The center of buoyancy at initial position(B) moves parallel to gg1.
z¢
v
The distance BB1 equals to × gg1 q
v Ñ
BB1 = × gg1
Ñ
Because the triangle gg'g1 is similar with BB'B1
F
BB1 BB¢
=
BB1 B¢B1
= x¢
gg1 gg ¢ gg1 g ¢g1 y¢
d xB¢ d z ¢B
= = B1
( xv¢,a + xv¢, f ) ( zv¢,a + zv¢, f )
q
v
d xB¢ = × ( xv¢,a + xv¢, f ) ...(1) : Longitudinal translation d z ¢B
Ñ of B to B1 B¢ d xB¢ B
v : Vertical translation
d z ¢B = × ( zv¢,a + zv¢, f ) ...(2) 27
ÑNaval Architecture and Ocean Engineering,
Planning Procedure of of B toFallB12013, Myung-Il Roh
v
Derivation of Longitudinal d xB¢ =
Ñ
× ( xv¢,a + xv¢, f ) ...(1)
v
Metacentric Radius (BML) (2/8) d z ¢B = × ( zv¢,a + zv¢, f ) ...(2)
Ñ
z¢ ML
q
BM L × tan q = BB2
F
x¢ BM L =
BB2
y¢ tan q BB2 = BB¢ + B¢B2
B1 1
q = ( BB¢ + B¢B2 )
tan q
d z ¢B
B2 B¢ d xB¢ B 1
= (d xB¢ + d zB¢ tan q ) Substituting (1), (2)
tan q into  and 
ML
1 æv v ö
q
= ç × ( xv¢,a + xv¢, f ) + × ( zv¢,a + zv¢, f ) tan q ÷
tan q èÑ Ñ ø
W2 xv¢,a xv¢, f
W1 zv¢,a F O L1
g1 q 1
zv¢, f BM L =
Ñ × tan q
( v × xv¢,a + v × xv¢, f + (v × zv¢,a + v × zv¢, f ) tan q )
g¢ B1 g
B2 B¢ B L2 Find!
A.P tr K F.P
28
1
Derivation of Longitudinal BM L =
Ñ × tan q
( v × xv¢, f + v × xv¢,a + (v × zv¢, f + v × zv¢,a ) tan q )
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Metacentric Radius (BML) (3/8)
ML
y: Breadth of waterline W1L1 z¢
at any distance x from point F[m]
q
W2
xv¢,a xv¢, f
W1 zv¢,a F L1
g1 q
zv¢, f x¢
y¢
g¢ B1 x¢ g
B2 B¢ B L2
x
A.P tr K F.P

(A) v × xv¢, f : Moment of the emerged volume
F  about y’-z’ plane
L
C F .P
A( x¢) =ò A( x¢) × x¢ dx¢
  F
q
= ( y¢ ) × ( x¢ × tan q ) =ò
F .P
x¢ × y¢ × tan q × x¢ dx¢
F
  tan  = x¢ × y¢ × tan q F .P 2
  = tan q ò
F
( x¢ ) × y¢ dx¢
29
1
Ñ × tan q
(A) (B) (C) (D)
ML
z¢
q
W2
xv¢,a xv¢, f
W1 zv¢,a F L1
g1 q
x¢ zv¢, f x¢
y¢
g¢ B1 g
B2 B¢ B L2
x
A.P tr K F.P
F  y (B) v × xv¢,a : Moment of the submerged volume

L
C about y’-z’ plane
  A( xA)( x¢) F
= ò A( x¢) × x¢ dx¢
A(x)
F
L
C q = ( 2yy¢ ))××((xx¢ × tan q )
A. P
F
q =ò
A. P
( x¢ × y¢ × tan q × x¢ ) dx¢
x tanq   tan  = 2x¢x× ×yy¢ × tan q

F 2
x = tan q ò
A. P
( x¢ ) × y¢dx¢
30
1
Ñ × tan q
(A) (B) (C) (D)
ML
z¢
q
W2
xv¢,a xv¢, f
W1 zv¢,a F L1
g1 q
zv¢, f x¢
y¢
g¢ B1 g
B2 B¢ B x¢ L2
x
A.P tr K F.P
1 (C) v × zv¢, f : Moment of the emerged volume

 z¢ = x¢ × tan q
F  2 about x’-y’ plane
L
C
=ò
F .P
A( x¢) × z ¢ dx
 A( x¢)
  F
q = ( y¢ ) × ( x¢ × tan q ) x¢
( x¢ × y¢ × tan q ) æç ö
F .P
=ò tan q ÷ dx¢
F
è2 ø
  tan  = x¢ × y¢ × tan q
 tan 2 q F .P 2
 =
2 òF ( x¢) × y¢ dx¢
31
1
Ñ × tan q
(A) (B) (C) (D)
ML
z¢
q
W2
xv¢,a xv¢, f
W1 zv¢,a F L1
g1 q
zv¢, f x¢
y¢
g¢ x¢ B1 g
B2 B¢ B L2
x
A.P tr K F.P
F   2y
= ( y¢) × ( x¢ × tan q ) (D) v × zv¢ , a : Moment of the submerged volume
about x’-y’ plane
L
C
F
A( xA)( x¢) = ò A( x¢) × z ¢ dx¢
  A(x)
F A. P
L
C q = ( 2=y()y× ¢()x× (× tan q)q)
x¢ × tan F æ x¢ ö
q
=ò ( x¢ × y¢ × tan q ) ç tan q ÷ dx¢
A. P
è2 ø
x tanq   tan  = 2=x ×xy¢ × ytan q q
¢ × tan
x  tan 2 q F 2
=
2 ò ( x¢ )
A. P
× y¢ dx¢
32
FP 2
(A) v × xv¢, f = tan q ò (C) v × zv¢, f = tan q FP ( x¢)2 × y ¢ dx¢
2
Derivation of Longitudinal F
F
( x¢) × y ¢ dx¢
2 òF
v × xv¢,a = tan q òAP ( x¢) × y ¢dx¢
2
tan 2 q F
Metacentric Radius (BML) (7/8)(B)
2
(D) v × zv¢, a = ò ( x¢) × y ¢ dx¢
2 AP
z¢ M L
q
W2
xv¢,a xv¢, f
zv¢,a
W1 g1 F O q L1
zv¢, f x¢
1
BM L =
Ñ × tan q
( v × xv¢, f + v × xv¢,a + (v × zv¢, f + v × zv¢,a ) tan q ) g¢ B1
B2 B¢ B
g
L2
(A) (B) (C) (D) x
A.P tr K F.P
By substituting (A), (B), (C), and (D) into the BML equation
1 æ F .P 2 F 2 æ tan 2 q F .P 2 tan 2 q F 2 ö ö
= ç tan q × òF ( x¢ ) × y¢dx¢ + tan q × òA.P ( x¢ ) × y¢ dx¢ + ç ò ( x¢) × y¢dx¢ + òA.P ( x¢) × y¢ dx¢ ÷ tan q ÷
Ñ × tan q è è 2 F 2 ø ø
1 æ tan 3 q ö
=
Ñ × tan q
ç tan q
è
(òF
F .P 2 F
( x¢ ) × y¢dx¢ + òA.P ( x¢ ) × y¢ dx¢ +
2
2 ) ( F .P
òF ( x¢)
2
× y¢dx¢ + ò
F
A. P
( x¢ )
2
× y¢ dx¢ ÷
ø
)
(
, IL = ò
F
F .P
( x¢ )
2
× y¢dx¢ + ò
F
A. P
( x¢ )
2
× y¢ dx¢ )
IL : Moment of inertia of the entire water plane
1 æ 1 ö about transverse axis through its centroid F
= ç tan q × I L + .tan 3 q × I L ÷
Ñ × tan q è 2 ø
IL æ 1 2 ö
BM L = ç1 + tan q ÷
Ñè 2 ø
33
ML
Derivation of Longitudinal z¢
q
W 2
xv¢,a xv¢, f
W1 zv¢,a F O L1
g1 q
zv¢, f x¢
g¢ B1 g
B2 B¢ B L2
x
A.P tr K F.P
I æ 1 If θ is small, tan2θ» θ 2=0

ö IL
BM L = L ç1 + tan 2 q ÷ BM L =
Ñè 2 ø Ñ
which is generally known as BML.
The BML does not consider the change of center of buoyancy in vertical direction.
In order to distinguish between them, the two will be indicated as follows:
IL 1 (Considering the change of center of buoyancy in vertical direction)

BM L 0 = (1 + tan 2 q )
Ñ 2
IL (Without considering the change of center of buoyancy in vertical direction)

BM L =
Ñ
34
Moment to Trim One Degree and
Moment to Trim One Centimeter
(MTC)
35
LCF: Longitudinal center of floatation
ZL: Intersection point of the vertical line to the water surface through the
Moment to Trim One Degree changed center of buoyancy with the horizontal line parallel to the
water surface through the center of mass
ML: Intersection point of the vertical line to the water surface through the
ML center of buoyancy at previous position(B) with the vertical line to the
water surface through the changed position of the center of
buoyancy(B1) after the ship has been trimmed.
τe q
FG
FG
ZL G
F q
B1 B
FB FB
τr
Definition When the ship is trimmed, the static

equilibrium states:
It is the moment of external forces
Moment to trim = Righting moment
required to produce one degree trim.
= FB × GZ L
(at small angle q ) ; FB × GM L × sin q
Assumption
Small trim where the metacenter is not Substituting q = 1°
changed (about 2~5°)
Moment to trim one degree = FB × GM L × sin1°
36
Moment to Trim One Centimeter (MTC) (1/2)
ML Moment to trim one degree = FB × GM L × sin1°
τe
FG
G
F 1°
B1 B
L2
A.P LBP FB F.P
Often, we are more interested in the

changes in draft produced by a trim
moment than the changes in trim angle. t F
q
da q
df
1 B.L
MTC = FB × GM L × A.P LBP
LBP F.P
LBP ×100 Trim(t): da – df, sin q » tan q =
t
LBP
MTC: Moment to trim 1 cm da: Draft after
LBP: Length between perpendiculars [m] df: Draft forward ( If q is small )
37
Moment to Trim One Centimeter (MTC) (2/2)
ML 1
MTC = FB × GM L ×
LBP ×100
τe GM L = KB + BM L - KG
FG
G
F 1°
B1 B
L2
A.P LBP FB K F.P
As practical matter, KB and KG are IL

usually so small compared to GML that Substituting FB = r ×Ñ, BM L =
Ñ
BML can be substituted for GML. IL: Moment of inertia of the water plane area about y’ axis
IL 1
1 1 MTC = r ×Ñ × ×
MTC = FB × GM L × » FB × BM L × Ñ LBP ×100
LBP ×100 LBP ×100
r × IL
=
LBP ×100
38
Example
39
Example) Calculation of Draft Change
Due to Fuel Consumption (1/4)
88 m
L1
F
W1
Consumable 5.46m
5.85m 3m Stores
LBP = 195 m F.P

A.P
During a voyage, a cargo ship uses up 320 tones of consumable stores (H.F.O:
Heavy Fuel Oil), located 88 m forward of the midships.
Before the voyage, the forward draft marks at forward perpendicular recorded
5.46 m, and the after marks at the after perpendicular, recorded 5.85 m.
At the mean draft between forward and after perpendicular, the hydrostatic
data show the ship to have LCF after of midship = 3 m, Breadth = 10.47 m,
moment of inertia of the water plane area about transverse axis through point F
= 6,469,478 m4, Cwp = 0.8.
Calculate the draft mark the readings at the end of the voyage, assuming that
there is no change in water density(r=1.0 ton/m3).
40
88 m
W1
F L1
W2
0.1567m H.F.O L2
3m Tank
195 m F.P
A.P
① Calculation of parallel rise (draft change) AWP = CWP × L × B

= 0.8 ×195 ×10.47
= 1, 633.3[m 2 ]
§ Tones per 1 cm immersion (TPC)
1 1
: TPC = r × AWP × = 1[ton / m3 ] ×1, 633.3[m 2 ] ×
100 100[cm / m]
= 20.4165[ton / cm]
§ Parallel rise
weight 320[ton]
:d d = = = 15.6736[cm] = 0.1567[m]
TPC 20.4165[ton / cm]
41
W3
88 m
F
x
W2 L2
H.F.O
3m L3
Tank
195 m F.P
A.P
② Calculation of trim
§ Trim moment : t trim = 320[ton] × 88[m] = 28,160[ton × m]

§ Moment to trim 1 cm (MTC)
r × IL 1[ton / m3 ]
: MTC = = × 6, 469, 478[m 4 ] = 331.7949[ton × m / cm]
100 × LBP 100[cm / m] ×195[m]
§ Trim
t trim 28,160[ton × m]
: Trim = = = 84.8785[cm] = 0.8488[m]
MTC 331.7949[ton × m / cm]
42
W3
88 m
F
H.F.O
3m L3
Tank
195 m F.P
A.P
lb
F
0.8488[m] 3m
la
③ Calculation of changed draft at F.P and A.P A.P 195 m F.P

(195 : 0.8488 = la : ?)
195 / 2 + 3
§ Draft change at F.P due to trim = - ´ 0.8488 = -0.4375[m] (195 : 0.8488 = lb : ?)
195
195 / 2 - 3
§ Draft change at A.P due to trim = ´ 0.8488 = 0.4113[m]
195
§ Changed Draft at F.P : draft – parallel rise - draft change due to trim
= 5.46[m] - 0.1567[m] - 0.4375[m] = 4.8658[m]
§ Changed Draft at A.P : draft – parallel rise + draft change due to trim
= 5.85[m] - 0.1567[m] + 0.4113[m] = 6.1046[m]
43
Reference Slides
44
Derivation of Longitudinal Metacentric
Radius (BML) by Using the Origin of
the Body Fixed Frame
45
Assumption
Derivation of BML (1/12) ① A small trim angle (3°~5° )

② The submerged volume and the
ML
z¢
x
G ZL
FG
W1 O q L1
x¢
F O¢ FB
B1
B
K
Let us derive longitudinal metacentric radius “BML".
Assumption
1. A main deck is not submerged.

2. Small angle of inclination (3°~5° for trim)
※ The ship is not symmetrical with respect to midship section. Thus to keep the same displaced
volume, the axis of inclination does not stand still. In small angle of inclination, the axis of
inclination passes through the point “F” (longitudinal center of floatation).
46
Assumption

Ñ: Displacement volume
v: Submerged / Emerged volume
ML B: The center of buoyancy before inclination
B1: The center of buoyancy after inclination
z¢ g: The center of the emerged volume

g1: The center of the submerged volume
x
G
xv¢ g1
zv¢ O q
x¢
F O¢
g B1
d z ¢B
d xB¢ B2
K
Translation of the center of buoyancy
caused by the movement of the small volume v
d xB¢ = ( xv¢ × v) / Ñ ...(1)

d z B = ( zv¢ × v) / Ñ ...(2)
, where v is the each volume of the submerged

and emerged volume.
Ñ is total volume of the ship. 47
Assumption

ML B: The center of buoyancy before inclination
z¢ g: The center of the emerged volume

x
Submerged
G volume(vf)
xv¢ g1 zv¢, f
zv¢ O q uuur uuur uuuur
x¢ O¢g + gg1 = O¢g1
uuur uuuur uuur
zv¢,a F O¢ gg1 = O¢g1 - O¢g
g xv¢,a xv¢, f
B1
Emerged ( x¢g , z ¢g ) = ( xv¢, f , zv¢, f ) - ( xv¢,a , zv¢,a )
d z ¢B
volume(va) d xB¢ B2
K xv¢ = xv¢, f - xv¢,a (3)
Translation of the center of buoyancy zv¢ = zv¢, f - zv¢,a (4)

caused by the movement of the small volume v
Substituting Eq. (3), (4) into the Eq. (1), (2), respectively.
d xB¢ = ( xv¢ × v) / Ñ ...(1) d xB¢ = ( xv¢, f - xv¢,a ) × v / Ñ
d z B = ( zv¢ × v) / Ñ ...(2) d z ¢B = ( zv¢, f - zv¢,a ) × v / Ñ
, where v is the each volume of the submerged

v = v f , -v = va
and emerged volume. d xB¢ = ( xv¢, f × v f + xv¢,a × va ) / Ñ
Ñ is total volume of the ship. d z ¢B = ( zv¢, f × v f + zv¢,a × va ) / Ñ 48
d xB¢ = ( xv¢,a × va + xv¢, f × v f ) / Ñ...(1) : Moment about the yt axis through the
point F due to the force in tz direction
Derivation of BML (4/12) d z ¢B = ( zv¢,a × va + zv¢, f × v f ) / Ñ ...(2) : Moment about the yt axis through the
point F due to the force in tx direction
ML
z¢
x Submerged
BM L
G volume(vf)
xv¢,a xv¢, f g1
O q zv¢, f
zv¢,a d ¢z B sin q
x¢
F O¢ B3
d ¢xB cos q
g B1
Emerged
volume(va)
d z ¢B
B d xB¢ B2
K
BM L sin q = BB3
1
BM L = (d xB¢ + d zB¢ tan q ) Substituting (1), (2)
BB3 tan q into d x'B,d z'B
BM L =
sin q 1 æ1 1 ö
1 = ç × ( x ¢ × v + x ¢ × v ) + × ( zv¢,a × va + zv¢, f × v f ) tan q ÷
= (d ¢xB cos q + d ¢zB sin q ) tan q è Ñ
v ,a a v, f f
Ñ ø
sin q
cos q æ ¢ sin q ö 1
= ç d xB + d ¢ z B ÷ BM L = ( xv¢,a × va + xv¢, f × v f + ( zv¢,a × va + zv¢, f × v f ) tan q )
sin q è cos q ø Ñ × tan q
1 Find!
= (d ¢xB + d ¢zB tan q ) 49
tan q
1
BM L = ( xv¢, f × v f + xv¢,a × va + ( zv¢, f × v f + zv¢,a × va ) tan q )
Derivation of BML (5/12) Ñ × tan q
(A) (B) (C) (D)
ML
z¢
x Submerged
BM L
G volume(vf)
xv¢,a xv¢, f g1
O q zv¢, f
zv¢,a
x¢
F O¢
g xF¢ x¢
Emerged
volume(va)
x¢ - xF¢
B
K
(x'-x'F)tanθ (A) xv¢, f × v f : Moment about transverse
axis through point O of
dv f = ( x¢ - xF¢ ) × tan q × dy¢ × dx¢ the submerged volume
dv f
fore port
=ò ò x¢ × dv f
F star
F
L
C
vf = ò
fore
ò
port
dv f
=ò
F
fore
ò
star
port
x¢ × ( x¢ - xF¢ ) × tan q × dy¢ × dx¢
q dy' F star
fore port
fore port = tan q × ò ò x¢ × ( x¢ - xF¢ ) × dy¢ × dx¢
x'-x'F
=ò
F òstar ( x¢ - xF¢ ) × tan q × dy¢ × dx¢ F star
dx'
50
1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
ML
z¢
x Submerged
BM L
G volume(vf)
xv¢,a xv¢, f g1
O q zv¢, f
zv¢,a
x¢
F O¢
g xF¢
Emerged x¢ - xF¢
volume(va)
x¢ B
K
dx'
(B) xv¢,a × va : Moment about transverse
dy' F axis through point O of
L
C the emerged volume
dva dva= ( x¢ - xF¢ ) × tan q × dy¢ × dx¢ =ò

F port
x¢ × dva
ò
aft star
q =ò
F port
x¢ × ( x¢ - xF¢ ) × tan q × dy¢ × dx¢
va = ò
F port
dva
ò
aft star
ò
aft star
F port
(x'-x'F)tanθ F port
= tan q × ò ò x¢ × ( x¢ - xF¢ ) × dy¢ × dx¢
=ò
aft ò ( x¢ - x¢ ) × tan q × dy¢ × dx¢
star F aft star
x'-x'F
51
1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
ML
z¢
x Submerged
BM L
G volume(vf)
xv¢,a g1
O q zv¢, f
zv¢,a
x¢
F O¢
g xF¢ x¢
Emerged
volume(va)
x¢ - xF¢
B
K
(x'-x'F)tanθ (C) zv¢, f × v f : Moment about transverse
axis through point O of
dv f = ( x¢ - xF¢ ) × tan q × dy¢ × dx¢ the submerged volume
dv f
=ò
fore port ( x¢ - xF¢ ) × tan q × dv
( x¢ - xF¢ ) × tan q F òstar 2
f
F
L
C 2
vf = ò
fore
ò
port
dv f =ò
fore
ò
port ( x¢ - xF¢ ) × tan q ×
( x¢ - xF¢ ) × tan q × dy¢ × dx¢
q dy' F star
F star 2
fore port tan 2 q fore port 2
=ò ò ( x¢ - xF¢ ) × tan q × dy¢ × dx¢ = òF òstar ( x¢ - xF¢ ) × dy¢ × dx¢
x'-x'F dx'
F star 2
52
1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
ML
z¢
x Submerged
BM L
G volume(vf)
xv¢,a xv¢, f g1
O q zv¢, f
zv¢,a
x¢
F O¢
g xF¢
Emerged x¢ - xF¢
volume(va)
x¢ B
K
dx'
( x¢ - xF¢ ) × tan q (D) zv¢,a × va : Moment about transverse
dy' axis through point O of
2 F
L
C the emerged volume
dva dva= ( x¢ - xF¢ ) × tan q × dy¢ × dx¢ F port ( x¢ - xF¢ ) × tan q × dv
=ò ò a
aft star 2
q F port F port ( x¢ - xF¢ ) × tan q ×
va = ò dva =ò ò ( x¢ - xF¢ ) × tan q × dy¢ × dx¢
ò
aft star
aft star 2
(x'-x'F)tanθ F port tan 2 q F port 2

=ò
aft òstar
( x¢ - xF¢ ) × tan q × dy¢ × dx¢ =
2 òaft òstar ( x¢ - xF¢ ) × dy¢ × dx¢
x'-x'F
53
fore port 2
(A) xv¢, f × v f = tan q × òF ò x¢ × ( x¢ - xF¢ ) × dy¢ × dx¢ (C) zv¢, f × v f = tan q fore port ( x¢ - xF¢ )2 × dy¢ × dx¢
òF òstar
Derivation of BML (9/12)(B) x¢
star
2
F port
× va = tan q × ò ò x¢ × ( x¢ - xF¢ ) × dy¢ × dx¢ (D) zv¢,a × va tan 2 q F port 2
v ,a aft star
=
2 ò ò ( x¢ - x¢ )
aft star F × dy¢ × dx¢
, g: Center of the emerged volume ML

v: Submerged / Emerged volume , g1: Center of the submerged volume z¢
B: Center of buoyancy before inclination
B1: Center of buoyancy after inclination x
BM L Submerged
G volume(vf)
1 xv¢,a xv¢, f g1
BM L =
Ñ × tan q
( xv¢, f × v f + xv¢,a × va + ( zv¢, f × v f + zv¢,a × va ) tan q ) O q z¢v , f
(A) (B) (C) (D) zv¢,a

x¢
F O¢
g B1
Emerged d z ¢B
volume(va) B d xB¢ B2
K
By substituting (A), (B), (C), (D) into above equation
1 æ fore port F port tan 2 q fore port 2 tan 2 q F port 2 ö

= ç tan q × òF òstar x ¢ × ( x ¢ - x ¢
F ) × dy ¢ × dx ¢ + tan q × òaft òstar x ¢ × ( x ¢ - x ¢
F ) × dy ¢ × dx ¢ + òF òstar ( x¢ - xF¢ ) × dy¢ × dx¢ + ò ò ( x¢ - x¢ ) F × dy¢ × dx¢ ÷
Ñ × tan q è 2 2 aft star
ø
1 æ fore port tan 2 q fore port 2 ö
= ç tan q × òaft òstar x¢ × ( x¢ - xF¢ ) × dy¢ × dx¢ + ò ò ( x¢ - x¢ ) F × dy¢ × dx¢ ÷
Ñ × tan q è 2 aft star
ø
1 æ fore port tan 2 q fore port 2 ö
ç tan q × òaft òstar ( x¢ - x¢ × xF¢ ) × dy¢ × dx¢ +
2
=
Ñ × tan q è 2 òaft òstar ( x¢ - xF¢ ) × dy¢ × dx¢ ÷
ø
1 æ fore port 2 tan q fore port 2 ö
=
Ñ è òaft òstar
ç ( x ¢ - x ¢ × x ¢
F ) × dy ¢ × dx ¢ +
2 òaft òstar ( x¢ - xF¢ ) × dy¢ × dx¢ ÷
ø
1 æ fore port 2 tan q

=
Ñ è òaft òstar
ç x ¢ × dy ¢ × dx ¢ -
fore port
òaft òstar x ¢
F × x ¢ × y ¢ × dx ¢ +
2 (ò fore
aft ò
port
star
x¢2 × dy¢ × dx¢ - 2 ò
aft
fore
ò
port
star
x¢2 × dy¢ × dx¢ + ò
aft
fore
ò star
port ö
xF¢2 × dy¢ × dx¢ ÷
ø
)
54
F .P 2
(A) xv¢, f × v f = tan q òF ( x¢ - xF¢ ) x¢ × y¢ × dx¢ (C) zv¢, f × v f = tan q
F .P 2
ò ( x¢ - x¢ ) F × y¢ × dx¢
Derivation of BML (10/12) F
(B) xv¢, a × va = tan q òA.P ( x¢ - xF¢ ) × x¢ × y¢ × d t x (D) zv¢, a × va
2
tan 2 q
F
F 2
=
2 ò ( x¢ - x¢ )
A. P F × y¢ × dx¢

BM L Submerged
G volume(vf)
1 xv¢,a xv¢, f g1
BM L =
Ñ × tan q
(A) (B) (C) (D) zv¢,a

x¢
F O¢
g B1
Emerged d z ¢B
K
By substituting (A), (B), (C), and (D) into above equation
1 æ fore port 2 tan q

=
Ñ è òaft òstar
ç x ¢ × dy ¢ × dx ¢ -
fore port
òaft òstar Fx ¢ × x ¢ × y ¢ × dx ¢ +
2 (ò fore
aft ò
star
port
x¢2 × dy¢ × dx¢ - 2 ò
aft
fore
ò
port
star
xF¢ × x¢ × dy¢ × dx¢ + ò
fore
aft ò
star
port ö
xF¢2 × dy¢ × dx¢ ÷
ø
)
fore port
ò ò dy¢ × dx¢ = AWP : The water plane area
aft star
fore port
ò ò x¢ × dy¢ × dx¢ = M y ' : The moment of the water plane area about the y‘-axis through point O’
aft star
fore port
ò ò xF¢2 × dy¢ × dx¢ = I L , y ' : The moment of inertia of the water plane area about the y‘-axis through point O’
aft star
1æ tan q ö
= ç I L , y ' - xF¢ M y ' +
Ñè 2
( I L ,O - 2 xF¢ M y ' + xF¢ 2 AWP ) ÷
ø
55
F .P 2
(A) xv¢, f × v f = tan q òF ( x¢ - xF¢ ) x¢ × y¢ × dx¢ (C) zv¢, f × v f = tan q
F .P 2
ò ( x¢ - x¢ )F × y¢ × dx¢
Derivation of BML (11/12) F
(B) xv¢, a × va = tan q òA.P ( x¢ - xF¢ ) × x¢ × y¢ × d t x (D) zv¢, a × va
2
tan 2 q
F
F 2
=
2 ò ( x¢ - x¢ )
A. P F × y¢ × dx¢

BM L Submerged
G volume(vf)
1 xv¢,a xv¢, f g1
BM L =
Ñ × tan q
(A) (B) (C) (D) zv¢,a

x¢
F O¢
g B1
Emerged d z ¢B
K
By substituting (A), (B), (C), and (D) into above equation
1æ tan q ö According to the parallel axis theorem

= I - x ¢
ç L, y ' F y '
Ñè
M +
2
( I L ,O - 2 xF¢ M y ' + xF¢ 2 AWP ) ÷
ø
I L , y ' = I L , t y + xF¢2 AWP
xF¢ AWP = M y '
= I L , t y + xF¢ × xF¢ × AWP I L , t y = I L , y ' - xF¢ × M y '
1æ tan q ö
= ç I L , y ' - xF¢ M y ' + ( I L ,O - 2 xF¢ M y ' + xF¢ M y ' ) ÷
Ñè 2 ø = I L , t y + xF¢ × M y '
1æ tan q ö
= ç I L , y ' - xF¢ M y ' +
Ñè 2
( I L ,O - xF¢ M y ' ) ÷
ø
IL,y': The moment of inertia of the water plane area about y’-axis
through the point O’
IL,ty: The moment of inertia of the water plane area about yt-axis
through the center of floatation F
1æ tan q ö I L, t y æ 1 ö AWP: The water plane area
= I
ç L, y + I L, t y ÷ 2
Ñè
t
2 ø
BM L = ç1 + tan q ÷ My': The moment of the water plane area about y’-axis through
Ñ è 2 ø point O’
56
ML
Derivation of BML (12/12) z¢

x
BM L Submerged
G volume(vf)
Ñ: Displacement volume , g: Center of the emerged volume xv¢, f g1
xv¢,a
v: Submerged / Emerged volume , g1: Center of the submerged volume
O q z¢v , f
B1: Center of buoyancy after inclination zv¢,a
x¢
F O¢
g B1
Emerged d z ¢B
I L, t y æ 1 2 ö If θ is small, tan2θ» θ 2=0 I L, t y

BM L = ç 1 + tan q ÷ BM L =
Ñ è 2 ø Ñ
which is generally known as BML.
That BML does not consider change of center of buoyancy in vertical direction.
In order to distinguish between them, those will be indicated as follows :
I L, t y 1 (Considering change of center of buoyancy in vertical direction)

BM L = (1 + tan 2 q )
Ñ 2
I L, t y
BM L = (Without considering change of center of buoyancy in vertical direction)
Ñ
57
Another Approach to Derive
the Following Formula
d t xB = ( t xv , f × v f + t xv ,a × va ) / Ñ
d t z B = ( t zv , f × v f + t zv ,a × va ) / Ñ
58
Assumption

ML Ñ: Displacement volume
B: The center of buoyancy before inclination
z¢ B1: The center of buoyancy after inclination
g: The center of the emerged volume
x
G Another approach to derive
the following Equations
g1
W1 O q ③ FB
L1 d t xB = ( t xv , f × v f + t xv ,a × va ) / Ñ
v
x¢
② FB F O¢ d t z B = ( t zv , f × v f + t zv ,a × va ) / Ñ
g -v
① FB
④FB
B1
1
B
K
The change in moment about the yt-axis due to the buoyant force caused by a small
inclination, θ, consists of two different components:
1. The change in moment due to the movement of the previous center of
buoyancy B by rotation of the ship : M①
2. The change in the displaced volume
1) The change in moment due to the emerged volume: M②
2) The change in moment due to the (additional) submerged volume: M③
The resultant moment: M④ = M①+M②+M③ 59
Assumption

For the convenience of calculation, the forces are Body fixed frame
decomposed in the body fixed frame.
Moment: M①+M②+M③=M④
v: Changed displacement volume (wedge)
ML BB1: Distance of changed center of buoyancy
gg1: Distance of changed center of wedge
z¢ B: The center of buoyancy before inclination

ML: The intersection of the line of buoyant force
③ FB
x through B1 with the line of buoyant force B
v
t t
xv ,a xv , f For convenience, we define a new
g1
temporary body fixed frame F-xt-yt-zt,
O q
t
zv , f whose origin is the point F.
t x¢
zv , a ② FB F O¢
-v
g
① FB B1
④F
B1
B
K
60
[Reference] Moment about x axis
Question)
Force F is applied on the point of rectangle object, what is the moment about x axis?
z F F z
k ( x1 , y1 , z1 )
y z
i j
Fx Fy
x
O
y
x
éi j kù
ê ú
M = ê rx ry rz ú = i (ry × Fz - rz × Fy ) + j(-rx × Fz + rz × Fx ) + k (rx × Fy - ry × Fx )
ê Fx Fy Fz úû Mx My M
ë z
Transverse moment
61
éi j kù
ê ú
Derivation of BML (3/4) M = ê rx
ê Fx
ë
ry
Fy
rz ú = i (ry × Fz - rz × Fy ) + j(-rx × Fz + rz × Fx ) + k (rx × Fy - ry × Fx )
Fz úû M F , yt
Body fixed frame

③ FB
x
v Moment: M①+M②+M③=M④
t t
xv ,a xv , f
g1 Submerged Ñ: Displacement volume
volume(vf) v: Changed displacement volume (wedge)
BB1: Distance of changed center of buoyancy
O q
t
zv , f gg1: Distance of changed center of wedge
t x¢ B: The center of buoyancy before inclination

zv , a ② FB F O¢ ML: The intersection of the line of buoyant force
-v
g through B1 with the line of buoyant force B
① FB B1
Emerged ④F
volume(va) B1 For convenience, we define a new
B temporary body fixed frame F-xt-yt-zt,
whose origin is the point F.
K
Moment about the yt-axis through the point F
1. Moment about the yt axis due to the force in zt direction
- t xB1 × ( FB1 , z ) = - t xB × ( FB , z ) - t xv ,a × ( FB- v , z ) - t xv , f ( FBv , z )
M④ M① M② M③
- t xB × ( r g Ñ × cos q ) = - t xB × ( r g Ñ × cos q ) - t xv ,a × ( r gva × cos q ) - t xv , f ( r gv f × cos q )
1
-( t xB1 - t xB ) × ( r g Ñ × cos q ) = (- t xv ,a × va - t xv , f × v f ) × ( r g × cos q )

= d xB
-(d t xB ) ×Ñ = (- t xv ,a × va - t xv , f × v f )
(d t xB ) ×Ñ = ( t xv ,a × va + t xv , f × v f ) 62
éi j kù
ê ú
Derivation of BML (4/4) M = ê rx
ê Fx
ë
ry
Fy
rz ú = i (ry × Fz - rz × Fy ) + j(-rx × Fz + rz × Fx ) + k (rx × Fy - ry × Fx )
Fz úû M F , yt
Body fixed frame

③ FB
x
v Moment: M①+M②+M③=M④
t t
xv ,a xv , f
g1 Submerged Ñ: Displacement volume
volume(vf) v: Changed displacement volume (wedge)
BB1: Distance of changed center of buoyancy
O q
t
zv , f gg1: Distance of changed center of wedge
t x¢ B: The center of buoyancy before inclination

zv , a ② FB F O¢ ML: The intersection of the line of buoyant force
-v
g through B1 with the line of buoyant force B
① FB B1
Emerged ④F
volume(va) B1 For convenience, we define a new
B temporary body fixed frame F-xt-yt-zt,
whose origin is the point F
K
Moment about the yt-axis through the point F
2. Moment about the yt axis due to the force in xt direction
t
z B1 × ( FB1 , x ) = t z B × ( FB , x ) + t zv ,a × ( FB- v , x ) + t zv , f ( FBv , x )
M④ M① M② M③
t
z B × ( r g Ñ × cos q ) = t z B × ( r g Ñ × sin q ) + t zv ,a × ( r gva × sin q ) + t zv , f ( r gv f × sin q )
1
( t z B1 - t z B ) × ( r g Ñ × sin q ) = ( t zv ,a × va + t zv , f × v f ) × ( r g × sin q )
= d t zB
d t z B ×Ñ = ( t zv ,a × va + t zv , f × v f )
63

Ships Stability 2

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Ships Stability 2

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Planning Procedure of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering

Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering

þ Ch. 1 Introduction to Ship Stability

③ Test whether it returns to its initial equilibrium position.

③ Test whether it returns to its initial

In this figure, the angle of inclination, q , is negative,

z Resultant moment about

② The submerged volume and the emerged volume are to be the

The intersection point of

a vertical line through the center of buoyancy at a previous position (B)

after the ship has been trimmed.

A.P FBFB F.P

The BML is longitudinal metacentric radius.

The GML is longitudinal metacentric height.

for a Box-Shaped Ship ② The submerged volume and the

FB K W2L2: Waterline after a small angle of trim

for a General Ship ② The submerged volume and the

So, the draft must be adjusted to maintain same displacement.

So, the draft must be adjusted to maintain same displacement.

From now on, the adjusted waterline is indicated as W2L2.

A( x¢) Submerged volume(va) = Emerged volume(vf)

 = ò x¢ × y¢ × tan q dx¢ What does this equation mean?

<Plan view of waterplane>

That means the point F lies on

F Longitudinal Center of Floatation (LCF)

Longitudinal Righting Moment

Metacentric Radius (BML) (1/8) ② The submerged volume and the

Let’s derive longitudinal metacentric radius BML when a ship is trimmed. ML

F  y (B) v × xv¢,a : Moment of the submerged volume

1 (C) v × zv¢, f : Moment of the emerged volume

I æ 1 If θ is small, tan2θ» θ 2=0

which is generally known as BML.

In order to distinguish between them, the two will be indicated as follows:

IL 1 (Considering the change of center of buoyancy in vertical direction)

IL (Without considering the change of center of buoyancy in vertical direction)

Definition When the ship is trimmed, the static

Often, we are more interested in the

As practical matter, KB and KG are IL

LBP = 195 m F.P

① Calculation of parallel rise (draft change) AWP = CWP × L × B

§ Trim moment : t trim = 320[ton] × 88[m] = 28,160[ton × m]

③ Calculation of changed draft at F.P and A.P A.P 195 m F.P

Derivation of BML (1/12) ① A small trim angle (3°~5° )

1. A main deck is not submerged.

Derivation of BML (2/12) ① A small trim angle (3°~5° )

z¢ g: The center of the emerged volume

d xB¢ = ( xv¢ × v) / Ñ ...(1)

, where v is the each volume of the submerged

Derivation of BML (3/12) ① A small trim angle (3°~5° )

z¢ g: The center of the emerged volume

K xv¢ = xv¢, f - xv¢,a (3)

Translation of the center of buoyancy zv¢ = zv¢, f - zv¢,a (4)

, where v is the each volume of the submerged

dva dva= ( x¢ - xF¢ ) × tan q × dy¢ × dx¢ =ò

(x'-x'F)tanθ F port tan 2 q F port 2

, g: Center of the emerged volume ML

(A) (B) (C) (D) zv¢,a

1 æ fore port F port tan 2 q fore port 2 tan 2 q F port 2 ö

1 æ fore port 2 tan q

, g: Center of the emerged volume ML

(A) (B) (C) (D) zv¢,a

1 æ fore port 2 tan q

, g: Center of the emerged volume ML

(A) (B) (C) (D) zv¢,a