2018-08-07

Lecture Note of Naval Architectural Calculation

Ship Stability
Ch. 4 Initial Transverse Stability

Spring 2018

Myung-Il Roh

Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering

Seoul National University

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

Contents

þ Ch. 1 Introduction to Ship Stability

þ Ch. 2 Review of Fluid Mechanics
þ Ch. 3 Transverse Stability Due to Cargo Movement
þ Ch. 4 Initial Transverse Stability
þ Ch. 5 Initial Longitudinal Stability
þ Ch. 6 Free Surface Effect
þ Ch. 7 Inclining Test
þ Ch. 8 Curves of Stability and Stability Criteria
þ Ch. 9 Numerical Integration Method in Naval Architecture
þ Ch. 10 Hydrostatic Values and Curves
þ Ch. 11 Static Equilibrium State after Flooding Due to Damage
þ Ch. 12 Deterministic Damage Stability
þ Ch. 13 Probabilistic Damage Stability

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

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 2018-08-07

1. Transverse Metacentric Height (GM)

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

Ch. 4 Initial Transverse Stability

1. Transverse Metacentric Height (GM)

2. Derivation of Transverse Metacentric Radius (BMT)
3. Change of the Metacenter for Large Angle of Inclination
4. Another Approach to Derive the Following Formula
d yB¢ ×Ñ = yvp¢ × v p + yvs¢ × vs
d z ¢B ×Ñ = zvp¢ × v p + zvs¢ × vs

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

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 2018-08-07

G: Center of mass of a ship

FG: Gravitational force of a ship of inclination?
B: Center of buoyancy at the previous state (before inclination)
FB: Buoyant force acting on a ship
B1: New position of center of buoyancy after the ship has been inclined
Z : The intersection point of a vertical line through the new position of
the center of buoyancy(B1) with the transversely parallel line to a
waterline through the center of mass(G)

• Righting Moment

Metacenter (M)

Righting Arm (GZ, Restoring Arm)

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

• From the figure, GZ can be obtained

with assumption that M does not
change within a small angle of
inclination (about 7° to 10°), as below.
FG
te
t righting = FB × GZ
G Z
• Transverse Righting Moment

How can we find GZ in small angle

B B1

FB

tr

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

t righting = FB × GZ

te
FG

G Z

B B1
Definition of M (Metacenter)
• The intersection point of the vertical
line through the center of buoyancy
at previous position (B) with the
vertical line through the center of
buoyancy at new position (B1) after
inclination

FB • GM Æ Metacentric height
• The term meta was selected as a prefix for center
because its Greek meaning implies movement. The
metacenter therefore is a moving center.

tr

Z: The intersection point of the line of buoyant force through

B1 with the transverse line through G

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 2018-08-07
>>

>>

KB ≒ 51~52% draft Center of gravity

of the ship
How can you get
the value of the BM
(metacentric radius)?
Righting Moment at Large Angle of Inclination

① Apply a large rotational angle to the ship

by an external moment

To determine the righting arm ”GZ”

of the ship at a large angle of
inclination, it is necessary to know
the accurate GZ which corresponds
Metacentric Height (GM) of a Ship t righting = FB × GZ
for Small Angle of Inclination
to the distance from the center of
mass (G) to the vertical line through Righting Arm
the new position of the center of
buoyancy (B1).
• The use of metacentric height (GM)
as the righting arm is not valid for a
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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh ship at a large angle of inclination. • Righting Moment

M
G: Center of mass of a ship
FG: Gravitational force of a ship
B: Center of buoyancy in the previous state (before inclination)

f
FB: Buoyant force acting on a ship

te
B1: New position of center of buoyancy after the ship has been inclined
Z : The intersection point of a vertical line through the new position of
the center of buoyancy(B1) with the transversely parallel line to a
waterline through the center of mass(G)

for a large angle of inclination

FG Righting Arm

GZ » GM × sin f
G Z

B B1 • From the geometrical configuration

of the ship, GM is made up as follows:

K
FB
GM =

tr

Z: The intersection point of the line of buoyant force through

B1 with the transverse line through G
M: Metacenter
GM: Metacentric height
θ: Angle of heel
K: Keel, the lower most point on the ship vertical centre line

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

M
te
FG
t righting = FB × GZ
G Z

B B1

FB //
//

• Transverse Righting Moment

tr

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 2018-08-07

B : Center of buoyancy in the previous state (before inclination)

B1: Center of buoyancy in the present state (after inclination)
M : Intersection of the line of the buoyant force through B1 in the present state with the
line of the buoyant force B in the previous state

2. Derivation of Transverse
Metacentric Radius (BMT)

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

Derivation of BMT (1/12) (BMT : Transverse Metacentric Radius)

Let us derive the transverse metacentric

z z¢ radius “BM" in case of a wall-sided ship
with a simple section shape.
M
▪ Wall sided ship
f

L2 y

g1 Assumption
W1 O, O¢ L1
y¢
g 1. Wall sided ship
W2
G
B1 : When a ship has a perpendicular side
shell to water plane, the ship is called as

B “wall-sided ship”.

▪ When the ship is inclined, the

submerged volume is the same as the
emerged volume without any change in
the displacement volume.

2. Main deck is not submerged.

3. Axis of inclination does not

K change.
▪ In this case, the axis of inclination passes through
the origin “O” of the inertial frame.
=
=

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
=

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 (2)

2018-08-07
Translation of the center of buoyancy
caused by the movement of the small volume

Emerged
volume(-v)

(4)

Substituting Eq. (3) and (4) into the Eq. (1) and (2),
respectively.

“Initial” + “Moving a Load” = “Final”

Æ “Final” - “Initial” = “Moving a Load”

Another Derivation

Derivation of BMT (3/12)

Emerged
volume(-v)
=
=

Derivation of BMT (2/12)

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

(d yB¢ , d z ¢B )
( y¢g , z ¢g )
(1)

¢ , zvp
( yvp ¢)
z z¢ v
( yvs¢ , zvs¢ )
d yB¢ ×Ñ = y¢g × v
M : Center of the submerged
volume on the port side
: Center of the emerged
volume on the starboard side

d z ¢B ×Ñ = z ¢g × v
, where

f
v
y Ñ
g1( yvp¢ , zvp¢ ) uuur uuur uuuur is the each volume of the submerged
and emerged volume.

O, O¢ O¢g + gg1 = O¢g1

=
y¢ uuur uuuur uuur
x¢
=

( yvs¢ , zvs¢ ) g gg1 = O¢g1 - O¢g is total volume of the ship. [nabla]

g¢
y¢g z¢g ( y¢g , z ¢g ) = ( yvp
¢ , zvp
¢ ) - ( yvs¢ , zvs¢ )
Submerged

B1
volume(v) Ñ: Displacement volume
v: Changed displacement volume (wedge)
BB1 : Distance between the initial center of buoyancy and the changed B1
gg1 : Distance between the center of wedges

y¢g = yvp
¢ - yvs¢
=

B
B2 z ¢g = zvp
¢ - zvs¢

B1 K
f
B d z ¢B
d yB¢ B2 d yB¢ ×Ñ = yvp¢ × v - yvs¢ × v (3)

d z ¢B ×Ñ = zvp¢ × v - zvs¢ × v
w w
d yG¢ = d d zG¢ = d
W W
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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
=

Translation of the center of gravity

caused by the movement of the small load
We can derive these equations
with another method!

d yB¢ ×Ñ = yvp¢ × v - yvs¢ × v

z z¢ FBvp × cos f
d z ¢B ×Ñ = zvp¢ × v - zvs¢ × v
FBvp
z¢
M yvs¢ × FBvs × cos f
rg ×v
f FBvp y¢vp

y x¢ y¢
y¢vs
g1( yvp¢ , zvp¢ )
O, O¢ FBvs × cos f ¢ × Fvp × cos f
yvp
y¢
x¢ FBvs
( yvs¢ , zvs¢ ) g Submerged
volume(v)

g¢
FB1 y¢g z¢g -r g × v 0 × FB +
FB
d yB¢ × r g ×Ñ × cos f = yvp¢ × FB × cos f + yvs¢ × FB × cos f vp vs
Moment about x' axis due to the z’ component of
the changed buoyant force

B1 yB¢ 1 - yB¢
B d yB¢ × r g ×Ñ = yvp¢ × FB + yvs¢ × FB
FBvs B2 vp vs

FBvs = - r g × v, FBvp = r g × v
B1 K
f
B
d yB¢ B2 d z ¢B r g × d yB¢ ×Ñ = yvp¢ × r g × v - yvs¢ × r g × v

¢ , zvp
( yvp ¢) d yB¢ ×Ñ = yvp¢ × v - yvs¢ × v Momentum Conservation Principal
After heeling Before heeling

( yvs¢ , zvs¢ )

: Moment about x' axis due to

the z’ component of the
changed volume

: The center of the changed

volume on the port side
=

: The center of the changed

volume on the starboard side

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 Emerged
volume(-v)
2018-08-07

Derivation of BMT (5/12)

=
=

Emerged
volume(vs=-v)

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

Derivation of BMT (4/12)

d yB¢ ×Ñ = yvp¢ × v - yvs¢ × v
z z¢ rg ×v
d z ¢B ×Ñ = zvp¢ × v - zvs¢ × v
z¢
FBvp
M zvs¢ × FBvs × sin f
f Submerged
volume(v)

FBvp FBvp × sin f

z¢vp
z¢vs y¢
y x¢
FBvs × sin f
g1( yvp¢ , zvp¢ )
O, O¢ ¢ × FBvp × sin f
zvp
=
y¢
x¢ FBvs
=

( yvs¢ , zvs¢ ) g g¢
FB1 y¢g z¢g -r g × v
FB O¢B × 0 +
d z ¢B × r g ×Ñ × sin f = zvp¢ × FB × sin f + zvs¢ × FB × sin f
vp vs
B1
z ¢B1 - z B¢
=

Moment about x' axis due to the y’ component of

B
the changed buoyant force

FBvs B2 d z ¢B × r g ×Ñ = zvp¢ × FB + zvs¢ × FB vp vs

Another Derivation

K FBvs = - r g × v, FBvp = r g × v
B1 After heeling Before heeling

f
B d z ¢B d z ¢B × r g ×Ñ = r g × zvp¢ × v - r g × zvs¢ × v
d yB¢ B2
d z ¢B ×Ñ = zvp¢ × v - zvs¢ × v
: Moment about x' axis due to
the y’ component of the
changed volume

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
=

z z¢ d yB¢ ×Ñ = yvp¢ × v - yvs¢ × v

M
f FBv

y d z ¢B ×Ñ = zvp¢ × v - zvs¢ × v
g1( yvp¢ , zvp¢ )
O, O¢
y¢
x¢
( yvs¢ , zvs¢ ) g Submerged
volume(vp=v)

g¢
y¢g z¢g v = v p , - v = vs

B1
B
FB- v B2
Another Derivation

B1 K
: Moment about x' axis due to
the z’ component (x’-z’ plane)
of the changed volume

: Moment about x' axis due to

f the y’ component (x’-y’ plane)

of the changed volume

B d z ¢B
d yB¢ B2
=

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 What we want to find is BM.
2018-08-07

dx'

dy'
(D)
=
=

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

Derivation of BMT (6/12)

d yB¢ ×Ñ = yvp¢ × v p + yvs¢ × vs
z z¢

M d z ¢B ×Ñ = zvp¢ × v p + zvs¢ × vs
f
: Moment about x' axis
due to the z’ component
of the changed volume

: Moment about x' axis

due to the y’ component
of the changed volume

y BM sin f = BB3
BB3
BM =
g1 sin f
O, O¢
=
y¢ 1
x¢ = (d yB¢ cos f + d z¢B sin f )
=

g g¢ sin f
cos f æ sin f ö
= ç d yB¢ + d z B¢ ÷
sin f è cos f ø
B3 1
B1 = (d yB¢ + d zB¢ tan f )
=

B tan f
B2
d yB¢ = ( yvp¢ × v p + yvs¢ × vs ) / Ñ
K d z ¢B = ( zvp¢ × v p + zvs¢ × vs ) / Ñ
d z ¢B sin f 1 æ yvp ¢ × v p + yvs¢ × vs zvp ¢ × v p + zvs¢ × vs ö
d yB¢ cos f B3 = ç + × tan f ÷
tan f è Ñ Ñ ø
B1 1
B f BM =
Ñ × tan f
yvp (
¢ × v p + yvs¢ × vs + ( zvp
¢ × v p + zvs¢ × vs ) × tan f )
B2
d z ¢B Find!

d yB¢
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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

1
BM =
Ñ × tan f
(
¢ × v p + yvs¢ × vs + ( zvp
yvp ¢ × v p + zvs¢ × vs ) × tan f )

z z¢

M
f
dv p

y¢vp
y L
C
g1 f
O, O¢
(C)
y¢
star x¢ z¢vp port
g
y¢ dv p = y¢ × tan f × dx¢ × dy¢ port fore
vp = ò ò dv p
(A) (B)
0 aft

B1 =ò
port fore
y¢ × tan f × dx¢ × dy¢
B 0 ò
aft

v p × y¢vp
K
port fore
=ò ò y¢ × dv p
0 aft Derivation of BMT (7/12)

y' tan∅

port fore

¢ , zvp
¢)
=ò ò y¢ × y¢ × tan f × dx¢ × dy¢
y'

( yvp 0 aft
port fore
( yvs¢ , zvs¢ ) = tan f ò ò y¢ × y¢ × dx¢dy¢
0 aft

(A) : The moment about x'-axis due to the z’

component of the changed volume of port side

: The center of the changed

volume on the port side
: The center of the changed
volume on the starboard side

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 (D)

Derivation of BMT (8/12)

dy'
2018-08-07
dx'
=
=

dx'

dy'
(D)

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

1
BM =
Ñ × tan f
(
¢ × v p + yvs¢ × vs + ( zvp
yvp ¢ × v p + zvs¢ × vs ) × tan f )

z z¢

M (C)

L
C
f dvs
(A) (B)

y f
y¢vs
g1
O, O¢
=
z¢vs y¢ y' tanø

star port
=

g x¢
y¢ 0 fore
dvs = y¢ × tan f × dx¢ × dy¢ vs = ò ò dvs
F star aft

B1 =ò
0 fore
y¢ × tan f × dx¢ × dy¢
ò
=

B star aft

vs × y¢vs
y'

K
0 fore
=ò ò y¢ × dvs
star aft
0 fore

¢ , zvp
¢)
=ò ò y¢ × y¢ × tan f × dx¢ × dy¢
( yvp star aft (B) : The moment about x'-axis due to the z’
component of the changed volume of starboard
side

0 fore
( yvs¢ , zvs¢ ) = tan f ò ò y¢ × y¢ × dx¢dy¢
star aft

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

: The center of the changed

volume on the port side
: The center of the changed
volume on the starboard side

1
BM =
Ñ × tan f
(
¢ × v p + yvs¢ × vs + ( zvp
yvp ¢ × v p + zvs¢ × vs ) × tan f )

z z¢

M
f
dv p
y¢× tan f

y¢vp
y L
C 2

g1 f
O, O¢
(C)
y¢
star x¢ z¢vp port
g
y¢ dv p = y¢ × tan f × dx¢ × dy¢ port fore
vp = ò ò dv p
(A) (B)
0 aft

B1 =ò
port fore
y¢ × tan f × dx¢ × dy¢
B 0 ò aft

v p × z¢vp
K
port y¢× tan f
fore
=ò ò × dv p
0 aft 2 y' tan∅

port fore y ¢× tan f

=ò ò × y¢ × tan f × dx¢ × dy¢
y'
F
¢ , zvp
( yvp ¢)
0 aft 2
( yvs¢ , zvs¢ ) 2
tan f port fore
= y¢ × y¢ × dx¢ × dy¢
2 ò0 òaft

(C) : The moment about x'-axis due to the y’

component of the changed volume of port side

Derivation of BMT (9/12)

: The center of the changed

volume on the port side
: The center of the changed
volume on the starboard side

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 (D)

dy'
2018-08-07
dx'

(A)+(B) Moment about x' axis due to the z’ component of the changed volume
=
=

(C) (D)
=

(C)+(D) Moment about x' axis due to the y’ component of the changed volume

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

1
BM =
Ñ × tan f
yvp (
¢ × v p + yvs¢ × vs + ( zvp
¢ × v p + zvs¢ × vs ) × tan f )

z z¢
y¢× tan f
M (C) 2 Derivation of BMT (10/12) L
C
f
dvs
(A) (B)

y f
y¢vs
g1
O, O¢
=
z¢vs y¢
star port
y' tanø
=

g x¢
y¢ 0 fore
dvs = y¢ × tan f × dx¢ × dy¢ vs = ò ò dvs
F star aft

B1 =ò
0 fore
y¢ × tan f × dx¢ × dy¢
ò
=

B star aft
y'

vs × z¢vs
K
y¢× tan f
0 fore
=ò ò × dvs
2
star aft

0 fore y ¢× tan f
¢ , zvp
( yvp ¢) =ò ò × y¢ × tan f × dx¢ × dy¢
star aft 2 (D) : The moment about x'-axis due to the y’
component of the changed volume of starboard
side

2
( yvs¢ , zvs¢ ) tan f 0 fore
= y¢ × y¢ × dx¢ × dy¢
2 òstar òaft
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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

: The center of the changed

volume on the port side
: The center of the changed
volume on the starboard side

1
BM =
Ñ × tan f
yvp (
¢ × v p + yvs¢ × vs + ( zvp
¢ × v p + zvs¢ × vs ) × tan f )

z z¢
port fore 0 fore
M ¢ × v p + yvs¢ × vs = tan f ò
yvp ò y¢ × y¢ × dx¢dy¢ + tan f ò ò y¢ × y¢ × dx¢dy¢
0 aft star aft
f
port fore
y
= tan f ò ò
(A) (B)

y¢ × y¢ × dx¢dy¢
star aft
y¢v
port fore
g1
O, O¢ = tan f ò ò y¢2 × dx¢dy¢
y¢ star aft
g x¢
= tan f × IT
B1
B

K
tan 2 f port fore tan 2 f 0 fore
¢ × v p + zvs¢ × vs =
zvp ò ò y¢ × y¢ × dx¢ × dy¢ + ò ò y¢ × y¢ × dx¢ × dy¢
2 0 aft 2 star aft

tan 2 f port fore

= ò ò y¢ × y¢ × dx¢ × dy¢
2 star aft

tan 2 f port fore

= ò ò y¢2 × dx¢ × dy¢
2 star aft

tan 2 f
= × IT
2

Derivation of BMT (11/12)

10
 (C) (D)

(A)+(B) Moment about x' axis due to

the z’ component of the

2018-08-07
changed volume

(C)+(D) Moment about x' axis due to

the y’ component of the
changed volume

=
=

of buoyancy in vertical direction.

In order to distinguish those, we will indicate two BM
as follows.

(Considering the change of

the center of buoyancy in
vertical direction)

(Without considering the

change of the center of
buoyancy in vertical direction)

3. Change of the Metacenter for

Large Angle of Inclination

1
BM =
Ñ × tan f
yvp (
¢ × v p + yvs¢ × vs + ( zvp
¢ × v p + zvs¢ × vs ) × tan f )
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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
(A) (B)

z z¢
¢ × v p + yvs¢ × vs = tan f × IT
yvp
M
f
tan 2 f
¢ × v p + zvs¢ × vs =
zvp × IT
y 2
y¢v 1 æ 1 ö
3
O, O¢
g1 BM = ç tan f × IT + .tan f × IT ÷
y¢ Ñ × tan f è
Derivation of BMT (12/12)
2 ø
g x¢
IT æ 1 2 ö
BM = ç1 + tan f ÷
B
B1 Ñè 2 ø

K IT æ 1 2 ö IT
BM = ç1 + tan f ÷ BM =
Ñè 2 ø This BM does not consider the change of the center
Ñ

if f is small
tan2f»f 2=0

which is generally known as BM.

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

11
 G: Center of mass of a ship
FG: Gravitational force of a ship

2018-08-07
B: Center of buoyancy at the previous state
(before inclination)
FB: Buoyant force acting on a ship
B1: New position of center of buoyancy after
the ship has been inclined

Definition Which vertical line is used to define the metacenter “M”?

※ Metacenter “M” is valid for small angle of inclination.

a vertical line through the center of buoyancy at the previous position (B)

with a vertical line through the center of buoyancy at the present position (B1)

* Dage, J.L. et al., Stability and Trim for the Ship’s Officer, D. Van Nostrand Company, p.43, 1946

Metacenter (M) at Small Angles

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

Metacenter (M)
B2: New position of center of buoyancy after
the ship has been inclined with small angle

As the ship is inclined with a small angle, B moves along the arc of a circle whose center is at M.

The BM is metacentric radius.

M1
The GM is metacentric height.

※ The term meta was selected as a prefix for center because its Greek meaning implies movement.
Therefore, the metacenter is a ”moving center”.

G
q
B1
B
Metacenter (M)
The intersection point of

FB

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

M1 M2

B1
B2 B

FB

M remains at the same position for small angles of inclination, up to about 7~10 degrees.

12
 2018-08-07

Meaning ofThus,
Metacenter (M)
the metacenter, M, is only valid for a small angle of inclination.

The term meta was selected as a prefix for center because its Greek meaning implies
movement. The metacenter therefore is a ”moving center”.

Metacenter (M) at Large Angles

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

M1 M2

M3
G

B1
B3 B2
B

FB M does not remain in the same position for large angles of inclination over 10 degrees.

B3: New position of center of buoyancy after

the ship has been inclined with large angle

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

M1 M2

M3
FB M4 G
B4
B1
B3 B2
B

B4: New position of center of buoyancy after

the ship has been inclined with large angle

13
 2018-08-07

Metacenter (M) : The intersection point of a vertical line through the center of buoyancy at the previous
position with a vertical line through the center of buoyancy at the present position.

This figure shows a ship with a

circular section.

The M does not move either

vertically or off the center line.

Since the shape of the immersed

section (under water plane)
remains the same, the position of
the metacenter M has the same
value regardless of the inclination.

Example of Metacenter (M)

B-B'’: Trajectory of the center of buoyancy

as function of the inclination angle

Typical locus of metacenter and centers of buoyancy

for an average form merchant ship

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

Metacenter (M) of Circular Section

te

W3
W2
W1
M
W L
L1
B3
B2 B B L2
1
L3

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

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 2018-08-07
Given
Geometry of the box-shaped ship
: A, D, T
Angles of heel
: angle of heel in the previous state,
angle of heel in the present state,

Metacenter ‘M’ at given angles of

heel

cL

What will be the location of the

metacenter (M) for the box-shaped ship
at large angles of heel?

Metacenter (M) of a Box-shaped Ship (1/4)

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

z z¢ What will be the location of the

z
metacenter (M) for the box-shaped ship
z at large angles of heel?
M
Let us calculate the metacenter (M)
for the barge-shaped ship at various
angles of heel.

y 2D
f1
O, O¢ f1 f2 y f2
z¢B2 y¢
z¢B1
y¢B2 B2
B1
Find

d z ¢B T
y¢B1 d yB¢

O¢x¢y¢z ¢ : 2A
Oxyz : 29
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

The body fixed frame

The inertial frame

z , z¢
M1

20m
Metacenter (M) of a Box-shaped Ship (2/4)

O, O¢ f1 f2
z¢B2 y, y¢
z¢B1
y¢B2 B2
B1 d z ¢B 10m
y¢B1 d yB¢

30m

O¢x¢y¢z ¢ :
Oxyz :
cL

15
 2018-08-07

Metacenter (M) of a Box-shaped Ship (3/4)

- Vertical Line through the Center of Buoyancy at a Given Angle of Heel

(2) Vertical line through the center of buoyancy (B) at a

given angle of heel

32
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

Metacenter (M) of a Box-shaped Ship (3/4)

- Center of Buoyancy at a Given Angle of Heel
z¢
What will be the location of the metacenter (M) for
the box-shaped ship at large angles of heel?

(1) Center of Buoyancy (B) at a given angle of heel f

2 D = 20m

※ Assumption: Deck will not be immersed and the bottom will not
emerge.
P4
y¢ = tan f x¢
(- A, - A × tan f ) P4 ( A, A × tan f )
O, O¢ f cL

P3 A2 y¢
B G2
G1 P3 T = 10m
A1 B In the body fixed reference frame,

(- A, -T ) P1 P2 ( A, -T ) ( yB¢ , z ¢B )
P1 P2
1
= (T - A × tan f ) × 2 A ×
2
= (T + A × tan f ) × 2 A ×
1 - Area of A1
2 A = 30m
2
- Geometry of the box-shaped ship

æ - A + A - A -T - T - A × tan f ö
: 2A=30m, 2D=20m, T=10m

=ç , ÷
è 3 3 ø
æ A - A + A -T + A × tan f - A × tan f ö
=ç , ÷
è 3 3 ø

A1 A2 B A2
= G1 + G2 -

-
Area of A2

Centroid of A1 (G1)

A1 + A2 A1 + A2 A1
- Centroid of A2 (G2)

- Centroid of P1P2P3P4 = Center of Buoyancy (B)

æ A2 tan f -3T 2 + A2 tan 2 f ö A2 : A1

=ç , ÷
è 3T 6T ø
O¢x¢y¢z ¢ :
Oxyz : 31
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

The body fixed frame

The inertial frame

z¢

f 2 D = 20m

P4
1
=-
tan f O, O¢ f
y¢
1 P3 T = 10m
z¢ = - ( y¢ - yB¢ ) + z B¢ B
tan f ( yB¢ , z ¢B )
1 1
P1 P2
z¢ = - y¢ + yB¢ + z ¢B
tan f tan f ※ Assumption: Deck will not be immersed and the bottom will not
emerge.
2 A = 30m cL

1 1 A2 tan f -3T 2 + A2 tan 2 f

z¢ = - y¢ + +
tan f tan f 3T 6T - Vertical line through the center of buoyancy (B)

1 A2 -3T 2 + A2 tan 2 f f
- Slope of the vertical line

z¢ = - y¢ + +
tan f 3T 6T æ A tan f -3T + A tan f ö 2 2 2 2

1 2 A2 - 3T 2 + A2 tan 2 f
=ç , ÷ LL (1)
z¢ = - y¢ + è 3T 6T ø
tan f 6T

y¢ = 0 O¢x¢y¢z ¢ :
Oxyz :

- Geometry of the box-shaped ship

: 2A=30m, 2D=20m, T=10m
- Center of buoyancy (B) at a angle of heel

- If the angle of heel is zero degree, the vertical line is given

as follows.

The body fixed frame

The inertial frame

16
 2018-08-07

Metacenter (M) of a Box-shaped Ship (3/4)

- Metacenter at Given Angles of Heel (2/4)

- Center of buoyancy (B) at a angle of heel

34
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

Metacenter (M) of a Box-shaped Ship (3/4)

- Metacenter at Given Angles of Heel (1/4) M0

z¢: metacenter at upright condition

M M0
(3) Metacenter (M) at given angles of heel f1 , f2
2 D = 20m
f1
f2
※ Assumption: Deck will not be immersed and the bottom will not
emerge.

O, O¢ f1 f2 cL

y¢
B2
B1
f1 2 2 2 2
- Geometry of the box-shaped ship
: 2A=30m, 2D=20m, T=10m

1 2 A - 3T + A tan f1 - Center of buoyancy (B) at a angle of heel

z¢ = - y¢ +
tan f1 6T 2 A = 30m T = 10m

f2
1 2 A2 - 3T 2 + A2 tan 2 f2
- Vertical line through the center of buoyancy (B2) at a given angle
of heel :

z¢ = - y¢ + f
tan f2 6T
æ A2 tan f -3T 2 + A2 tan 2 f ö
=ç , ÷ LL (1)
z ¢ = ay¢ + b z ¢ = cy¢ + d è 3T 6T ø
- Vertical line through the center of buoyancy(B1) at a given angle of
heel :

f
æ d - b ad - bc ö 1 2 A2 - 3T 2 + A2 tan 2 f
ç , ÷ z¢ = - y¢ + LL (2)
è a-c a-c ø tan f 6T
where, is the angle of heel in the previous state

O¢x¢y¢z ¢ :
is the angle of heel in the present state

Oxyz : 33
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
From the equation (2), the vertical lines at each position are
obtained as follows.
the intersection point is obtained as follows.

- Vertical line through the center of buoyancy

(B) at a angle of heel
- Intersection point:

If the two lines are described as and ,

The body fixed frame

The inertial frame

M0

z¢

M M0
f1 , f2
2 D = 20m
f1 : metacenter at upright condition

f2

O, O¢ f1 f2
y¢
B2
B1
where, is the angle of heel in the previous state
is the angle of heel in the present state

2 A2 - 3T 2 + A2 tan 2 f2 2 A2 - 3T 2 + A2 tan 2 f1
- 2 A = 30m T = 10m
d -b 6T 6T
=
cL

a-c 1 1
- +
tan f1 tan f2
(2 A2 - 3T 2 + A2 tan 2 f2 ) - (2 A2 - 3T 2 + A2 tan 2 f1 )
= (tan f1 × tan f2 ) f
6T (- tan f2 + tan f1 )
æ A2 tan f -3T 2 + A2 tan 2 f ö - Geometry of the box-shaped ship

( A2 tan 2 f2 ) - ( A2 tan 2 f1 ) ÷ LL (1)

: 2A=30m, 2D=20m, T=10m

=ç ,
= (tan f1 × tan f2 ) è 3T 6T ø
6T (- tan f2 + tan f1 )
A2 (tan 2 f2 - tan 2 f1 ) f
= (tan f1 × tan f2 )
6T (- tan f2 + tan f1 ) 1 2 A2 - 3T 2 + A2 tan 2 f
A 2 z¢ = - y¢ + LL (2)
= (- tan f2 - tan f1 )(tan f1 × tan f2 ) tan f 6T
6T O¢x¢y¢z ¢ :
Oxyz :

(3) Metacenter (M) at given angles of heel

- Vertical line through the center of buoyancy

(B) at a angle of heel

The body fixed frame

The inertial frame

17
 2018-08-07
(3) Metacenter (M) at given angles of heel

Metacenter (M) of a Box-shaped Ship (3/4)

- Metacenter at Given Angles of Heel (4/4)

(3) Metacenter (M) at given angles of heel

36
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

Metacenter (M) of a Box-shaped Ship (3/4)

- Metacenter at Given Angles of Heel (3/4) M0

z¢: metacenter at upright condition

M M0
f1 , f2
2 D = 20m
f1
f2
where, is the angle of heel in the previous state
is the angle of heel in the present state

O, O¢ f1 f2 cL

æ d - b ad - bc ö d - b A2 y¢
ç , ÷ , = (- tan f2 - tan f1 )(tan f1 × tan f2 )
è a - c a - c ø a - c 6T B2
1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2
- Center of buoyancy (B) at a angle of heel

where , a = - , b = 2 A - 3T + A tan f1 , c = - , d = 2 A - 3T + A tan f2 B1

tan f1 6T tan f2 6T
- Geometry of the box-shaped ship
: 2A=30m, 2D=20m, T=10m

æ 1 ö 2 A2 - 3T 2 + A2 tan 2 f2 2 A2 - 3T 2 + A2 tan 2 f1 æ 1 ö
ç- ÷ - ç- ÷ 2 A = 30m T = 10m
ad - bc è tan f1 ø 6T 6T è tan f2 ø
=
a-c 1 1
- +
tan f1 tan f2
2 A2 - 3T 2 + A2 tan 2 f2 2 A2 - 3T 2 + A2 tan 2 f1
( - tan f2 ) - ( - tan f1 )
= 6T 6T
(- tan f2 + tan f1 ) f
- tan f2 (2 A2 - 3T 2 + A2 tan 2 f2 ) + tan f1 (2 A2 - 3T 2 + A2 tan 2 f1 ) æ A2 tan f -3T 2 + A2 tan 2 f ö
=
6T (- tan f2 + tan f1 ) =ç , ÷ LL (1)
=
(- tan f2 + tan f1 )(2 A2 - 3T 2 ) + A2 (- tan 3 f2 + tan 3 f1 ) è 3T 6T ø
6T (- tan f2 + tan f1 )
=
(- tan f2 + tan f1 )(2 A2 - 3T 2 ) + A2 (- tan f2 + tan f1 )(tan 2 f2 + tan f2 tan f1 + tan 2 f1 ) f
6T (- tan f2 + tan f1 ) 1 2 A2 - 3T 2 + A2 tan 2 f
=
(2 A2 - 3T 2 ) + A2 (tan 2 f2 + tan f2 tan f1 + tan 2 f1 ) z¢ = - y¢ + LL (2)
6T tan f 6T
O¢x¢y¢z ¢ :
Oxyz : 35
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

- Vertical line through the center of buoyancy

(B) at a angle of heel

The body fixed frame

The inertial frame

M0

z¢

M M0
f1 , f2
2 D = 20m
f1 : metacenter at upright condition

f2

æ A2 ö O, O¢ f1 f2
(- tan f2 - tan f1 )(tan f1 × tan f2 ),
æ d - b ad - bc ö ç 6T ÷ y¢
ç , =
÷ ç (2 A2 - 3T 2 ) + A2 (tan 2 f + tan f tan f + tan 2 f ) ÷ B2
è a-c a-c ø ç 2 2 1 1 ÷
ç ÷ B1
è 6T ø
1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2
where , a = - , b = 2 A - 3T + A tan f1 , c = - , d = 2 A - 3T + A tan f2 where, is the angle of heel in the previous state
is the angle of heel in the present state

tan f1 6T tan f2 6T
2 A = 30m T = 10m cL

æ A2 ö
ç (- tan f2 - tan f1 )(tan f1 × tan f2 ), ÷
- Center of buoyancy (B) at a angle of heel

f
ç 6T
By definition of the metacenter (M), the metacenter is the
intersection point.
÷
\ Metacenter ( M ) = ç ÷ æ A2 tan f -3T 2 + A2 tan 2 f ö - Geometry of the box-shaped ship

÷ LL (1)
: 2A=30m, 2D=20m, T=10m

ç (2 A2 - 3T 2 ) + A2 (tan 2 f + tan f tan f + tan 2 f ) ÷ =ç ,

ç 2 2 1 1
÷ è 3T 6T ø
è 6T ø
f
f1 , f2 = 10o , tan f1 ; 0, tan f2 ; 0
1 2 A2 - 3T 2 + A2 tan 2 f
z¢ = - y¢ + LL (2)
tan f 6T
A2 O¢x¢y¢z ¢ :
(- tan f2 - tan f1 )(tan f1 × tan f2 ) » 0
6T Oxyz :

- Intersection point:

- Vertical line through the center of buoyancy

(B) at a angle of heel

Thus, y’ component of metacenter is approximately zero.

18
If

The body fixed frame

The inertial frame
 2018-08-07
Metacenter (M) of a Box-shaped Ship (4/4)
- Result (2/2)
What will be the location of the
metacenter (M) for the box-shaped ship
at large angles of heel?
: angle of heel at present position
: angle of heel at next position

38
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

: At large angle of heel, y’ component of

metacenter is not negligible.

Metacenter (M) of a Box-shaped Ship (4/4)

- Result (1/2)
z z
z z¢ What will be the location of the
z æ A2 tan f -3T 2 + A2 tan 2 f ö
metacenter (M) for the box-shaped ship
=ç , ÷ at large angles of heel?
è 3T 6T ø
Metacenter ( M )
Center of buoyancy (B)
at a angle of heel

æ A2 ö
f1 : angle of heel at present position
ç (- tan f2 - tan f1 )(tan f1 × tan f2 ), ÷ f2 : angle of heel at next position
= ç 6T 2 2 2 2 2 ÷
ç (2 A - 3T ) + A (tan f2 + tan f2 tan f1 + tan f1 ) ÷ ( yB¢ , z ¢B )
ç ÷
è 6T ø
y ( yM¢ , zM¢ )
The calculation result of the metacenter (M)
and center of buoyancy (B) is as follows;

y : center of buoyancy at present position (B)

: metacenter (M)

M6 20m f1 = 0o , f2 = 5o : ( yB¢ 0 , z B¢ 0 ) = (0.000, - 5.000), ( yB¢ 1 , z ¢B1 ) = (0.656, - 4.971)

( yM¢ 0 , zM¢ 0 ) = (0.000, 2.529)
o o
f1 = 5 , f2 = 10 : ( yB¢1 , z¢B1 ) = (0.656, - 4.971), ( yB¢ 2 , zB¢ 2 ) = (1.322, - 4.883)
y ( yM¢ 1 , zM¢ 1 ) = (-0.015, 2.703)
M1 y
: At small angle of heel, y’ component of
metacenter is approximately zero.

O, O¢ M 0
y¢
B0
B6B7
cL

B1B2 10m
f1 = 30o , f2 = 35o : ( yB¢ , zB¢ ) = (4.330, - 3.750), ( yB¢ , zB¢ ) = (5.252, - 3.161)
6 6 7 7

( yM¢ 6 , zM¢ 6 ) = (-1.937, 7.105)

30m
O¢x¢y¢z ¢ :
Oxyz
Naval :
Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
37

The body fixed frame

The inertial frame

z z
z
z z z¢
z
z

f1
f2
( yB¢ , z ¢B )
( yM¢ , zM¢ )

M6 20m f1 = 0o , f2 = 5o : ( yB¢ 0 , z B¢ 0 ) = (0.000, - 5.000), ( yB¢ 1 , z ¢B1 ) = (0.656, - 4.971)

M5 ( yM¢ 0 , zM¢ 0 ) = (0.000, 2.529)
M4 f1 = 5o , f2 = 10o : ( yB¢ , z¢B ) = (0.656, - 4.971), ( yB¢ , zB¢ ) = (1.322, - 4.883)
M3 M2 1

( yM¢ 1 , zM¢ 1 ) = (-0.015, 2.703)

1
The calculation result of the metacenter (M)
and center of buoyancy (B) is as follows;

: center of buoyancy at present position (B)

: metacenter (M)
2 2

M o o
f1 = 10 , f2 = 15 : ( yB¢ , zB¢ ) = (1.322, - 4.883), ( yB¢ , z¢B ) = (2.010, - 4.731)
O, O¢ M 0 1
2 2 3 3

( yM¢ 2 , zM¢ 2 ) = (-0.079, 3.063)

o o
f1 = 15 , f2 = 20 : ( yB¢ 3 , z¢B3 ) = (2.010, - 4.731), ( yB¢ 4 , z¢B4 ) = (2.730, - 4.503)
y, y¢ ( yM¢ 3 , zM¢ 3 ) = (-0.231, 3.632)

B0 B4B5 f1 = 20o , f2 = 25o : ( yB¢ , zB¢ ) = (2.730, - 4.503), ( yB¢ , zB¢ ) = (3.497, - 4.185)
4 4 5 5

B6B7
( yM¢ 4 , zM¢ 4 ) = (-0.528, 4.449)
o o
10m f1 = 25 , f2 = 30 : ( yB¢ , z¢B ) = (3.497, - 4.185), ( yB¢ , z¢B ) = (4.330, - 3.750)
B1B2 B3
5 5 6 6

( yM¢ 5 , zM¢ 5 ) = (-1.054, 5.575)

f1 = 30o , f2 = 35o : ( yB¢ , zB¢ ) = (4.330, - 3.750), ( yB¢ , zB¢ ) = (5.252, - 3.161)
6 6 7 7

( yM¢ 6 , zM¢ 6 ) = (-1.937, 7.105)

30m
O¢x¢y¢z ¢ :
Oxyz : cL

19
 2018-08-07

Derivation of BMT (1/2)

Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

40
4. Another Approach to Derive
the Following Formula
d yB¢ ×Ñ = yvp¢ × v p + yvs¢ × vs
d z ¢B ×Ñ = zvp¢ × v p + zvs¢ × vs

39
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

éi j kù
ê ú
M = ê rx ry rz ú = i (ry × Fz - rz × Fy ) + j(-rx × Fz + rz × Fx ) + k (rx × Fy - ry × Fx )
ê
ë Fx Fy Fz ûú M O,x '

z z¢

M r gv p
f FBvp
y
yB¢ 1 × FB1 , z¢ = yB¢ × FB , z¢ + yvp
¢ × FBvp , z¢ + yvs¢ × FBvs , z¢
O, O¢ g1( yvp¢ , zvp¢ ) M④=M①+M②+M③

x¢ x y¢ yB¢ 1 × ( r g Ñ × cos f )
( yvs¢ , zvs¢ ) g
= yB¢ × ( r g Ñ × cos f ) + yvp
¢ × ( r gv p × cos f ) + yvs¢ ( r gvs × cos f )

B1 ( yB¢ , z B¢ )
1 1

FB1 ( yB¢ 1 - yB¢ ) × ( r g Ñ × cos f ) = yvp

¢ × ( r gv p × cos f )
FBvs ( yB¢ , z ¢B ) B FB
r gÑ = d yB¢ + yvs¢ ( r gvs × cos f )
r gvs r gÑ
K
Body fixed frame

For the convenience of calculation, the forces

are decomposed in body fixed frame.
Moment about x' axis through point O
1. Moment about x' axis due to the z’
component of the changed buoyant force (d yB¢ ) × ( r g Ñ × cos f ) = yvp
¢ × ( r gv p × cos f )
=
=

+ yvs¢ ( r gvs × cos f )

B: The center of buoyancy before inclination
B1: The center of buoyancy after inclination
Ñ: Displacement volume
v: Changed displacement volume (wedge)
BB1: Distance of changed center of buoyancy
gg1: Distance of changed center of wedge

d yB¢ ×Ñ = yvp¢ × v p + yvs¢ × vs

④
M①+M②+M③=M④
③ ①
=

20
 Body fixed frame

2018-08-07

Reference Slides

42
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

éi j kù
ê ú
M = ê rx ry rz ú = i (ry × Fz - rz × Fy ) + j(-rx × Fz + rz × Fx ) + k (rx × Fy - ry × Fx )
ê Fx
ë Fy Fz úû M O,x '

z z¢
M④=M①+M②+M③

M r gv p
f FBvp
y
z ¢B1 × FB1 , y¢ = z B¢ × FB , y¢ + zvp
¢ × FBvp , y¢ + zvs¢ × FBvs , y¢
O, O¢ g1( yvp¢ , zvp¢ )

x¢ x y¢ z ¢B1 × ( r g Ñ × sin f )
( yvs¢ , zvs¢ ) g
= z ¢B × ( r g Ñ × sin f ) + zvp
¢ × ( r gv p × sin f ) + zvs¢ ( r gvs × sin f )

=
=
Moment about x' axis through point O
For the convenience of calculation, the forces
are decomposed in body fixed frame. 2. Moment about x' axis due to the y’
component of the changed buoyant force

B1 ( yB¢ , z B¢ )
1 1

FB1 ( z ¢B1 - z B¢ ) × ( r g Ñ × sin f ) = zvp

¢ × ( r gv p × sin f )
FBvs ( yB¢ , z ¢B ) B FB B: The center of buoyancy before inclination
B1: The center of buoyancy after inclination

r gÑ
Ñ: Displacement volume
v: Changed displacement volume (wedge)
BB1: Distance of changed center of buoyancy

= d z ¢B
gg1: Distance of changed center of wedge

r gÑ + zvs¢ ( r gvs × sin f )

r gvs K
②
(d z ¢B ) × ( r g Ñ × sin f ) = zvp
¢ × ( r gv p × sin f )
M①+M②+M③=M④

④
③ ①
+ zvs¢ ( r gvs × sin f )
=

Derivation of BMT (2/2)

d z ¢B ×Ñ = zvp¢ × v p + zvs¢ × vs
41
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

21
 dA
dy
2018-08-07
dA
dy

2nd moment of water plane area

(Transverse Moment of Inertia (IT))
about x axis through point O:

[Reference] Area, Moments, Centroid, and Moments of Inertia

- Transverse Moment of Inertia (IT)

y dA
y=b(x) dy
dx

O L x

Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

44

[Reference] Area, Moments, Centroid, and Moments of Inertia

y f 2 ( x)

x y
f1 ( x)
O x1 x2 x
dx

x2 f2 ( x ) x2 æ My Mx ö
Area = ò dA = ò dydx = ò ( f 2 ( x) - f1 ( x))dx ( xc , yc ) = ç ,
S
x1 ò f1 ( x ) x1
÷
è Area Area ø

x2 f2 ( x ) x2 1
M x = ò ydA = ò
üArea

ò ydydx = ò ( f 2 ( x) 2 - f1 ( x) 2 )dx
S
x1 f1 ( x ) x1 2

x2 f2 ( x ) x2 f2 ( x ) x2
M y = ò xdA = ò
ü1st moment of area about x axis, Mx
ò xdydx = ò x × ò dydx = ò x × ( f 2 ( x) - f1 ( x))dx
x1 f1 ( x ) x1 f1 ( x ) x1
S

x2 f2 ( x ) x2 1
I x = ò y 2 dA = ò ò y 2 dydx = ò ( f 2 ( x)3 - f1 ( x)3 )dx
S ü1st moment of area about y axis, My
x1 f1 ( x ) x1 3

x2 f2 ( x ) x2 f2 ( x ) x2
I y = ò x 2 dA = ò ò üCentroid
x 2 dydx = ò x 2 × ò dydx = ò x 2 × ( f 2 ( x) - f1 ( x))dx
x1 f1 ( x ) x1 f1 ( x ) x1
S 2018, Myung-Il Roh 43
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring
ü2nd moment of area (moment of inertia) about x axis, Ix

ü2nd moment of area (moment of inertia) about y axis, Iy

f 2 ( x)

x y
f1 ( x)
x1 x2

2
x2 f2 ( x )
2
x2 1
I x = ò y dA = ò ò y dydx = ò ( f 2 ( x)3 - f1 ( x)3 )dx
S
x1 f1 ( x ) x1 3

dx

y
y

O x

x1 ® 0, x2 ® L, f1 ( x) ® 0, f 2 ( x) ® b( x)
3
L b( x) L é {b( x )} ù
I x = IT = ò y 2 dA = ò ò y 2 dy dx = ò ê ú dx
ëê 3 ûú
0 0 0

3
L 0
y 2
dy dx =
Lé
0 -
{-b( x)} ù dx L é {b( x)}3 ù
ò 0 ò-b( x ) ò0 ê
ê
3
ú =ò ê ú dx
ë úû 0
êë 3 úû

2 L 3
I x = IT = ò {b( x)} dx
3 0

On the other side :

22
 dA
dy

2nd moment of water plane area

(Longitudinal Moment of Inertia (IL))
about y axis through point O:

y dA

dy
2018-08-07
dx

O L x

f 2 ( x)
[Reference] Area, Moments, Centroid, and Moments of Inertia
- Longitudinal Moment of Inertia (IL)
x y
f1 ( x)
x1 x2 dx

x2 f2 ( x ) x2 1
I x = ò y 2 dA = ò ò y 2 dydx = ò ( f 2 ( x)3 - f1 ( x)3 )dx
S
x1 f1 ( x )
y
x1 3
O x

x1 ® 0, x2 ® L, f1 ( x) ® 0, f 2 ( x) ® b( x)
L b( x) L
I y = I L = ò x 2 dA = ò ò x 2 dx dy = ò x 2 × b( x)dy
0 0 0

L 0 L L
ò ò x 2 dx dy = ò x 2 [ 0 - (-b( x)) ] dx = ò x 2 × b( x)dx
0 -b ( x ) 0 0

y=b(x)

L
I y = I L = 2 ò x 2 × b( x)dx
0 On the other side :

45
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

2nd moment of
waterplane area
about y axis

23