SUBORDINATE OR DEPENDENT CLAUSE

→ to provide extra info to the main clause of a sentence.; this main event
is independent, because it will still make sense if the subordinate clause
was to be missing.
→ used to make articulated and more complex sentences.

EXAMPLES:
Independent: I could move to the USA by next year.
→ it has a subject and a verb

Dependent: I could move to the USA by next year, if I had the money to do so.
+ subordinate clause: it adds substantially to the meaning of the sentence, there's
still a task at hand (conditioning) - on its own, it'll mean nothing, because it is not a full
unit of meaning.

RULE: subordinate clauses begin with certain words ONLY

subordinating conjunctions = words that link dependent clauses to

independent clauses

FOR AS SINCE
por / para como desde, porque

THEREFORE HENCE CONSEQUENTLY

por lo tanto / por eso hence en consecuencia

THOUGH DUE TO PROVIDED THAT

a pesar de / aunque debido a siempre que

BECAUSE UNLESS ONCE

porque a menos que una vez que

WHILE WHEN AFTER

mientras cuando después
 WHERE WHEREVER / BEFORE
donde WHENEVER antes
lo que sea /
cuando sea

I’m staying at my sister’s, as I told you I was gonna do.

Due to personal reasons, I’m not gonna go.
I can cook, unless it’s meat.
We can go out for drinks, whenever / wherever you want.

also: relative pronouns

THAT WHICH
que lo que

WHO WHOM
quien quien

WHICHEVER WHOEVER
cualquiera cualquiera sea / quien sea

WHOMEVER WHOSE
quien sea de quien / del cual / cuyo

You can invite people, whomever you’d like.

That’s Nina, whose mom died last year.
I crashed my car last month, which complicated things because now I can’t
get to work on time.
You can borrow a shirt, whichever you’d like.

ESSENTIAL PHRASAL VERBS

 TO BRING UP Used to introduce a “Now that you bring
topic - when you’re that up…”
reminded of “He brought it up”
something

TO CARRY ON To continue “I’ll carry on with that

as soon as I’m done
eating”
“Carry on”

TO COME UP WITH When having an idea “I came up with a new

project”
“We need to come up
with solutions”

TO COPE WITH To manage - to do “I’m coping with it as I

what you can can”
with/about something “I can’t cope with the
pressure”

TO DEAL WITH || - to be linked to “I can deal with her”

someone

TO FIND OUT To gain knowledge “You won’t believe

about a topic what I found out
about”
“I found a way to…”

TO GET ALONG / When having a good “We got along pretty

TO GET ON (with) (or bad) relationship well”
with someone or “I don’t get on well
something with math”

TO GET OVER To recover from it “I was upset about it,

(something) but I got over it”

TO GET RID OF When not possessing “He needs to get rid of

something anymore - that car”
To toss out/away “I got rid of …”

TO LOOK FORWARD To be excited about “I’m really looking

TO something happening forward to traveling in
 in the future the summertime”

TO PUT (something) When postponing “I haven’t checked my

OFF emails yet, I’ve been
putting it off”

TO PUT UP WITH To tolerate “I had to put up with

her all weekend long”

TO RULE OUT To discard “You can rule out that

possibility, it’s not
happening”

TO RUN OUT OF Used when there’s “I’m running out of

nothing of something - time, I have to hurry”
when the amount of “I ran out of groceries
something is last night”
decreasing

TO SORT When organizing or “We’ll have to sort

(something) OUT sorting a problem things out before
moving forwards”