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APUNTES INGLÉS
REPORTED SPEECH

ESTILO DIRECTO REPORTED SPEECH (INDIRECTO)

PRESENT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE

He said: “I write letters” He said (that) he wrote letters.

PRESENT CONT. PAST CONT.

He said: “She is working” He said (that) she was working.

PRESENT PERF. PAST PERF.

He said: “She has worked” He said (that) she had worked.

PRESENT PERF. CONT. PAST PERF. CONT.

He said: “She has been working” He said (that) she had been working.

PAST SIMPLE PAST PERFECT

He said: “She worked” He said (that) she had worked.

PAST CONT. PAST PERF. CONT.

He said: “She was working” He said (that) she had been working.

FUTURE SIMPLE WOULD

He said: “She will work” He said she would work.

FUTURE CONT. CONDITIONAL CONT.

He said: “She will be working” He said she would be working.

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IMPERATIVE INFINITIVE

He said: “Work!” He told her to work.

He said: “She CAN work” He said she COULD work.

He said: “She MAY work” He said she MIGHT work.

He said: “She MUST/HAS TO work” He said she HAD TO work.

He said: “SHALL I work?” He asked if he SHOULD work.

ESTILO DIRECTO REPORTED SPEECH

NOW/AT THE MOMENT THEN/AT THAT TIME

TODAY THAT DAY

YESTERDAY THE DAY BEFORE/THE PREVIOUS

DAY

TOMORROW THE NEXT DAY/THE FOLLOWING

DAY/THE DAY AFTER

AGO THEN

THIS WEEK
THAT WEEK
NEXT WEEK

LAST WEEK THE FOLLOWING WEEK

TOMORROW MORNING THE PREVIOUS WEEK

YESTERDAY EVENING THE FOLLOWING MORNING

THE PREVIOUS EVENING

THIS

THAT
THESE
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THOSE
HERE

THERE
Sally said to Peter: “I gave you my
notebook”
Sally said to Peter that she had given
him her notebook.

CONDITIONALS

CONDITIONALS 0 1rst 2nd 3rd

You can’t change

Maybe Hipótesis/ the things that
0-100% %100 possible possible posibilidad de you have done in
pasado the past = it is
impossible.

If…
present simple, If… If…
If… past simple, Past perfect (had
TENSES present simple, -will + inf + ppi),
- conditional
- present (would+inf: - conditional
simple If… español = ría) compound
Present, (would + have +
ppi)
imperative
(order)

If the If we finish
temperature early, we
drops to 0ºC, will/won’t go
water turns to the cinema. If he had lent me
into ice If we finished the money, I
EXAMPLES If you want, I early, we would would have
can go with go to the cinema. bought that car
Water turns you
into ice if the
temp drops to If you need
0ºC. help, tell me!
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MODAL VERBS
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RELATIVE PRONOUNS

WHO (= PERSONA) QUE > THAT (INFORMAL)

- This is the man that/who came yesterday.

- I think that I won the lottery

WHEN (TIEMPO)

- It was yesterday when my mum…

- Since the time when we have met.

WHICH (COSAS) / THAT = QUE / COSA QUE

- The present which you bought is so big.

- He passed the examen, which surprises me.

WHOSE = CUYO

- I have to buy a present for my mother, whose birthday is next week.

- This is the man whose wife works with you.

WHAT = LO QUE (NO SE SUSTITUYE POR UN ADJETIVO)

- I don’t know what I have done.

- What she did made my sad.

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TENSES (TIEMPOS VERBALES)

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PASSIVE VOICE

Sujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to be") + participio de pasado

¿CÓMO PASAMOS UNA ORACIÓN ACTIVA A PASIVA?

1. El objeto de la oración activa pasa a ser el sujeto de la oración pasiva.

2. El verbo principal se sustituye por el auxiliar "to be" (en el mismo tiempo
verbal) seguido del verbo principal en participio.

3. El sujeto de la oración activa pasa a ser complemento agente de la pasiva. No

siempre aparece en la oración, y cuando aparece va introducido por "by".

Complemento Complemento Otros

Estructura Sujeto Verbo
directo agente complementos
Voz activa Shakespeare wrote Romeo and in 1562
Juliet
Voz pasiva Romeo and was by Shakespeare in 1562
Juliet written

Tiempo verbal Active Passive

Simple present John writes a book. A book is written by John.
Present continuous John is writing a book. A book is being written by John.
Simple past John wrote a book. A book was written by John.
Past continuous John was writing a book. A book was being written by John.
Present perfect John has written a book. A book has been written by John.
Simple future John will write a book. A book will be written by John.
Conditional John would write a book. A book would be written by John.