HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY PRATICE QUESTIONS.

Topic 1: Cells
Plant and Animal cells. ANS: All plant and animal cell contains structures called organelles that
are specialized to carry out one or more vital functions, for example the nucleus, then the
mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, chloroplasts and vacuoles. Organelles are
found in the cytoplasm of the cell and most are surrounded by one or two membranes.
Structure and function of the organelles. ANS: An organelle is a subcellular structure that has
one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell, much like an organ does in the body. Among the
more important cell organelles are the nuclei, which store genetic information; mitochondria,
which produce chemical energy; and ribosomes, which assemble proteins.
Differentiating between Plant cell and Bacterial cell. ANS: The plant cell is a eukaryotic cell
whereas the bacterial cell is a prokaryotic cell. The main difference between plant cell and
bacterial cell is that plant cell contains membrane-bound organelles whereas bacterial cell lacks
membrane-bound organelles.
Osmosis and Diffusion: ANS: Osmosis: Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a
particular (differentially) permeable membrane from a solution containing a lot of water
molecules, example a dilute solution (or water), to a solution containing fewer water molecules,
example a concentrated solution. Diffusion: Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an
area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration until the particles are evenly
distributed.
Structure and Function of the Digestive System. ANS: Structure: The GI (Gastro intestinal
tract) tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus.
The hollow organs that make up the GI tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
large intestine, and anus. The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are the solid organs of the digestive
system. Function: The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients such as carbohydrates,
fats and proteins. They can then be absorbed into the bloodstream so the body can use them for
energy, growth and repair.
Enzymes: An enzyme is a biological catalyst and is almost always a protein. It speeds up the rate
of a specific chemical reaction in the cell. The enzyme is not destroyed during the reaction and is
used over and over.
Nutrients and their Functions: ANS: What Are Nutrients? Nutrients are substances the body
needs for energy, building materials, and control of body processes. There are six major classes
of nutrients based on biochemical properties: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, water, vitamins, and
minerals. Function: Nutrients have one or more of three basic functions: they provide energy,
contribute to body structure, and/or regulate chemical processes in the body. These basic
functions allow us to detect and respond to environmental surroundings, move, excrete wastes,
respire (breathe), grow, and reproduce.
HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY PRATICE QUESTIONS CONT’D
Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration ANS: Aerobic respiration takes place in presence of oxygen;
whereas anaerobic respiration takes place in absence of oxygen. Carbon dioxide and water are
the end products of aerobic respiration, while alcohol is the end product of anaerobic respiration.
Uses of Anaerobic respiration: ANS: The industrial uses of anaerobic respiration are ethanol
production by yeasts, lactic acid preservation of food, anaerobic digestion of organic matters in
ruminant cultivation and waste treatment.
Structure of the Heart. ANS: Your heart is divided into four chambers. You have two chambers
on the top (atrium, plural atria) and two on the bottom (ventricles), one on each side of the heart.
Right atrium: Two large veins deliver oxygen-poor blood to your right atrium. The superior vena
cava carries blood from your upper body.
Blood flowing through the heart ANS: The blood enters the heart's right atrium and is pumped to
your right ventricle, which in turn pumps the blood to your lungs. The pulmonary artery then
carries the oxygen-poor blood from your heart to the lungs. Your lungs add oxygen to your
blood.
Blood Clotting: Blood clotting, or coagulation, is an important process that prevents excessive
bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. Platelets (a type of blood cell) and proteins in your
plasma (the liquid part of blood) work together to stop the bleeding by forming a clot over the
injury.
Role of the blood defending against diseases. ANS: One of the key functions of blood is
protection. White blood cells are immune system cells. They are like warriors waiting in your
blood stream to attack invaders such as bacteria and viruses. When fighting an infection, your
body produces more white blood cells.
The Skeletal system. ANS: The skeletal system is your body's central framework. It consists of
bones and connective tissue, including cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. It's also called the
musculoskeletal system.
Movement in the Arm. ANS: These arm movements include: Arm flexion refers to the forward
movement of the upper arm at the shoulder joint, as when lifting the arms to the front of the
body. Arm extension represents the backward movement of the upper arm at the shoulder joint,
as when moving the arms behind the body.
Importance of Locomotion. ANS: Locomotion helps us to move from one place to other. In
general, animals require locomotion for defence, searching for food and shelter. The locomotory
movement is the coordinated movement of various bones, tissues and joints such as cartilage,
muscles, bone, ligaments, tendons, etc.