Endogenic Processes:

Plutonism and Volcanism

HOW

FORMED?
HOW
MAGMA
FORMED? Magma forms from partial
melting of mantle rocks in the
lithosphere.
HOW
MAGMA Magma forms from partial melting of
mantle rocks in the lithosphere.
FORMED?

Rocks undergo partial melting due to the

minerals that compose them having
different melting points.
HOW
MAGMA Magma forms from partial melting of
mantle rocks in the lithosphere.
FORMED?

As temperatures rise, some minerals melt and

others remain solid. This being maintained causes
partially melted rocks to be considered magma.
HOW
MAGMA
FORMED?
Decompression melting
HOW
MAGMA Decompression melting
FORMED?

Takes place at approximately the same

temperature but pressure is reduced.
HOW
MAGMA Decompression melting
FORMED?

The rock moves upward to either a

mantle plume or an upwelling part of a
mantle convection cell.
HOW
MAGMA Decompression melting
FORMED?

The rock moves upward to either a

mantle plume or an upwelling part of a
mantle convection cell.

Mantle plume -
a hot spot
HOW
MAGMA Decompression melting
FORMED?

The rock passes the liquid side of the

melting curve and enters partial melting
conditions if 2 conditions are passed.
HOW
MAGMA Decompression melting
FORMED?

The rock passes the liquid side of the melting curve and
enters partial melting conditions if 2 conditions are passed.
The rock is hot enough and close to the melting
point.
It moves upward to the surface, where pressure
is reduced.
What happens
when
is formed?
What happens
when MAGMA Magma escapes in 2 forms:
is formed?
INTRUSION & EXTRUSION
What happens
when MAGMA
is formed?
INTRUSION:
Magma moves up into a volcano without erupting.
Causing the volcano to become bigger.
Inclusion of rock layers forming on earth's crust.
What happens
when MAGMA
is formed?
EXTRUSION:
An eruption of magmatic materials that causes land formation on
the surface of the earth.
Causes the formation of volcanoes when gas pressure is strong
enough and there are cracks on the earth crust.
Magma that comes to the surface of the earth is called an eruption.
PLUTONISM
PLUTONISM
• Refers to all igneous geological activities taking place below the surface.
• A kind of plutonism is where magma gets to the earth's crust but does
not erupt, resulting in ideal situation for metallogenesis
• Presence of various oxides, fluorine, sulfur, and chlorine compounds are
necessary for the creation of magma to be guaranteed.
• The solidification and crystallization of magma takes place mainly in the
earth's interior.
PLUTONISM
• Plutonites
￭ are magmatic rocks produced
when the crystallization takes
place inside the crust.
￭ They are also another major
category of igneous rock
formation.
VOLCANISM
VOLCANISM
• All geological phenomena that naturally occur on the surface
(IE. the creation of volcanoes and hot springs.
• Geological activities correlated to the flow and transport of
igneous material from the planetary interior to the surface.
 Endogenic Processes:
Plutonism and Volcanism