MAGMATISM

The motion or activity of

Magma
Key Question

What causes magma to form?

• Magma

• Partial Melting

-Heat transfer

-Decompression melting

-Flux melting
MAGMA
• is a molten or semi-molten natural material that is
found beneath the surface of the Earth
• creates “Igneous rocks”
• mixtures of molten rocks, minerals, and gases
• made up of “melt”
MAGMATISM
• A process under teh earth’s crust where formation
and movement of magma occur.
Where does the formation of magma takes
place?
Magma is primarily a very hot
liquid, which is called a 'melt.
' It is formed from the melting
of rocks in the earth's
lithosphere, which is the
outermost shell of the earth
made of the earth's crust and
upper part of the mantle, and
the asthenosphere, which is
the layer below the
lithosphere.
SPECIAL CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR
FORMATION OF MAGMA
• Magma can be formed either by melting of
Earth's crust or by melting within the mantle.
• Crust and mantle are almost entirely solid
indicating that magma only forms in special
places where pre-existing solid rocks undergo
melting.
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Volatiles
MELTING DUE TO DECREASE IN PRESSURE

• Decompression melting
•The decrease in pressure affecting a hot mantle rock at a constant temperature permits melting forming magma.

Why does decompression induce melting of rocks?

• In order to melt a rock, the bonds between the particles should be broken.
• Under intense pressure, this is not possible even when the temperature is high.
• When pressure is decreased, melting can occur because the bonds between the particles can be broken down and move farther away from each other.
MELTING RESULTING FROM
HEAT TRANSFER FROM
RISING MAGMA
• heat transfer melting
• A rising magma from the
mantle brings heat with it
and transfer heat to their
surrounding rocks at
shallower depths which may
melt.
WHERE DOES MAGMA FORM?
•Mid-ocean ridge the rising magma
in mantle convection cell brings
heat to the surface, transferring
heat to the overlying rocks.
• The transfer of heat due to
convection is accompanied by a
decrease in pressure or
"decompression" associated with
the spreading of the lithospheric
plates.
• These two work in tandem
promoting the partial melting of
rocks along the spreading center.
Ways to generate Magma
How are Magmas Formed?
Partial Melting
• Partial melting is what happens when only some parts
of a rock melt; it takes places because rocks are not
pure materials.
Condition for Melting of Rocks to Occurs

• Increase in Temperature

• Decrease of Pressure

• Addition of Volatiles
1. Increase in Temperature
1200℃
Quarts
and
Feldspar
650-850℃
1. Increase in Temperature

HEAT
Hot Cold
Molten Crust
Rocks Conduction
Heat Transfer
-convergent boundaries,
where tectonic plates are crashing
together
2. Decrease of Pressure
• During convection, rocks tends to go upward and
triggers the melting of magma. This is known as
Decompression melting, this process occurs at the
Mid-Ocean Ridge, an underwater moutain system.
3. Addition of Volatiles
Flux Melting

-it occurs when water and carbon dioxide is added to

hot rocks

-This creates magma in places where it originally

maintained a solid structures, it occurs around
subduction zones.
Condition for Melting of Rocks to Occurs

1. Increase in Temperature

-Heat Transfer

-Convergent Boundary
Condition for Melting of Rocks to Occurs

2. Decrease of Pressure

-Decompression melting

-Mid-Ocean ridge
Condition for Melting of Rocks to Occurs

3. Addition of Volatiles

-Flux Melting

-Subduction Zone