ENDOGENIC

PROCESSES
 1. magnatism
 it explains the movement of magma to form igneous
rocks.
 this is the process responsible also for mountain
formation.
 mountains, volcanoes or island arcs at convergent
plate boundaries as well as mid-ocean and seafloor
spreading ridges at divergent plate boundaries of the
Earth, are additional mass and volume formed due to
magnetism.
How magma is
formed?
The most common
type of magma
produced is basalt.
 Rise of magma is controlled by

 Magma viscosity and magma composition

 Magma viscosity
-- viscosity
measure of resistant to flow.
has impoartant on control on the nature of the volcanic
eruption.
high viscosity
magma is resistant to flow ( flows very slowly)
creates explosive eruptions.
Low viscosity
magma flow freely ( flows very
quickly), create quiet, non-
explosive reactions.
example : BASALTIC LAVAS (
Hawaii)
 Controls on viscosity
1. Magma Composition
Higher SiO2 content = higher viscosity
2. Magma temperature
Higher temperature = lower viscosity
3. Dissolved gas
Higher amount dissolved gas = lower
viscosity
 Rise of magma is controlled by

 Magma composition
1. Rocks
2. Bit and pieces of minerals that have not yet
melted or have solidified or crystallized from the
molten stat as the magma cools.
3.Different gases ( water vapour, carbon dioxide and
hydrogen sulfide ,hydrochloric or sulfuric acid.
 Formation of Magma
Crust and mantle are almost entirely solid indicating that
magma only forms in special places where pre-existing
solid rocks undergo melting.

1. Melting due to decrease in pressure (decompression

melting):
The decrease in pressure affecting a hot mantle rock
at a constant temperature permits melting forming
magma.
-
Decompression melting is the process of creating magma by reducing the
pressure at a constant temperature.
2. Melting as a result of the addition of volatiles—
compounds that have low boiling points (flux
melting): When volatiles mix with hot, dry rock,
the volatile decreases the rock’s melting point
and they help break the chemical bonds in the
rock to allow melting.

 Flux melting occurs upon the introduction of volatiles which

breaks the chemical bond in rocks and at the same time
lowers the melting temperature of the rocks.
3. Melting resulting from heat transfer from rising
magma (heat transfer melting):
A rising magma from the mantle brings heat with it
and transfer heat to their surrounding rocks at
shallower depths which may melt.
What happens after
magma formed?
 Magma forms in the deeper layers
of the earth where temperature are
so hot that rocks melt.
 Magma is hot molten rock in the
middle of a volcano and lava is hot
molten rock leaving a volcano.
 Where does magma forms?

On average ,melting happens below about

50 kilometers but above a few hundred km.

,there are 3 environments in which melting is

common due to mechanisms that help to
increase the temperature of rocks.
 three tectonic settings where magma is formed.

- Mid-oceanic ridges: the rising magma in mantle convection

cell brings heat to the surface, transferring heat to the overlying
rocks.
The transfer of heat due to convection is accompanied by a
decrease in pressure or "decompression" associated with the
spreading of the lithospheric plates.
 Mantle plumes (hot spots): Similar
 -

to mid-oceanic ridges, the transfer

of heat and decompression result
to magma generation.
The source of heat for mantle
plumes is much deeper.
 -Subduction zones:
 Oceanic crustal rocks are formed along
spreading centers, typically
beneath several kilometers of seawater. The
presence of water during generation results to
the formation of hydrous minerals.
As the oceanic slab is down-thrusted along
subduction zones, the change in temperature
and pressure conditions brings about mineral
instability
 Questions

1. How Is heat transferred in the activity? State

evidences.
Answer:
Convection is shown by the presence of mounds and cracks
in between the mounds, radiation is illustrated by the emitted
gas directly above the heat source and conduction is
evidenced by the submerging chocolate powder along the
rims of the pan.
Stress is the force per unit area
applied on the rock, whereas,
Strain is the change in shape or
volume of the rock that
experienced stress.
 compressional (squeezing)Tectonic forces

Tectotic forces that pushes two areas of crustal rocks

together to shorten and thick of the crust..
How the affected rocks respond to compressional forces
depends on how brittle ( breakable ) the rocks and the
speed with the forces are applied.

Compressional forces- pushes rocks

together and can be (fold) or cause rocks to break along
the breakage zone ( Fault )
Folds – are bent rock layer or series of layers that are
originally horizontal and subsequently deformed.
2 types of folds
1.Anticline – is a fold in the sedimentary strata,
resembling an arc.
2.Syncline – a linear downfold in the sedimentary strata.
Faults – are fractures in the crust along which
appreciable displacement has occurred, on a
scale from centimeters to kilometers.

4 Types of fault
1.Normal fault
2.Reversed fault
3.Trust fault
4.Strike-slip fault
 5. Plate boundaries
The lithosphere is divided into
plates that are constantly moving
in different directions.
As a result, it leads to the formation
of plate boundaries.
 3 types of plate boundaries
1. Transform fault boundary – occurs when two plates slides or
grind past each other.
2. .
1.Divergent boundary – occurs when two plates
move away from each other.
• The divergence of 2 continental plates creates
a rift valley
3. Convergent boundary – occurs when
two plates come together or move
towards each other.
• The convergence of 2 oceanic plates
creates island arc and trenches