Earth’s and life science

Module 1 Quarter 7
Magmatism
Magma

• Is extremely hot liquids and sime

liquid rocks located under earth
surface. Earth has a layered
structure that cinsist of the inner
core ,mantle,crust. Much of the
planets mantke consist of magma
tgus magma causing a volcano
eruption
How is magma formed?
• Magma form from partial melting of
mantle rocks. As the rocks move
upward (or have water added to
them), thet start to melt a little bit.
These little blebs of melt migrate
upward and coalesces into large
volumes that continue to move
upward. They may collect in a magma
chamber or they may just come
straight up
• Lithosphere- is a rigid ,outermost rocky shell
of a terrestrial planet or naturak satelite. On
earths it is composed of the crust and the
portion of the upper mantle that behaves
elestically on time scales of uo to thousand of
years or more
• Athenosphere-is the mechanically weak and
dubtile region of the upper mantkr of eaeth. It
lies below the lithosphere ,at a depth
between 80 and 200 km below the surface,
and extend as deep as 700km . However, the
lower boundary of the athenosphere is not
well defined.
Magmatism
• Magmatism is the emplacement of
magma within and at the surface of
the outer layers of a terrestial
planet, wich solidifies as igneous
rocks . It does so through magmatic
activity or igneous activity , the
production ,intrusion and extrusion
of magma or lava. Volcanism is the
surface expression of magmatism
Melting in the mantle requires one of three
possible events to occur
1. An increase in temperature-
Cinduction In mantle happens when heat is transferred from hotter molten
rocks to the eraths cold crust. This process is known as heat transfer,as
magma rises it is often her enough to melt the rock it touches it happens at
convergent boundaries where tectonic plates are crashing together.
2. A decrease of pressure-
Mantle rocks remain solid when exposed to high pressure however during
convection these rocks tend to up upward shallower level and the pressure is
reduce this trigger the melting of magma. This is known as decompression
melting this process occur a the MID OCEAN RIDGE an underwater moubtain
system
• 3 ADDITION OF VOLATILES-
when water or carbon dioxide is added to hot rocks flux melting occurs
. The melting points of minerals within the rock decrease . It a rocks is
already close to its meltibg point of effect of adding these volatiles can
be enough to trigger partial melting it occurs around subduction zones
• Magma can vary widely in
composition but in general they
are made uo of only eigh
elements, in order of
importances ,
oxygen ,silicon,aluminum,iron,cal
cium,sodium ,magnesium,and
potassium