Learning Activities

1. When the plates move, they collide or spread apart allowing the very hot molten material
called “lava to escape from the mantle.
2. The epicenter is the point on the earth’s surface directly above the focus. On the other
hand, the focus is the point where seismic waves originate. It is centered on the part of
the fault that has the greatest movement.

Volcanism
1. When an oceanic and continental plate collide, the oceanic plate moves under the
continental plate or what we call the process of subduction.
2. Subduction involving an oceanic crust and a continental crust creates a volcanic arc.

Explore
1. When an oceanic and continental plate collide, the oceanic plate moves under the
continental plate or what we call the process of subduction.
2. The water is losing causing the subducting plate to partially melt. As the subducted
plate descends into the mantle it is gradually heated allowing the formation of
magma.

Oceanic Ridge System

1. Mid-ocean ridges occur along divergent plate boundaries, where new ocean floor is
created as the Earth's tectonic plates spread apart. As the plates separate, molten rock
rises to the seafloor, producing enormous volcanic eruptions of basalt.

2. At a divergent plate boundary, plates move apart. As the oceanic plates move apart they
produce cracks in the ocean floor. Magma rises up from the mantle and moves out from
the cracks then the magma will cool down. At convergent boundary, the oceanic plate is
pushed under the continental plate in a process known as "subduction." As the oceanic
plate descends, it is forced into higher temperature environments causing the magma to
form.

Hotspots

1. It is an area within a tectonic plate where magma is abundant.

2. As oceanic volcanoes move away from the hot spot, they cool off and their
eruptions becomes less intense and eventually more extinct.
3. The heat rises through the process of convection causing the rocks to melt. The
melted rock, known as magma, often pushes through cracks in the crust to form
volcanoes.

Mountain Formation
 1. Mountains are most often formed by movement of the tectonic plates in the Earth's crust.

1. Most mountain systems are formed along convergent plate boundaries.

2. When two plates of continental crust collide, the material pushes upward. This forms a
high mountain range.
3. Oceanic crust may collide with a continent. Because the oceanic plate will melt then the
magma rises and erupts that will create a volcanic mountain range near the continent. A
result example of oceanic-continental convergence is the subduction of the Nazca Plate
under South America (which has created the Andes Mountains and the Peru Trench.)

POST ASSESSMENT

1. D

2. D

1. Earthquakes occur along fault lines, cracks in Earth's crust where tectonic plates meet. They
occur where plates are subducting, spreading, slipping, or colliding.

a. Volcanic activities occur in convergent zones when an oceanic plate is pushed under a
continental plate then the oceanic plate will melt causing the magma to rise that results to the
formation of a volcano.

b. When adjacent tectonic plates move away from each other, the lithosphere is pulled apart. This
reduces the amount of pressure and decreases the temperature on the rocks below the lithosphere
creating basalt-rich magma. Then, the magma will rise and fills the gap to create new and
produce volcanic cones.

c. A hot molten material from the mantle called magma often pushes through cracks in the crust
to form volcanoes.

3. Movements of tectonic plates create volcanoes along the plate boundaries, which erupt and
form mountains.

4. Most volcanoes are located at either divergent or convergent plate boundaries, where plate
motions causes the magma to rise and fill the gaps that will result to the formation of a volcano.

MODULE 4

1. South America and Africa

2. Because Alfred Wegener found that the continents fit together like pieces of jigsaw
puzzle. He theorized that the continents were once joined as a single supercontinent he
called Pangaea.
Explore

As the oil was heated, the spaces between the blocks becomes smaller because the oil is starting
to boil causing the blocks to move because of the heat coming from the alcohol lamp.

1. The blocks represent the plates.

2. The blocks movement also represents the plates movement and interaction that forms
convergent, divergent and transform boundaries.

POST-ASSESSMENT
CONCEPT MAP

Plate
Boundaries

Plate Movement of
Landforms Materials
Movements

Oceanic
Ridge System
 Why Oh Why?
There was a supercontinent called Pangaea that once existed million years ago. But due
to the movement of the Earth`s crust, this supercontinent broke down into pieces that resulted to
the existence of the 7 continent of the world. As an evidence, when we try to look at our map, we
ca notice that some of the continents really fit together when we try to connect them.

Do you ever wonder why we have existing volcanoes and mountain ranges? It is also
because of the movement of the plates. When these plates suddenly meet, they form 3 kind of
boundaries namely Divergent, Convergent and Transform Boundary wherein they can move
apart, collide or slide past each other. It is also the reason why we suddenly experience
earthquake. But why do tectonic plates move?

The Earth`s tectonic plates are constantly moving very slow from less than 2.5 cm/ year.
One explanation of its movement is believed to be convection currents that are created by heat
from within the Earth. So how do convection currents cause plate movements? As the semi-
molten rock in the mantle is heated it becomes less dense than its surroundings and rises. As it
reaches the crust above, it spreads out carrying the plates above with it. As the semi-molten rock
then cools, it gradually sinks back down to be re-heated. We also have 2 other reason why plates
move and those are the slab pull and the ridge push.