Q2_L3: ENDOGENIC PROCESS

Magma • As the liquid rock solidifies, it loses this heat

and transfers it to the surrounding crust.
• is a mixture of molten and semi-molten rock, minerals and
gases. This molten state when solidified creates igneous Magma Chamber
rocks
• originates in the lower part of the Earth’s crust and in the • In areas where temperature, pressure, and structural
upper portion of the mantle known as asthenosphere. formation allow, magma collects in areas called
magma chambers.
Magmatism
• The pool of magma in a magma chamber is layered.
• process under the Earth’s crust where formation and least-dense magma rises to the top
movement of magma occur. densest magma sinks near the bottom of the
chamber.
How are magmas formed?
• Gases, ash, and light-colored rock are emitted first,
• Differences in temperature, pressure, and structural from the least-dense, top layer of the magma chamber.
formations in the mantle and crust cause magma to form in Dark, dense volcanic rock from the lower part of the
different ways. (Partial melting) magma chamber may be released later.
Composition of Magma Magma Escape Routes
• Oxygen – 46.6% • Magma leaves the confines of the upper mantle and
• Silicon – 27.7% crust in two major ways: as an intrusion or as an
• Aluminum – 8.1% extrusion.
• Iron – 5%
Types of Magma
• Calcium – 3.6%
• Sodium – 2.8% 1. Mafic Magma
• Potassium – 2.6% • This type of magma has a low gas content and low
• Magnesium – 2.1% viscosity, or resistance to flow.
• Others – 1.5% • low silica content, roughly 50%, and higher
contents in iron and magnesium.
Partial Melting 2. Ultramafic Magma
• in this process, different minerals in rock melts in • most commonly transforms into andesite due
different temperature & pressure. to the transfer of heat at convergent plate boundaries.
• Another factor being considered in this process is the • has higher silica content (roughly 60%) than
addition of volatile materials such as water and carbon mafic magma. This results in a higher gas content and
dioxide. viscosity.
3. Intermediate Magma
Melting in the mantle requires on of the 3 possible events to • normally found in volcano that erupts, after
occur. the eruption, it releases a lava that has high
1. Increase in temperature silica and very viscous/ it commonly produced
2. A decrease of pressure Andesite rock
3. Addition of volatiles 4. Felsic Magma
• may be most commonly found at convergent
WAYS TO GENERATE MAGMA plate boundaries where transfer of heat and
1. Decompression Melting flux melting create large stratovolcanoes.
• involves the upward movement of Earth's mostly- • has the highest silica content of all magma
solid mantle. Hot material rises to an area of types, between 65-70%.
lower pressure through the process of Intrusion
convection.
• also occurs at mantle plumes, columns of hot • when magma moves up into a volcano without
rock that rise from Earth’s high-pressure core to erupting.
its lower-pressure crust.
Plutonism
2. Flux Melting
• occurs when water or carbon dioxide are added • all sorts of igneous geological activities taking place
to rock. These compounds cause the rock to melt below the Earth’s surface.
at lower temperatures. • Solidification and crystallization of magma takes place
• also occurs around subduction zones. In this mainly inside the Earth’s interior.
case, water overlying the subducting seafloor
would lower the melting temperature of the Plutonites
mantle, generating magma that rises to the • when the process of crystallization takes place inside
surface. the crust, the magmatic rocks produced are called
3. Heat Transfer plutonites.
• happens when hot, liquid rock intrudes into •
the Earth’s crust.
Q2_L3: ENDOGENIC PROCESS
Extrusion

• Eruption of magmatic material that causes land

formation on the surface of the Earth.
Volcanism

• All geological phenomena that occurs on the natural

terrestrial surface, such as creation of volcanoes &hot
springs.
Volcanites

• Magmatic rocks that crystallized in the natural

terrestrial surface.