Glosario de términos

1. function: a relation between a set of inputs having one output each. In simple
words, a function is a relationship between inputs where each input is related to
exactly one output.
2. graph: a diagram showing the relation between variable quantities, typically of
two variables, each measured along one of a pair of axes at right angles.
3. linear function: a function that represents a straight line on the coordinate plane.
4. exponential function: a Mathematical function in the form f (x) = ax, where “x”
is a variable and “a” is a constant which is called the base of the function and it
should be greater than 0.
5. root function: the square root is a mathematical operation that is performed on
a number to find out what other number, multiplied by itself, gives the original
number as a result.
6. reciprocal function: a function that can be inverted. For the reciprocal of a
function, we alter the numerator with the denominator of the function.
7. absolute value function: a function that contains an algebraic expression within
absolute value symbols.
8. maximum integer function: a function that results in the integer nearer to the
given real number. It is also called the step function. The greatest integer function
rounds off the given number to the nearest integer.
9. domain: the domain of f is the set of values that the independent variable, x,
takes. It is indicated as Dom f. The domain is formed, therefore, by the values of
x for which the function exists, that is, for which there is an f(x).
10. range: is the set of values that the dependent variable can take, and this is the
set of images. It is represented as Im f.
11. continuity: rigorous formulation of the intuitive concept of a function that varies
with no abrupt breaks or jumps.
12. monotonic function: a function between ordered sets that preserves or
reverses the given order.
13. symmetry: a balanced and proportionate similarity that is found in two halves of
an object. It means one-half is the mirror image of the other half.
14. periodic function: a function that repeats its values at regular intervals.
15. explicit function: a function is explicit if it is given as y = f(x), that is, the
dependent variable y is clear.
16. implicit function: a function is implicit if it is given in the form f(x, y) = 0 , that is,
if the function is stated as an algebraic expression equal to 0.
17. continuous function: a function f(x) is said to be a continuous function in
calculus at a point x = a if the curve of the function does NOT break at the point
x = a.
18. discontinuity: the function of the graph which is not connected with each other
is known as a discontinuous function. A function f(x) is said to have a discontinuity
 of the first kind at x = a, if the left-hand limit of f(x) and right-hand limit of f(x) both
exist but are not equal.
19. removable discontinuity: a function which has well- defined two-sided limits at
x = a, but either f(a) is not defined, or f(a) is not equal to its limits.
20. jump discontinuity: a type of discontinuity, in which the left-hand limit and right-
hand limit for a function x = a exists, but they are not equal to each other.
21. infinite discontinuity: the function diverges at x =a to give a discontinuous
nature. It means that the function f(a) is not defined. Since the value of the
function at x = a does not approach any finite value or tends to infinity, the limit
of a function x → a are also not defined.
22. periodic function: a function that repeats its values at regular intervals.
23. rate of variation: the increase or decrease that a function experiences when the
independent variable passes from one value to another.
24. increasing function: a function f(x) is said to be increasing on an interval I if for
any two numbers x and y in I such that x < y, we have f(x) ≤ f(y).
25. decreasing function: a function f(x) is said to be decreasing on an interval I if
for any two numbers x and y in I such that x < y, we have f(x) ≥ f(y).
26. strictly increasing function: a function f(x) is said to be strictly increasing on an
interval I if for any two numbers x and y in I such that x < y, we have f(x) < f(y).
27. strictly decreasing function: a function f(x) is said to be strictly decreasing on
an interval I if for any two numbers x and y in I such that x < y, we have f(x) >
f(y).
28. relative maximum: a point at which the function changes direction from
increasing to decreasing (making that point a "top" on the graph).
29. relative minimum: when the values of the variable are restricted to a certain
environment of a certain point. The relative maximums and minimums are called
relative extremes or simply extremes.
30. absolute maximum: a point at which the function acquires its maximum possible
value.
31. absolute minimum: a point at which the function acquires its minimum possible
value.
32. concavity: relates to the rate of change of a function's derivative. A function f is
concave up (or upwards) where the derivative f′ is increasing.
33. convexity: a real-valued function is called convex if the line segment between
any two points on the graph of the function lies above the graph between the two
points.
34. turning points: a point of the graph where the graph changes from increasing
to decreasing (rising to falling) or decreasing to increasing (falling to rising).
35. derivative: the instantaneous rate of change with which the value of said
mathematical function varies, as the value of its independent variable changes.
36. differentiation: a derivative of a function in terms of an independent variable.
37. constant derivative rule: the rule for multiplying a constant by a function state
that the derivative of a constant times a function is equal to the constant times
 the derivative of the function. The constant derivative rule states that the
derivative of any constant function is 0.
38. power rule: the number that is multiplied by itself is called the base, while the
number of times the base is multiplied is called the exponent.
39. product rule: states that a product of at least two functions can be derived by
obtaining the sum of (a) first function in original form multiplied by the derivative
of the second function and (b) second function in original form multiplied by the
derivative of the first function.
40. quotient rule: a method of finding the derivative of a function that is the quotient
of two other functions for which the derivative exists.
41. chain rule: a norm of the derivation that tells us that, given a variable y that
depends on u, and if this depends on the variable x, then the rate of change of y
with respect to x can be estimated as the product of the derivative of y with
respect to u by the derivative of u with respect to x.
42. higher order derivative: refers to the repeated process of taking derivatives of
derivatives.
43. implicit derivative: the process of finding the derivative of a dependent variable
in an implicit function by differentiating each term separately, by expressing the
derivative of the dependent variable as a symbol, and by solving the resulting
expression for the symbol.
44. natural logarithm function: can be defined for any positive real number a as
the area under the curve y = 1/x from 1 to a (with the area being negative when
0 < a < 1).
45. L'Hôpital's rule: the limit when we divide one function by another is the same
after we take the derivative of each function.
46. integral: a mathematical object that can be interpreted as an area or a
generalization of area.
47. Cramer’s rule: a method that uses determinants to solve systems of equations
that have the same number of equations as variables.
48. matrix: a rectangular array or table of numbers, symbols, or expressions,
arranged in rows and columns, which is used to represent a mathematical object
or a property of such an object.
49. graph: a mathematical representation of a network and it describes the
relationship between lines and points.
50. intersection point: the point of intersection of lines or the point opposite the
base of a figure.
51. analytic geometry: the study of geometry using a coordinate system.
52. geometric figure: any combination of points, lines, or planes. Geometric figures
are often classified as space figure, plane figure, lines, line segments, rays, and
points depending on the dimensions of the figure.
53. perimeter: a closed path that encompasses, surrounds, or outlines either a two-
dimensional shape or a one-dimensional length.
54. area: is the region bounded by the shape of an object. The space covered by the
figure or any two-dimensional geometric shape, in a plane, is the area of the
shape.
55. volume: a scalar quantity expressing the amount of three-dimensional space
enclosed by a closed surface.
56. point: a location represented by a dot. A point does not have any length, width,
shape or size, it only has a position.
57. straight line: an endless one-dimensional figure that has no width. It is a
combination of endless points joined on both sides of a point.
58. semi straight line: a line of points, without curves or angles, which has no
beginning or end. It is each of the two parts in which a point divides a line.
59. cartesian plane: a coordinate system that specifies each point uniquely by a pair
of numerical coordinates, which are the signed distances to the point from two
fixed perpendicular oriented lines, measured in the same unit of length.
60. segment: a part of a line that is bounded by two distinct end points, and contains
every point on the line that is between its endpoints.
61. angle: a figure which is formed by two rays or lines that shares a common
endpoint
62. straight angle: an angle whose sides lie in opposite directions from the vertex
in the same straight line and which equals two right angles.
63. right angle: the angle bounded by two lines perpendicular to each other: an
angle of 90° or ¹/₂ π radians.
64. acute angle: an angle which is measuring less than 90 degrees
65. obtuse angle: an angle exceeding 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees.
66. adjacent angle: two angles that have the same vertex and a side in common.
67. opposite angles: non-adjacent angles formed by two intersecting lines.
68. coordinates: two numbers (Cartesian coordinates), or sometimes a letter and a
number, that locate a specific point on a grid, known as a coordinate plane.
69. parallel lines: coplanar straight lines that do not intersect at any point.
70. perpendicular lines: lines that intersect at a right (90 degrees) angle.
71. polygons: a plane figure with at least three straight sides and angles, and
typically five or more.
72. square: a plane figure with four equal straight sides and four right angles.
73. rectangle: a plane figure with four straight sides and four right angles, especially
one with unequal adjacent sides, in contrast to a square.
74. equilateral triangle: a triangle in which all three sides have the same length.
75. isosceles triangle: a triangle that has two sides of equal length.
76. scalene triangle: a triangle that has three unequal sides
77. right triangle: a triangle in which one angle is a right angle or two sides are
perpendicular.
78. circle: a round plane figure whose boundary (the circumference) consists of
points equidistant from a fixed point (the center).
79. cube: a symmetrical three-dimensional shape, either solid or hollow, contained
by six equal squares.
80. parallelogram: a four-sided plane rectilinear figure with opposite sides parallel.
81. trapezium: a flat closed shape having 4 straight sides, with one pair of parallel
sides.
82. circumference: the perimeter of a circle or ellipse.
83. diameter: any straight-line segment that passes through the center of the circle
and whose endpoints lie on the circle.
84. radius: a line segment extending from the center of a circle or sphere to the
circumference or bounding surface.
85. ellipse: a regular oval shape, traced by a point moving in a plane so that the sum
of its distances from two other points (the foci) is constant, or resulting when a
cone is cut by an oblique plane which does not intersect the base.
86. parabola: a symmetrical open plane curve formed by the intersection of a cone
with a plane parallel to its side.
87. hyperbola: a symmetrical open curve formed by the intersection of a circular
cone with a plane at a smaller angle with its axis than the side of the cone.
88. logarithm: a quantity representing the power to which a fixed number (the base)
must be raised to produce a given number.
89. natural logarithm: a logarithm to the base e (2.71828…).
90. logarithmic equation: an equation that involves the logarithm of an expression
containing a variable.
91. exponential equation: an equation in which the variable appears in an
exponent.
92. Pythagoras theorem: a fundamental relation in Euclidean geometry among the
three sides of a right triangle. It states that the area of the square whose side is
the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares on the other two
sides.
93. trigonometry: the branch of mathematics dealing with the relations of the sides
and angles of triangles and with the relevant functions of any angles.
94. trigonometric identities: the equalities that involve trigonometry functions and
holds true for all the values of variables given in the equation.
95. degree: the unit of an angle's measure represented with the symbol °.
96. pi: used to represent the ratio of a circumference of a circle to its diameter,
denoted with the Greek symbol π.
97. prime numbers: integers greater than 1 that are only divisible by themselves
and 1.
98. quadrant: one quarter (qua) of the plane on the Cartesian coordinate system.
The plane is divided into 4 sections, each called a quadrant.
99. square root: A number squared is multiplied by itself; the square root of a
number is whatever integer gives the original number when multiplied by itself.
100. tangent: a straight line touching a curve from only one point.