CONTROL UNIT

[MICROPROGRAMMING APPROACH]

Dr. Sampath Kumar,

Associate Professor
Dept. of ECE,
Manipal Institute of
Technology, Manipal.
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 MICROPROGRAMMING

• Control words are held in a “Control Memory( CM )”

• Execution of Control Program is similar to User Program
• Each Control word contains signals to activate one or more
micro-operations – more flexible than hardwired
• Control words are retrieved from control memory in a
sequence to perform the desired task by activating a set of
micro-operations

Fields in Microinstructions: 1. Control Field 2. Next-Address Field

➢Control Field: To indicate which control lines are to be activated

➢Next-Address Field: To specify the address of the next 2

Microinstruction to be executed
 WILKE’S DESIGN
• The decoder and diode matrix
utilize an 8 X 8 ROM
• Each ROM holds an 8-bit control
word
• Higher order 5 positions :
Control Signals
• Lower order 3 positions : Next
Address
• Control Memory Address
Register( CMAR ): holds the
address of contents of the ROM
• The length of the
microinstruction decides the
size and cost of the design

Dr. Sampath Kumar, Dept. of ECE, MIT 3

The length of the microinstruction depends on :
1. The degree of parallelism
2. The control field organization
3. The method of specifying the next microinstruction address.
EX: Unencoded Format
• C0: Outbus= A
• C1: Outbus= B
• C2: Outbus= C
• C3: Outbus= D

A simple Register Transfer

Dr. Sampath Kumar, Dept. of ECE, MIT 4
Encoded Format:
E2 E1 E0
0 0 0 No Operation
0 0 1 Outbus= A
0 1 0 Outbus= B
0 1 1 Outbus= C
1 0 0 Outbus= D

Dr. Sampath Kumar, Dept. of ECE, MIT 5

Encoded Format:
Method 1

Method 2: Parallel encoding

Dr. Sampath Kumar, Dept. of ECE, MIT 6

 Classification of Microinstructions:

Horizontal: Vertical:

Long Microinstructions Short Instructions

High degree of Parallelism Low degree of Parallelism

Very little Decoding More Decoding

Dr. Sampath Kumar, Dept. of ECE, MIT 7

General-purpose Micro-programmed Control Organization
(modern microprogrammed control unit)

Dr. Sampath Kumar, Dept. of ECE, MIT 8

Control Memory Buffer Register:
It is a buffer to hold the microinstructions
that are retrieved from memory.
Each Microinstruction has 3 fields:
[Condition select field ]
[Branch address filed]
[Control information filed]
Microprogram Counter(MPC):
It hold the address of the next microinstruction to be executed.
External Condition select MUX:
It selects one of the external conditions according to the contents of the
condition select field of the microinstruction.

Dr. Sampath Kumar, Dept. of ECE, MIT 9

 CONDITION SELECT FILED AND ACTION
TAKEN

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Dr. Sampath Kumar, Dept. of ECE, MIT 11
MICROPROGRAMMING APPROACH FOR 4 X 4 BOOTH’S
MULTIPLIER:

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13 words → require 4 bit branch address field

External Condition Select Multiplexer:
Condition Select Interpretation
Field
000 No Branching
001 Branching if Q[1]=0 & Q[0] = 1
010 Branching if Q[1]=1 & Q[0] = 0
011 Branching if Z = 0
100 Unconditional Branch
Size of a control word = size of the condition select field
+ size of the branch address field
+ number of control functions
Size of a control word = 3 + 4 + 10 = 17 Bits
Size of CMDB = 17 13

Size of CM = 221 (17 x 13)

 MICROPROGRAMMING APPROACH FOR 4 X 4
BOOTH’S MULTIPLIER

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Figure: Micro-programmed Multiplier Control Unit

Dr. Sampath Kumar, Dept. of ECE, MIT
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Dr. Sampath Kumar, Dept. of ECE, MIT

Condition Select Interpretation
Field
000 No Branching
001 Branching if Q[1]=0 & Q[0] = 1
010 Branching if Q[1]=1 & Q[0] = 0
011 Branching if Z = 0
100 Unconditional Branch
Dr. Sampath Kumar, Dept. of ECE, MIT 17
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Dr. Sampath Kumar, Dept. of ECE, MIT

 Thank you

Dr. Sampath Kumar, Dept. of ECE, MIT 19