Christine Mae Tangente BSRT 1-H GE 102( Final

Output)

Topics of Architecture and Engineering

Brief History of Infrastructure and Development
The earliest Filipinos made their homes in caves and rock shelters such as
Palawan's Tabon Cave. Tent-like shelters and tree houses could be crafted after the
invention of various tools. Houses in the early prehistoric period were typically
rectangular in shape, built on a raised platform of stilts, and topped with a massive
thatched roof decorated with gable-finials. You may see this in the Ifugao House, the
bahay kubo, and the torogan of the Maranao. As Islam spread to Sulu (14th century)
and Mindanao (15th century), two distinct types of mosques emerged: the masjid in
Tausug and the langgal in Yakan or ranggar in Maranao (15th century).
Hospital Real, the first hospital in the Philippines, was founded by Franciscans in
1564. The gridiron plan (cuadricula) with a center square was mandated by the 1573
royal ordinance of King Philip II, often known as the Laws of the Indies (plaza). After
a fire in 1583 damaged much of Intramuros, the city was rebuilt using stone and tile.
Stone and masonry architecture were introduced by Jesuit Antonio Sedeno. The use
of a mash-up style of building known as arquitectura meztiza
The wooden support system was held together with wooden pegs and dovetailed
connections. From the 17th through the 19th century, the bahay na bato rose to
prominence; these two-story homes often had hardwood construction on the top floor
and large cut stone or brick walls on the lower. Accessoria (apartment buildings)
proliferated in the last quarter of the 19th century. These buildings were either one or
two stories tall and contained many flats referred to as viviendas. A variety of multi-
story, rectangular, courtyard-centered school buildings emerged, including the
colegio or universidad in metropolitan regions and the escuela primaria in pueblos.
Ports, roads, bridges, lighthouses, canals, piped water systems, railroads, and
streetcar systems were all constructed using state-of-the-art technology of the time.
Multiple forms of tsalet were given the seal of approval by the Bureau of Health in
1912. During the early 20th century, American architects Edgar K. Bourne and
William E. Parsons influenced the development of modernist styles in the
Philippines. Simple, blank facades with plenty of glass were a signature of their work.
The El Hogar Filipino Building, Hongkong Shanghai Bank Building, Pacific
Commercial Company Building, Filipinas Insurance Company Building, China
Banking Corporation, French Renaissance Luneta Hotel, and Mariano Uy Chaco
Building all played significant roles in the pre-war skyline of Manila.
"First generation" Filipino architects are born, the children of colonial officials who
sent their children to the United States to study architecture and engineering. The
architects Arcadio Arellano and Tomas Arguelles, known as maestros de obras,
merged the principles of Beaux Arts (such as symmetrical layouts and careful
attention to optical detail) with those of modernism (such as the emphasis on
practicality and transparency in design). Art Deco, characterized by exuberant
exoticism and ornamentation, was introduced by the "second generation" architects
in the 1920s and 1930s, and can be seen on the facades of the ELPO Building, the
Bautista-Nakpil Pylon, the Metropolitan Theater, the Santos House, and the Mapua
House, among others.
During the three years that Japan occupied the country, all building activity came to
a halt. Modernism was adopted as a means by which the newly independent
Philippines could express its character in 1946. Its hallmarks were the use of
reinforced concrete, steel, and glass; the prevalence of cubic forms, geometric
shapes, and Cartesian grids; and the near-total absence of applied decoration. The
1947 master plan for Manila was developed by a group of architects and engineers
who were entrusted with researching the layout of contemporary capitals in the
United States and Latin America. From the 1950s to the 1970s, Elliptical Road in
Quezon City was home to the work of consulting architect Federico Ilustre. The 66-
meter-tall Art Deco Quezon Memorial Monument is the showpiece, and it consists of
three pylons topped by winged figures who stand for the three groupings of islands.
Sunbreaks (brise-soleil), glass walls, punctured screens, and thin concrete shells
were commonplace in the architecture of the 1950s and 1960s.
Third-generation architects such as Cesar Concio, Angel Nakpil, Alfredo Luz, Otillo
Arellano, Felipe Mendoza, Gabriel Formosa, and Carlos Arguelles advocated the
post-war theory of "Form follows function." The 1950s also saw the emergence of
Space Age aesthetics and Soft Modernism, the latter of which used thin-shell
technology with the sculptural flexibility of poured concrete to create curvy, organic
forms. Instances include: The Philippine Atomic Research Center, the Church of the
Risen Lord, and the UP Chapel are all examples of soft modernism. Building heights
were capped at 30 meters in the 1950s. High-rise mania swept Manila once the city's
Ordinance No. 4131 was revised, and the 12-story Picache Building by Angel Nakpil
became the country's first true skyscraper. Incorporating local materials and
vernacular traditions, Filipino architects of the 1960s adopted some modernist formal
principles:
Imelda Marcos, the former first lady of the Philippines, sought to materialize the
official slogan "One Nation, One Family" (Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa) by pursuing a
uniform "national architectural design" in the 1970s (One Nation, One Soul). From
the 1973 oil embargo through the rise of the tropical regionalist movement, which
prioritized low-carbon building practices, The three-part division of columnar
architecture (Tower-on-a-Platform) was adopted by skyscrapers, which consists of a
podium, a shaft, and a crown. Micro-cities with a strong master-planning component,
such as Bay City, Eastwood City, Fort Bonifacio Global City, and Rockwell Center;
shopping centers such as SM Mall of Asia, Gateway Mall, Trinoma, and Greenbelt;
and gated communities with a very suburban air are on the rise.
Megastructures such as the World Trade Exchange by Michael Graves, the Essensa
Towers by I.M. Pei, the Pacific Plaza Tower by Arquitectonica, the LKG Tower by
Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates, and the Yuchengco Tower by Skidmore, Owings &
Merill, all bear the "designer labels" of prominent international architecture firms.
Late modernists were architects, then neomodernists, and finally supermodernists.
The One San Miguel Building, the PBCom Tower, and the GT International Tower all
include aeronautical, robotic, and cyberpunk influences. Modern skyscrapers
typically have reflective materials like aluminum cladding, sun visors made of metal,
and metal mullions set into the windows.
Deconstructive architects are present, as evidenced by the presence of works by
Alexius Medalla, Eduardo Calma, and Joey Yupangco, all of which feature controlled
fragmentation, non-linear design processes, stimulating unpredictability, asymmetric
geometries, and choreographed chaos. Technical progress in CAD and CAM
software. By increasing the effectiveness and limiting the use of materials, energy,
and space, "green architecture" can mitigate the adverse effects of buildings on
human health and the environment.
Primary Source:
A Brief History of Philippine Architecture | TriptheIslands.com
Secondary Sources:
FDI and Infrastructure Development in the Philippines - Asia Business News (asiabriefing.com)

Four Important Facts to Know About Infrastructure in the Philippines - The Borgen Project