M23 Formative_1Nov 2022 [35

marks]

1a. Explain the role of hydrogen ions used in photosynthesis. [7 marks]

Markscheme
a. hydrogen ions (and oxygen) are obtained from photolysis of water ✔
b. (excited) electrons (from Photosystem II) contribute to generate a hydrogen
ion/proton gradient
OR
protons build up in the thylakoid space/inside the thylakoid ✔
c. ATP synthase generates ATP by chemiosmosis/using the proton gradient/by
movement of protons from the thylakoid space to the stroma ✔
d. (two) high energy/excited electrons (from Photosystem II) are passed
through an electron transport chain ✔
e. NADP accepts H+ (from the stroma) / electrons to produce NADPH+/reduced
NADP ✔
f. ATP/reduced NADP/NADPH+ are used by light-independent reactions/Calvin
cycle in the stroma ✔
g. (in Calvin cycle) carbon fixation to ribulose bisphosphate/RuBP produces
G3P ✔
h. ATP is used to transform G3P to TP ✔
i. reduced NADP/NADPH + is used to transform G3P to TP ✔
Accept answers in an annotated diagram .
Accept NADPH2/NADPH/NADPH + H+ in place of NADPH+.

1b. Describe how the structure of the chloroplast is adapted to its function in [4 marks]
photosynthesis.
 Markscheme
a. thylakoids have a small internal volume to maximize hydrogen gradient /
quickly increase concentration gradient ✔
b. many grana / thylakoids give large surface area ✔
c. (grana) contain (photosynthetic) pigments/electron carriers/ATP synthase
enzymes ✔
d. (photosynthetic) pigments/chlorophyll arranged into photosystems allowing
maximum absorption of light energy ✔
e. stroma has suitable pH/ enzymes of Calvin/light independent cycle ✔
f. lamellae connect/separate grana maximizing photosynthetic efficiency ✔
Accept diagram showing the disposition in space.

1c. The enzyme Rubisco is used in carbon fixation during photosynthesis. [4 marks]
Identify four other examples of proteins that illustrate the wide range of
functions of this group of biochemicals in living organisms.
Markscheme
a. insulin receptors start the cellular signalling pathway/other receptor
b. leptin is a hormone / other protein hormone ✔
c. immunoglobulins/antibodies defend body from disease ✔
d. rhodopsin/photosystems convert light energy to electrical impulses ✔
e. keratin/collagen/other example is a structural protein ✔
f. tubulin/microtubules part of cytoskeleton/ involved in cell division
g. ATP synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ATP / other
enzyme and function ✔
h. fibrin/fibrinogen is a protein involved in clotting ✔
i. hemoglobin/sodium potassium pump/other example is a transport protein ✔
j. actin/myosin/other example is involved in muscle contraction ✔
k. any other named example and function ✔
l. a second other named example and function ✔
m. spider silk is used to form spider webs/capture prey ✔
Accept only one example of each protein type for example only one enzyme or
only one hormone etc.
Mp k can be awarded only once.
Mp I can be awarded only once.
 The electron micrograph shows part of a cell including a mitochondrion.

[Source: Used with permission of McGraw-Hill Education, from Harrison’s Principles

of Internal Medicine,
J L Jameson et al., 16th edition, 2004; permission conveyed through Copyright
Clearance Center, Inc.]

2a. Outline how the structures labelled X and Y are adapted to carry out the [2 marks]
function of the mitochondrion.
X:

Y:

Markscheme
X: large/increased SA area for ATP production/electron transport/oxidative
phosphorylation/proton pumping
OR
X: small/narrow intermembrane space for generating proton gradient
(rapidly/steeply);
Y: contains enzymes for Krebs cycle/link reaction;

2b. Explain how ATP is generated in mitochondria by chemiosmosis. [4 marks]

 Markscheme
a. protons pumped across inner membrane of mitochondria/into
intermembrane space;
b. using energy released by flow of electrons/by electron transport/by electron
carriers;
c. proton gradient established/maintained / proton motive force generated;
d. protons pass/diffuse back through inner membrane/membrane of cristae/to
matrix;
e. through ATP synthase;
f. ATP production coupled to flow of protons / ATP from ADP and Pi using
energy from protons;
Marks can be awarded in an annotated diagram.

3a. Identify the following processes as either anabolism or catabolism by [2 marks]

placing a tick (√) in the correct box.

Markscheme

3b. Outline the importance of enzymes to metabolic processes. [4 marks]

 Markscheme
a. increase rate of reaction/speed up reaction
b. lower activation energy
c. a specific enzyme for each reaction/substrate
d. metabolic process/pathway blocked if an enzyme is inhibited/absent
e. end-product inhibition can control metabolic pathways
f. differences in metabolism as cells produce different enzymes during
differentiation

In ecosystems, energy is used to convert inorganic compounds into organic

matter. Energy enters ecosystems through producers.

4. Explain the processes by which light energy is converted into chemical [8 marks]
energy.

Markscheme
a. plants/producers/autotrophs convert light to chemical energy by
photosynthesis
b. chlorophyll/photosynthetic pigments absorb light
c. electrons are excited/raised to higher energy level
d. excited electrons pass along chain of electron carriers
e. energy from electrons used to pump protons across thylakoid
membrane/into thylakoid space
f. chemiosmosis/proton gradient used to make ATP
g. ATP synthase generates ATP
h. pigments arranged in photosystems
i. electrons from Photosystem II flow via the electron chain to Photosystem I
j. electrons from Photosystem I are used to reduce NADP
k. ATP and reduced NADP used in the light independent reactions/Calvin cycle
l. carbohydrate/glucose/carbon compounds produced containing energy
Award marking points for any point made on a clearly annotated diagram.

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