Name: Roperez, Dana Angela V.

Date:

Section: 3MT-6

Activity No. 9

Trematodes

1. In the box below, insert the latest map showing the distribution of schistosomiasis of all forms
all over the world. Indicate the species present in the endemic regions.
 2. Draw the life cycle of S. japonicum indicating the various stages in the life cycle and in what host
each of them can be found.

3. Can you differentiate the species of Schistosoma based on the morphologies of their miracidia,
cercariae, and adult worms? If yes, how? If no, why not?

The miracidium and the cercaria of all Schistosoma spp. are with the same morphology, in which
the cercaria of them is considered to have a fork -tailed appearance. On the other hand, the adult
worms as well as the egg of Schistosoma spp. have unique characteristics making them
distinguishable from one another. The adult form of S. mansoni has a distinct course cuticle with
early union of intestinal ceca, and its egg has a prominent lateral spine. On the contrary, the adult
form of S. japonicum has a smooth cuticle structure with very late union of intestinal intestinal
ceca, and an egg with an abbreviated lateral spine. Lastly, the S. hematobium has a fine cuticle
structure with a late union of intestinal ceca, and an egg with a terminal plane.

4. Discuss the similarities and differences of S. japonicum ova from those of STHs.
Helminth Egg Size Distinguishing Similarity with S. Difference from S.
feature japonicum egg japonicum egg
70-100umx50-65um Abbreviated ----- ------
S. japonicum lateralspine

 88-94um Mamillated No prominent spine With thick

A. lumbricoides  45-74 um albuminous egg cortication
 47-75 um shell layer
 64-76umx36- Cleaved, 2-8 cell Thin and Developing cleaved
Hookworm 40um stages development transparent shell egg yolks (2-8 cells)
 60umx40um (morula)
 5. Describe the laboratory procedures used to diagnose S. japonicum

Technique Specimen to be Speed and ease Advantages Disadvantages

used of use
stool Commonly used Enables assessing the Low sensitivity to
Kato-Katz microscopic prevalence and light intensity
technique intensity of infection infection
Urine/blood serum Fast and reliable Simple and Increased variability
COPT results inexpensive due to
immunodiagnostic standardization of
test the test
Urine/blood serum Convenient with Has high agreement Inadequate inhibition
ELISA high reliability with the PCR result, of immunogenic
effective for antigen may cause
monitoring false results
Urine/stool Most accurate High specificity and Expensive and
PCR sensitivity complex to use

6. Based on the life cycle that you previously inserted, what components of the life cycle can be
targeted to control the disease?

The environment in which the egg, miracidium, and the cercaria thrives must be targeted to
control Schistosomiasis. Proper waste disposal, water sanitation, and control of snails must be
implemented.

7. Why it is important to make the correct diagnosis of fasciolopsiasis and fascioliasis?

Since they have different origin, they must be diagnose properly so that the main source of the
infection can be easily eradicated and for proper medication administration.

8. What are the factors that determine the distribution of P. westermani?

Since P. westermani is considered as an oriental fluke, it is highly isolated at the eastern part of Asia
where various types of bodies of water are located. Due to island formations surrounded by bodies of
water, various species of snails and crabs are inhabiting the vicinity of these islands and thus, there is
also high suspension of P.westermani in these viable hosts.
 9. Draw the life cycle of E. ilocanum and indicate at what stages intervention can be done.

10. Explain how C. sinensis can be a biological carcinogen. What other parasites are considered as
Group 1 carcinogens?

C.sinensis is associated to malignancy of the bile duct due to significant hyperplasia that occurs in
infection of this parasite. Other parasites such as S. hematobium and O.viverrini belongs to Group
1 carcinogenic parasites.

NOTES:

1. The official font style is Calibri (Body), 11

2. Use this file to answer the above questions.
3. To submit, upload this document (PDF file) on Moodle. When submitting any course
works/activities, make your name as your file name for every activity:
Ex. Lastname_Act.9_Trematodes_Section_11.28 - 12.03