RWANDAPOLLYTHECHINICITPCOMPANY

IPRCKIGALI/KICUKIROCAMPUSP.O.BOX495Kigali,Rwanda

CIVILENGINEERINGDEPARTMENTE-mail:office@npd.co.rw

HIGHWAYOPTIONTel:280300006/7

Po.box6579,Kigali-Rwanda

Tel:+250255120083/0788473484

E-mail:info@iprckigali.ac.rw

ITP REPORT: ALU ROAD

CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
DONEBY:NIYONKURUPAULINE

Tel:0787853634/0738329659

E-mail:niypauline2@gmail.com

REG.NO:18RP02465

ITPCOMPANYSUPERVISORNAMES:MANZIGeoffreyTel:0784584905

IPRC.KILOOFFICER:MUTAGANIRAFidel:Tel:0788688830E-mail:mufidclis@yahoo.com

DATEOFSUBMISSION:20/01/2022

i
CERTIFICATE
ThisistocertifythatNIYONKURUPaulinehascompletedhisindustrialattachment

DoneatNPDCOMPANYLTDfor8weeks,from15/11/2021to08/01/2022inpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementfo
rtheawardofAdvancedDiploma(A1)incivilEngineeringDepartmentHighwayoption,asitisrequiredforeverythirdy
earstudentinRWANDAPOLYTECHINIC(RP)IPRCKIGALI.

RP/IPRCKigaliIndustrialLiaisonOffice

Signature………………

NAMES:Mr.MUTAGANIRAFidele

SubmittedatRP/IPRCKigaliIndustrialLiaisonOffice……./01/2022

DECLARATION

ii
I,NIYONKURUPauline,herebydeclarethatthisindustrialtrainingreportistheresultofmyownoriginalwork.Ideclar
ethatnopartofithasbeenpublishedbyanotherperson.Ihavedonethisworkinordertoimprovemyskillstheoretica
llyandgetmorepracticalknowledgeinmydomainwhichisHighwayengineering.

Declaredby:

NIYONKURUPauline

REG:18RP02465

IPRCKIGALIKICUKIROCAMPUS

CIVILENGINEERINGDEPARTMENT

HIGHWAYOPTION

Email:niypauline2@gmail.com

Telephone:0787853634/0738329659

Date15/01/2022

Signature…………………………….

DEDICATION

iii
Thisreportofindustrialattachmentisdedicatedto

TheAlmightyGod,

ToIPRCKigaliAuthorities,

ToNPDEngineers,

TomyParents,

TomyBrother,

TomySupervisor

ToCEDepartmentTutors,LecturesandInstructors.

Tomybestfriends,

Andtofellowstudents,

iv
AKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstandforemost,mythanksareexpressedtotheAlmightyGodforhisabundantblessingandprotectionduringmy
studies.

Thecompletionofthisworkisnottheworkofoneauthor,rathertheassistanceofseveralpeopletowhomIexpressm
ygratitude.ThanksgoestoAuthoritiesfortheirkindconsideration.

Iamindebtedtomysupervisorforhisusefulconstantguidance,scientificremarks,constructivecriticism,allhelpan
dtheprecioustimehedevotedwithwhichmyindustrialattachmenttraininghasbeenfullycompleted.

Amalsothankfultoallengineers,surveyorsandforemanandotherworkersfortheirroundedhelpandremarks,fort
heirmotivation,guidanceandthesociabilityamongthestaffandotherworkersatALUROADPROJECTtowardthein
valuableknowledgeandfortheirvaluablehelpprovidedtoaccomplishmyworkduringmyindustrialattachment.

IamhighlythankfultotheAdministrationofIPRC-KIGALI/
CollegeofTechnology,theGovernmentofRwandaandeverymemberofthedepartmentofCivilengineering,mostl
yoptionofhighwayengineeringLecturersandInstructors

Tomybelovedfamily,pleasekindlyreceivemysincerethanksforyourspiritual,moralandfinancialsupportthatma
demestrongthroughmyacademicstruggle.

IwouldberemissifIdon’tthankmyteamwork,ColleaguesandFriendsfortheirgreathelpinonewayoranothercontr
ibutedtoreachontheendofthiswork.

v
ABSTRACT

ThisreportrepresentsallactivitiesdoneinIndustrialAttachment(ITP)attheendofA 1AdvancedDiplomaProgrami
nCIVILENGINEERINGDEPARTMENT,HIGHWAYOPTIONfrom15/11/2021to08/01/2022atNPDLtdonasitelocate
datAfricanLeadershipUniversity(ALU)

Thisindustrialattachmentwascarriedoutintheroadconstructionwheretherewastheincreasingorupgradingofp
racticalskillsfromtheorieslearntintheclassesforcivilengineeringmaterialsandequipmentbyfollowingalltheinst
ructionsinroadconstruction.

Alongthisattachment,allroadlayershavenotbeenperformedbecauseofthetime.SoIrecommendtotheIPRC.Kto
increasethetimeofdoingIndustrialAttachmentsothatstudentscangetmanypracticalskillsonconstructionsites.

LISTOFFIGURES
Figure1NPDLOGO
vi
 2

Figure2RWANDATVETTRAININGINSTITUTE.....................................................................................................7
Figure3LEARNINGCENTERHOUS......................................................................................................................8
Figure4ROADCROSSSECTIONANDPROFILE.......................................................................................................9
Figure5NECESSARYSTAKES.............................................................................................................................11
Figure6CLEARINGLIMITSTOTHEROADFUNCT.................................................................................................11
Figure7LAYERSOFROADFORMATION.............................................................................................................16
Figure8LAYERSOFFLEXIBLEPAVEMENT..........................................................................................................17
Figure9FLEXIBLELOADSAPPLIED.....................................................................................................................17
Figure10TOTALSTATION................................................................................................................................21
Figure11LEVELANDROD.................................................................................................................................21
Figure12TAPEMEASURE.................................................................................................................................22
Figure13STRIPPINGOFSHOULDER..................................................................................................................22
Figure14EXCAVATIONOFSOFTGROUND.........................................................................................................23
Figure15EXCAVATIONFORROADWIDENINGANDPACKINGTRUCK..................................................................24
Figure16GRADER...........................................................................................................................................25
Figure17BACKHOE.........................................................................................................................................25
Figure18COMPACTEDSUBGRADE..................................................................................................................26
Figure19MILINGMACHINE.............................................................................................................................26
Figure20TRUCKSDUMPINGROADMATERIAL..................................................................................................27
Figure21SMOOTHROLLERINCOMPACTION....................................................................................................28
Figure22PNEUMATICROLLERMACHINE.........................................................................................................29
Figure23CRACKING........................................................................................................................................30
Figure24GRADER...........................................................................................................................................31
Figure25INSITUDENSITYTEST.........................................................................................................................32
Figure26PLATEBEARING.................................................................................................................................35
Figure27CBRTESTEQUIPMENT.......................................................................................................................37
Figure28RANGEOFSLOPE...............................................................................................................................40
Figure29SLOPEFORMATION...........................................................................................................................41
Figure30SETTINGCENTERLINE........................................................................................................................42
Figure31SETTINGDRAINAGE..........................................................................................................................43
Figure32CULVERTCONSTRUCTION.................................................................................................................43
Figure33LEVELCHECKING...............................................................................................................................45

vii
LISTOFTABLES
Table1ORGANISATIONALCHARTOFNPD
3

Table2IPRCCAMPUSSTRUCTURE......................................................................................................................6
Table3TOPOGRAPHICMAPOFIPRCKIGALI.........................................................................................................6
Table4INSITUTESTDATASHEET.......................................................................................................................34
Table5PLATEBEARINGDATASHEET.................................................................................................................35
Table6SWELLINGOFCBR.................................................................................................................................39
Table7CBRINDICES.........................................................................................................................................40
Table8ACTIVITIESDONEDURINGITP...............................................................................................................50

viii
LISTOFABREVIATIONS

NPD:NyarutaramaPropertyDevelopment

BS:BackSight

FS:Foresight

HI:heightofinstrument

BM:BenchMark

S:slope

PK:PointKilometric

PM:projectmanager

RTDA:RwandaTransportDevelopmentAgency

ITP:IndustrialTrainingProgram

ALU:AfricanLeadershipUniversity

CONTENTS

ix
CERTIFICATE......................................................................................................................................................i
DECLARATION.................................................................................................................................................iii
DEDICATION....................................................................................................................................................iv
AKNOWLEDGEMENT........................................................................................................................................v
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................................................vi
LISTOFFIGURES...............................................................................................................................................vii
LISTOFTABLES................................................................................................................................................viii
LISTOFABREVIATIONS......................................................................................................................................ix
CHAP.1.INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................1
1.1.1ABOUTINDUSTRIALTRAININGPROGRAME(ITP).......................................................................1
1.1.2.ABOUTITPCOMPANY...........................................................................................................................1
1.2INTRODUCTIONTOIPRCKIGALIANDITPMODULE......................................................................................3
1.2.1Introduction.........................................................................................................................................3
1.2.2TheKicukiroCampusanditsunits............................................................................................................3
1.2.3.TheCollegeofTechnology.....................................................................................................................3
1.2.4.TechnicalSecondarySchool(TSS)..........................................................................................................3
1................................................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.6.Vision&Mission...................................................................................................................................3
1.2.7.Corefunctions......................................................................................................................................4
1.2.9.OtherspecialstructureaboutIPRCKigali................................................................................................5
1.2.10.Learningcenterhouse........................................................................................................................6
1.2.11.ITPmodulesinIPRCKIGALI...................................................................................................................7
CHAP.2.LITERATUREREVIEW............................................................................................................................8
2.0Introduction............................................................................................................................................8
2.1.THEROADCONSTRUCTIONTECHNIQUES.................................................................................................9
2.1.1.CONSTRUCTIONSTAKING....................................................................................................................9
2.1.2CLEARINGANDGRUBBINGOFTHEROADCONSTRUCTIONAREA............................................................10
2.1.3HYDRAULICEXCAVATORINROADCONSTRUCTION..............................................................................11
2.2.SUBGRADECONSTRUCTION.................................................................................................................12
2.2.1.SUBGRADEEXCAVATIONWITHBULLDOZER........................................................................................12
2.2.2.FILLCONSTRUCTION..........................................................................................................................12
2.2.3.COMPACTION...................................................................................................................................12
2.2.4SUBGRADECONSTRUCTIONWITHEXCAVATOR...................................................................................13

x
2.2.5FILTERWINDROWCONSTRUCTION.....................................................................................................13
2.2.6CONSTRUCTIONOFFILTERSTRIPS........................................................................................................13
2.3.STAGESINROADCONSTRUCTION..........................................................................................................14
2.3.1.INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................14
2.4.THEPAVEMENTCONTRUCTIONTECHNIQUES........................................................................................14
2.4.1.RIGIDPAVEMENT...............................................................................................................................14
2.4.1.1.INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................14
2.4.1.2.PAVEMENTSYSTEM........................................................................................................................15
2.4.2.FLEXIBLEPAVEMENT..........................................................................................................................16
2.4.3SURVEYING........................................................................................................................................17
2.4.4.Definitions.........................................................................................................................................17
2.4.5.PLANSANDMAPS...............................................................................................................................18
2.4.6.NATUREOFSURVEYING......................................................................................................................18
2.4.7.APPLICATIONSOFENGINEERINGSURVEYING.....................................................................................19
2.4.8.SURVEYINGINSTRUMENTATION.......................................................................................................19
2.4.8.1.TOTALSTATION...............................................................................................................................19
2.4.8.2.THELEVELANDROD.........................................................................................................................21
2.4.8.3.STEELTAPES....................................................................................................................................21
2.5.ACTIVITIESDONEINTHEINDUSTRIALATTACHMENTPROGRAM(ITP)......................................................21
2.5.1.EXCAVATIONANDWIDENINGOFEXSITINGROAD................................................................................21
2.5.2.INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................21
2.5.3.EXCAVATIONPROCESSANDTECHNIQUES...........................................................................................21
2.5.4.EQUIPMENTTOBEUSED.....................................................................................................................22
2.6.C0NSTRUCTIONOFROADFORMATION..................................................................................................25
2.6.1.SUBGRADE........................................................................................................................................25
2.6.2.SUBBASECONSTRUCTION..................................................................................................................25
2.6.3.EQUIPMENTTOBEUSED.....................................................................................................................27
2.6.4.SOMEROADDEFECTANDHOWITCANBEFIXED....................................................................................29
2.6.5.TESTTOBEDONE................................................................................................................................31
2.6.5.1INSITUDENSITY/FIELDDENSITYBYSANDREPLACEMENTMETHOD....................................................31
2.7.VERTICALSLOPEFORMATIONPROCESS.................................................................................................39
2.8SURVEYING...........................................................................................................................................40
2.8.1.SETTINGOUTPEGSOFBOUNDARYOFROAD........................................................................................40

xi
 2.8.2.SETTINGOUTPEGSOFBENCH(FILL,CUT)..............................................................................................40
2.8.3.SETTINGOUTPEGSOFCENTERLINEOFROAD.......................................................................................41
2.8.4.SETTINGOUTPEGSOFCENTERLINEATEACHCHAINAGEOF20M...........................................................41
2.8.5.CHECKTHEGRADIENTSALONGTHEROADPROFILES............................................................................41
2.8.6SETTINGOUTPEGSOFGUTTER.............................................................................................................41
2.8.7.SETTINGOUTPEGSOFCULVERT..........................................................................................................42
2.8.8.LEVEL.................................................................................................................................................43
2.8.9.LEVELCHECKOFPLATEFORMLAYERANDSTONEBASELAYER(ROADBASELAYER)..................................44
2.8.10.LEVELCHECK....................................................................................................................................44
2.8.11.TOTALSTATIONUSES.......................................................................................................................45
CHAP.3.ACTIVITIESDONEDURINGINTERNSHIP...........................................................................................47
CHAP.4.CONCLUSIONANDRECOMENDATION............................................................................................50
4.1.CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................................50
4.2.RECOMENDATION................................................................................................................................50
4.2.1.TotheIPRC.KAdministration.....................................................................................................50
REFERENCE................................................................................................................................................51
APPENDIX.......................................................................................................................................................52

xii
CHAP.1.INTRODUCTION
1.1.1ABOUTINDUSTRIALTRAININGPROGRAME(ITP)
IndustrialTrainingProgram,isveryimportanttostudentbecauseithelpstheminexperiencingpracticalworkenviro
nment,itincreasetechnicalskills,itdevelopjobcreationskills,andjobsearchingskills.Itiswherestudentcanapplyt
heirtechnicalandbusinessknowledge,orwherestudentcanlearndifferentexperiencesandinnovationopportuni
ties.

1.1.2.ABOUTITPCOMPANY
NPDLtd,isRwanda’spremiercivilengineeringandconstructioncompany,deliveringpracticalsolutionstodiversec
lients.

Establishedin1996,NPDLtdistheresultofamergebetweentwoentities,COTRACOs.a.r.landNyarutaramaPropert
yDevelopers(NPD)s.a.r.lpriortothemerger.COTRACOfocusedsolelyontheprovisionofprefabricatedconcretepr
oducts.NPDwasestablishedin1996,asKigalipropertydevelopersspecializedinthedevelopmentofhousingestate
s.ThecombinedexpertiseoftheseorganizationshasgrantedNPDLtd,aprofoundunderstandingofthesecivilengin
eeringworksandgeographicallyspecificneeds.Theirextensiveexperienceandmyriadclientsolutionsleavethem
uniquelypositionedtobecometheforemostcivilengineeringandconstructioncompanyintheregion.

In2015,NPDLtdBoardofDirectorsdecidedtorebrandfromNPD-
COTRACOLtdtoNPDLtdbecausetheywantedabrandthatbetterreflectsthefutureofthecompany.

ByrebrandingthecorporateidentityofNPDLtd,theexpectationistomoveforwardtoacknowledgetheprofessiona
lism,reliability,qualityanddiversityoftheentireserviceinordertoprovideevenmoreexcellentservicedelivery.

Theirheadofficeandconcreteproductcanbefoundatplot37.AvenueNIBOYEsector,KicukiroKigali,theirasphaltpl
antatJABANA,andtheirquarriesatMWULIRE,MUKOandNYARUBAKA.

1.1.3.Thefieldworklocation

RehabilitationandwideningALUroadprojectisjointventureofNPDltdandcorporationwithgovernmentofRwand
a,CITYOFKIGALI,MINIFRAandRTDAasclientandBE.KIADYltdasconsultantroadconsistwith2km.

Thiscompanyconsistofthreemaindepartments:

Managementdepartment

Civildepartment

Mechanicaldepartment

Vision

NPDLtd.aimstobetheundisputedregionalleaderinroadconstructionandcivilengineeringworksandintheproduc
tionandsupplyofbetterqualitybuildingmaterials.

Mission

1
NPDLtd,aimstoprovidehighqualitycivilengineeringandconstructionsolutionsthatareresponsivetoclientneeds
andcatalyzesustainableeconomicgrowth.

Motto

Figure1

Values

ResultsDriven: Efficientlyandeffectivelyutilizeresourcestodelivernextgenerationsolutionstoourclients.

Integrity: Adheretothehigheststandardsofcorporategovernanceandbusinessethics.

Innovation: Developsustainable,innovativesolutionsthatareresponsivetomarketdynamics.

Excellence: Commitmenttothehigheststandardsinproductandservicedelivery,healthandsafetystandards,soci
alandenvironmentalresponsibility.

Leadership: Sharedresponsibility,extensivefieldexperience,andvisionarymanagementhavemadeNPDLtd.

Table1

2
1.2INTRODUCTIONTOIPRCKIGALIANDITPMODULE

1.2.1Introduction
TheIntegratedPolytechnicRegionalCentre(IPRC)Kigali,KicukirowasinitiallyestablishedbytheGovernmentofRw
andain2008as“KicukiroCollegeofTechnology(KCT)”.Thecoremissionofthecollegewastodevelopandprovidepr
ofessionaltechnicaleducationatthelevelofdiploma(A1).Thecollegeinheritedtheexistingphysicalinfrastructure
fromtheETOKicukirowhichseizedtooperateasaTechnicalSecondarySchoolin1994whenalmostallofitsequipme
ntwasvandalizedduringthegenocide.Afterthegenocidetwosecondaryschoolsused.ThetrainingInfrastructure,
equipmentofworldclassanduptodatetechnologiesforlaboratoriesandworkshops.

Therightprogramsdevelopedtomeetindustrialneeds

Traineesthatcanbetrainedandadaptabletotechnologicalchangesinordertobecompetitiveregionallyandbeyon
d,

ProvisionofQualityTraining,

Conductivelearningandsocialenvironment.

1.2.2TheKicukiroCampusanditsunits

1.2.3.TheCollegeofTechnology
Thecollegeoffersadvanceddiplomaprogramsthatprovidestudentswithknowledgeandskillstoenablethemtoan
alyze,diagnose,designandexecutejudgmentswithrespecttosolutionsrelatedtotheirspecializations.Thecurricul
arfortheDiplomaaredevelopedbasedonconsultationwithstakeholdersthatincludeemployers,technologytren
ds,theregionalintegration,andlifelonglearning.Webelievestudentsshouldfindtheirlearningchallenging,engagi
ng,motivating,andthusdevelopcapacitiestobecome;successfullearners,creativeindividuals,confidentandRes
ponsibleindividuals,effectivecontributorstosocietyandtheworldofwork.

1.2.4.TechnicalSecondarySchool(TSS)
Likeotherhighschools,itofferstechnicalsubjectsandpreparesstudentsforfurtherstudiesandtheworldofwork.

1.2.5.TechnicalTrainingCenter
Thecenterisresponsibleforrunningvocationaltrainingprogramsandshortcourseswhichaimatprovidingpractica
lskills,knowledgeandattitudesforcareerdevelopment.Thecentertrains35hoursaweek,overaone-
yearperiodinaprogramconsistingofinclassinstruction,practicalassignmentsandin-
workshopexperience.Bytheendoftheirtraining,participantswillhaveallpracticalexperiencerequiredbyindustri
es.Thecenteristotallyengagedinimpartingandarrangingtrainingtothetraineesofvariouscategories

1.2.6.Vision&Mission
OurVisionIPRCKicukiroCampusaspirestobealeadingworldclassinstitutionintheprovisionofproducinggraduate
scapableofdevelopingandimplementingcreativetechnicalsolutionstosocialandindustrialneedsofRwanda,ther
egionandInternationalSociety.OurMissionistoprovideTechnicalandvocationaltrainingatalllevelsinordertoem
powerstudentsandenhancetheiropportunitiesforcareeradvancementandsuccessinaglobaleconomy.

1.2.7.Corefunctions
ThecorefunctionsoftheInstitutionare:

3
Toorganizetechnicaltrain-the-
trainerprogrammersforalltechnicalandvocationalschoolslocatedintheKigaliregion

Toorganizepedagogictrain-the-
trainerprogrammersforalltechnicalandvocationalschoolslocatedintheKigaliregion;

Toimplementtechnicalandvocationaltrainingcoursesatalllevel(uptodiplomalevel)focusingonbothknowledge
andskillsforbothschoolleaversfromordinarylevel,uppersecondaryandtheunskilledandunemployedpopulatio
n;

Tosuperviseandcoordinatewithprivateeducationproviders,NGO-runTVETcentersandindustry-
runtrainingcenteronthedeliveryofTVETtraininginKigaliregion;

TosuperviseandcoordinatewithallpublicTVETcentersandPolytechnicsCampus(PC)onthedeliveryoftraininginK
igaliregion;

ToprovideCBTcurriculumdevelopedbyWDAHQtoallTVETcenters,PCsdeliveringvocationaltrainingintheKigalir
egion;

ToprovidequalityassuranceTVETdeliverybyensuringthatallcurriculumsareCBT,integrityofexaminationprotect
edandallTVETlecturersandinstructorsareadequatelytrained.

ThevaluespromotedbyIPRCKigali

Respect

Excellence

Service

Integrity

Diversity

Learningforlife

Responsibility

Loyalty

Patriotism

1.2.8.CampusStructure
TheIPRCKigalioffersitsservicesthroughdifferentunitsasshownbelow

4
Table2

Table3

1.2.9.OtherspecialstructureaboutIPRCKigali
RwandaTechnicalTeacherInstitute(RTTI)beingstillconstructedinIPRCKigali

5
Figure2

TheKoreaInternationalCooperationAgency(KOICA)in2013 signedamutualagreementwiththeMinistryofEduca
tionfortheestablishmentofthe“RwandaTechnicalTeacherInstitute(RTTI),aprojectworthfivemillionUSdollars(
US$5,000,000).

ThisisthesecondphaserelatedtotheKOICAprojectattheIntegratedPolytechnicRegionalCentre(IPRCKigali).

ThetoCentrewillprovideasustainablewayofdevelopingtheprofessionalismofTVETtrainers(Qualityoftrainingd
ependsonqualityoftrainers).Thecentrewillalso conducteducationalresearchforvocationallearning,collectand
collateinformationontrainingwithinRwandaandinternationallyforbenchmarkingandreplicatingofgoodpractic
esthroughoutRwanda.

RTTIisexpectedtoprovidecompetenceboostingforin-
servicevocationalandtechnicaltrainersaswellasincreasethenumberofprofessionaltrainers.

The firstphaseoftheKOICAprojectatIPRCKigalistarted inJuly2010bythe

establishment of  theKicukiroTechnicalTrainingCentre.KOICAcontributed tothecapacitybuildingoftheKicukir
oTechnicalTrainingCentre(KTTC)infivefieldsoftraining,namely; (Construction,Electrical,IndustrialInstallation,
Automobile,andInformationTechnology)byupgradingtheinfrastructureoftheCentreforfurtherdevelopmento
fvocationaltraininginRwanda.

KOICARwandaofficehasbeenestablishedsince2011andworkinginvarioussectors,includingICT,Education,Rural
developmenttomakeabetterworld.

1.2.10.Learningcenterhouse
TheExpansionoftheIntegratedPolytechnicRegionalCenter(IPRC)Kigaliismeanttoaddmoretraininginfrastructu
reandmakeavailablethenecessarytrainingequipment.

Thefacilitieswillimprovebothaccess,andqualityoftechnicaleducationcoursesaswellaspromotingeducationalin
stitutionaldevelopmentandcapacitybuildingthroughtechnicalteacherstrainingprograms.Whenthisprojectwa
sbeingformulated,thefacilitiesattheKicukiroCampuswereabletosupportapopulationof900students(600)diplo
mastudentsand300studentsperyearinvocationaltraining).

6
Afterthisexpansion,thecapacityofthesamecampusin5years’durationwillincreasetosupportstudentpopulatio
nprogressivelyupto4,000(1,950diplomastudents,1,050studentsintechnicalsecondaryschoolprograms,and1,
000studentsinvocationaltraining)throughfulltimeandparttimecourses.

Figure3

1.2.11.ITPmodulesinIPRCKIGALI
Themainobjectiveoftheinternshipistotakethestudentstoknowtheprofessionalrealityintheknowledgeacquire
dduringtheiracademicformation.

Theprogramof3rdyearofthefacultyofengineeringsurveyingtechnologyinKicukirocollegeofTechnology(KCT)fores
eesaninternshipofeightweeks.

Itisinthissettingthatithasbeenorganizedaninternshipforthestudentsof3 rdyearofcivilEngineering.

7
CHAP.2.LITERATUREREVIEW
2.0Introduction
Thischaptercoveredconcepts,opinionsandideasfromAuthors/
Expertstalkingaboutallthesecomponentswhichcomposedroaddesignandconstruction.Thishelpstounderstan
dclearlywhathasalreadybeenwrittenorsaidbyothers.

Road:Theroadisacivilengineeringstructurethatisusedforlandtransportationeitherforpersonsorgoods.
(BIKORIMANAJeanclaude,2020).

Typeofroad

Arterials:aremajorroadsthatareexpectedtocarrylargetrafficvolume.

Collectors:roadsthatcollecttrafficfromlocalroads,anddistributeittoarterials.

Localroadsorstreets:roadswiththelowestspeedlimit,andcarrylowvolumeoftraffic.

Figure4

Carriageway:isapartoftheroadarrangedtoreceivemovementofvehicles.Thisisthepartofaroaddesignedtowith
standtheweightorloadingbytraffic.Itisalsoknownas“pavement”.Itisthatpartoftheroadconstructedforusebym
ovingtraffic,includingauxiliarylanes,climbinglanesandpassingplaces.Itcanbesingleordual.

Lane:Isapartofcarriageway(roadway)withinaroadmarkedoutforusebyasinglelineofvehiclesinsuchawayastoc
ontrolandguidedriversforthepurposeofreducingtrafficconflicts.

KerborCurb:Isstone,brickorconcretedevicebuiltalongthecarriagewayedgestoseparatethisandshoulders.Onhi
ghways,kerbscanbeusedtoseparatelanesofcarriagewayandhence,termed“median”.

Hump:Aphysicalobstruction,normallyofsemi-
circularprofile,placedtransverselyonthesurfaceofthecarriagewayforthepurposeofreducingtrafficspeed.

Climbinglane:Anauxiliarylaneprovidedonanupgradientforusebyslowmovingvehiclesandtofacilitateovertakin
g

Shoulder:Isalateralsurfacelocatedoneithersidesofcarriageway,reservedonlyforpedestrians,andinsomecasesi
sdesignedaspartofcarriageway.Shouldersarenamed“Sidewalks”whenarelocatedinurbanpavedorasphalticro
ads.

widening

8
Extrawideningreferstotheadditionalwidthofcarriagewaythatisrequiredofaroadoverandabovethatrequiredon
astraightalignment.

Reasonsforwidening

Thiswideningisdonedueto:

theadditionalwidthrequiredforavehicletakingahorizontalcurve,

thetendencyofthedriverstoplyawayfromtheedgeofthecarriagewayastheydriveonacurve.

Roaddrainageisprocessdrainingroad/
highwayisbyshapingtheroadsurface(providingcomber)sothatitshedswatertooneorbothsidesofthecarriagew
aywhereitcanbecollectedbyachanneloraseriesofchannelsalongtheroad

Themainfunctionsofaroaddrainagesystemare:

Topreventfloodingoftheroadandpondingontheroadsurface

Toprotectthebearingcapacityofthepavementandthesubgradematerial

Toavoidtheerosionofside

Roadsideditchisachannelprovidedtoremovetherun-
offfromtheroadpavement,shoulders,andsideslopes(eitherincutorfill).

2.1.THEROADCONSTRUCTIONTECHNIQUES
Herearesometechniquestobefollowedinroadconstruction:

2.1.1.CONSTRUCTIONSTAKING
Priortotheconstructionactivitythedesigninformationhastobemovedfromtheplantotheground.Thisisaccompli
shedbystaking.Slopestakesareaneffectivewaytoinsurecompliancewiththedesignstandardsandtokeepsoildist
urbancetoanabsoluteminimum.Variousstakingmethodscanbeemployed.

Stakes,markingvariousroaddesignpoints,aretypicallyobliteratedduringtheclearingandgrubbingphase.Inorde
rtorelocatethestakes(centerline,slopestakes)itishelpfultoestablishreferencepointsoutsidetheclearinglimits.
Referencepointsshouldbesetatleast3to5metersbehindtheuphillclearinglimits.Ontheaverage,referencepoint
s(orRP's)shouldbesetatleastevery70to100meters.Typically,referencepointsareplacedatpointswherethecent
erlinealignmentcanbeeasilyre-established,suchaspointsofcurvature

9
Figure5

2.1.2CLEARINGANDGRUBBINGOFTHEROADCONSTRUCTIONAREA
Preparingtheroadright-of-
wayorconstructionareaisreferredtoasclearingandgrubbing.Duringtheclearingphase,treesarefelled.Grubbing
referstotheclearingandremovalofstumpsandorganic

debris.Treesshouldbefelledandclearedaminimumof1to3mfromthetopofthecutortoeofthefill.Thelogscanbed
eckedoutsidetheconstructionarea(BtoE)orskiddedaway.

.SignificantquantitiesoforganicmaterialsareremovedbetweenBandE.StumpsareremovedbetweenBandD.Stu
mpsmaybeleftbetweenDandE.Organicdebrisandremovedstumpsareplacedinwindrowsattoserveasfilterstrip
s

10
Figure6

Thisadditionalwidthbetweenconstructionwidthandforestedgeensuresthatspaceisavailabletodepositorganic
debrisoutsidetheroadconstructionwidthandthatthereisnooverlapbetweenforestedgeandconstructionarea.A
goodconstructionpracticetofollowistoremovestumpsthatarewithintheconstructionwidth.Treesshouldbefell
edtoleaveastump0.8to1.2mhigh.Thishelpsbulldozers.Theroaddesignshouldconsiderthefollowingpointswhe
nbulldozersaretobeusedforroadconstruction.

1.Roadsshouldbefullbenched.Earthissidecastandthenwastedratherthanusedtobuildupsidecastfills.

2.Earthismoveddown-gradewiththeaidofgravity,notup-grade.

3.Fillmaterialisborrowedratherthanpushedorhauledfartherthantheeconomiclimitofthebulldozer.

4.Rockoutcropsshouldbebypassed.Unlesssubstantialrockblastingisspecifiedrequiringdrillingandblastingequi
pment,solidrockfacesshouldbeavoided(This,however,isprimarilyaroadlocator'sresponsibility.

2.1.3HYDRAULICEXCAVATORINROADCONSTRUCTION
Thehydraulicexcavatorisarelativelynewtechnologyinforestroadconstruction.Thismachinebasicallyoperatesb
ydigging,swinginganddepositingmaterial.Sincethematerialisplaced,asopposedtopushedand/
orsidecast,excellentcontrolisachievedintheplacementoftheexcavatedsoil.Thisfeaturebecomesmoreimporta
ntasthesideslopeincreases.Fillslopelengthscanbeshortenedthroughthepossibilityofconstructingacatchwallo
fbouldersalongthetoeofthefill.Thisfeatureisparticularlyimportantwhensideslopesincreasetoover40percent.

Massbalancealongthecenterlineislimitedtothereachoftheexcavator,typicallyabout15to20meters.However,b
ecauseofexcellentplacementcontrol,constructionofabalancedcrosssectioncanbe

achievedwithconsiderablylessexcavation.Ravelingdisturbanceanderosionisreducedaswellbecauseoflesserex
cavationandlittleornodownhilldriftingofembankmentmaterial

11
2.2.SUBGRADECONSTRUCTION

2.2.1.SUBGRADEEXCAVATIONWITHBULLDOZER
Properconstructionequipmentandtechniquesarecriticallyimportantforminimizingerosionfromroadsduringa
ndaftertheconstruction.Thereareclearindicationsthatapproximately80percentofthetotalaccumulatederosio
noverthelifeoftheroadoccurswithinthefirstyearafterconstruction.Ofthat,mostofitisdirectlylinkedtotheconstr
uctionphase.

Inordertokeeperosionduringtheconstructionphasetoanabsoluteminimum,fourelementsmustbeconsidered.

1.Keepconstructiontime(exposureofunprotectedsurfaces)asshortaspossible.

2.Planconstructionactivitiesforthedryseason.Constructionactivitiesduringheavyorextendedrainfallshouldbe
halted.

3.Installdrainagefacilitiesrightaway.Oncestarted,drainageinstallationshouldcontinueuntilcompleted.

4.Constructfilterstripsorwindrowsatthetoeoffillslopestocatchearthstumpsandsheeterosion

2.2.2.FILLCONSTRUCTION
Fillconstructionisrequiredtocrossdraws,creeks,flatsorswampyareasandwhenexcessexcavationhastakenplac
e.Roadfillssupporttrafficandthereforemustwithstandconsiderableabuse.Onlymineralsoil,freeoforganicdebri
ssuchasstumps,treetopsandhumusshouldbeused.Fillsshouldbeconstructedandbuiltupinlayers.Eachlayer,orli
ft,shouldbespreadandthencompacted.Liftheightbeforecompactiondependsonthecompactionequipmentbei
ngused.Typicallyliftheightshouldbeabout30cmandshouldnotexceed50cm.Abulldozerisnotagoodmachinefor
compactingfillsbecauseoftheirlowgroundpressurecharacteristics.Fillsacrossdrawsorcreeksareespeciallycritic
alsincetheymayactasdamsiftheculvertshouldplugup.Itisconsideredpoorpracticetobuildfillsbyenddumpingins
teadoflayeringandcompacting.

Fillsareconstructedbylayeringandcompactingeachlayer.Liftheightshouldnotexceed50cm.Compactionshould
bedonewithpropercompactionequipmentandnotabulldozer 

2.2.3.COMPACTION
Propercompactiontechniquesresultinsignificantcostreductionandreductionsinerosion.Erosionpotentialisdir
ectlyproportionaltotheexcavationvolumeespeciallyifitissidecastinunconsolidatedandloosefills.Conventional
sidecasttechniqueswheremostoftheroadsurfaceisexcavatedintoastablehillsideresultsinapproximately25to3
5percentmoreexcavatedmaterialwhencomparedto"balanced"roaddesignandconstructionwheretheexcavati
onisincorporatedintotheroadprism.Intheformercase,mostifnotalloftheexcavatedMaterialiswastedasloosesi
decastmaterialreadilyavailableforerosion.Inthelattercase,ithasbeenincorporatedintothefill,properlycompac
ted,andpresumablyunavailableforerosion

2.2.4SUBGRADECONSTRUCTIONWITHEXCAVATOR
Excavatorsarebecomingmoreandmorecommoninroadconstruction.Becauseoftheirexcellentplacementcontr
olofexcavatedmaterial,theyareidealmachinesforconstructionunderdifficultconditions.Thebackhoeorexcavat
orshouldbethepreferredmachineonsteepsideslopes.Theconstructionsequencediffersfromthebulldozerappr
oachandisexplainedbelow.

Theexcavatorworksfromaplatformorpioneerroadatthelowerendofthefinishedroad.

12
1stpass: Pioneeringoflogandstumpremovalaccomplishedinthefirstpass.Justenoughoverburdenismovedtopr
ovideastableworkingplatform.Logsarepiledatthelowersideoftheclearinglimit.

2ndpass: Aftercompletionofthefirstpasstheoperatorbeginsretracingitspath.Duringthispassunsuitablemateri
alisstrippedandplacedbelowthetoeofthefill.

3rdpass: Duringthethirdpass,nowworkingforwardagain,theexposedmineralsoilisdugupfortheembankmentc
onstruction.Atthesametimeaditchispreparedandthecutslopesmoothedandrounded.Theportionofpioneerro
adorplatformwhichconsistoforganicdebrisisoutsidetheloadbearingroadsurfacefill.

2.2.5FILTERWINDROWCONSTRUCTION
Erosionfromnewlybuiltfillslopescaneffectivelybetrappedthroughfilterstripsorwindrowsmadeofslashandplac
edatthetoeofthefills.Thismeasureisparticularlyimportantandeffectivewheretheroadcrossesadraworcreek.Th
eeffectofsuchfilterstripsonsoillossfromnewfillslopesisshowninTable43.Fillerosionfromnewlybuiltslopescanb
ereducedbymorethan95percentovera3-
yearperiod(CookandKing,1983).Thistimeperiodissufficientinmostcasestoallowforothermeasuressuchassurfa
ceseeding,mulching,orWatlingtobecomeestablished

2.2.6CONSTRUCTIONOFFILTERSTRIPS
1.Suitablematerialfromtheclearingandpioneeringactivityshouldbestockpiledatdesignatedareaseitheraboveo
rbelowtheclearinglimits.Slashshouldconsistoftops,limbsandbranches,nottoexceed15cmindiameterand3,5mi
nlength.Stumpsandrootwadsarenotsuitablematerialandshouldbeexcluded.

2.Windrowsareconstructedbyplacingaculllog(reasonablysound)onthefillslopeimmediatelyaboveandparallelt
othetoeofthefillforthefillmaterialtocatchagainst.Thelogshouldbeapproximately40cmindiameterandshouldb
efirmlyanchoredagainstundisturbedstumps,rocksortrees.

3.Slashshouldbeplacedonthefillabovetheculllog.Theresultingwindrowshouldbecompacted,forexample,byta
mpingitwiththebucketofanexcavator.Itisimportantthatpartoftheslashbeembeddedinthetop15cmofthefill.Fil
terstripsarebuiltduringsubgradeconstructioninordertomaximizetheireffectiveness.Careshouldbetakensoasn
ottoblockdrainagestructures(outlets)orstreamchannels.

2.3.STAGESINROADCONSTRUCTION

2.3.1.INTRODUCTION
Roadconstructionisalengthyprocessthatcantakemorethan10years,dependingonthesizeofthefuturepathway.
Itinvolvesseveralconstructioncrewsandplantmachineryandrequirescarefulplanningandvariousevaluations,in
cludingenvironmentalandstructuralassessments.Onceconstructionhasbegun,thereareseveralstagesbeforet
heroadcanbeusedbyvehicles.ClearingandExcavation,Mounting,FineGrading,AggregateBase,AsphaltPaving

1.ClearingandExcavation:Theareaonwhichtheroadisgoingtobebuiltonmustbeclearedofallvegetation,whichr
equirestheremovaloftrees,shrubsandbushes.Excavationvehicleswillalsodigupandremoverocksandstonesfro
mthefutureroad'spathway.Topreventtheclearedlandfromerosion,controldevices,includingfences,ditchesan
dbasinsareinstalled.

2.Mounting:Theroadtakesshapeasdiggers,excavationplantmachineryandbulldozersmountdirtandsoiloverth
eareawherethefuturepathwaywillrun.Thesurfaceisthenleveledandsmoothedbygraders.Culvertsanddrains,c

13
onsistingoflargeconcretepipes,arelaidtopreventtheroadfromfloodingbyleadingawaygroundwater,sewageor
stormwater.

3.FineGrading;Finegradingrequiresconstructionworkerstopreparethesurfacebylevelingitaccordingtoplanspr
ovidedbystructuralengineers.Finegradingrequiresmanuallabouranddiggingaswellasgradingplantmachinery,
alsocalledgraders.Tomakethegradinglast,itisstabilizedwithlimestoneorconcrete.

4.AggregateBase:Afteranothergradingofthesurface,theaggregatebasecourseislaid.Aggregatebaseismadeofc
rushedstoneorgravel,anditisplacedevenlyontheroadsurface.Iftheroadisinatownorcity,acurbforthepavement
andthegutterwillbeconstructedstraightafterthegravelisplacedonthesurface.Theroadisthenfinegradedagain.

5.AsphaltPaving:Oncethegravelhasbeendistributedevenly,theasphaltcanbepoured.Asphaltisamixtureofape
troleumbyproduct,anaggregatebasematerialandasticky,gluelikesubstancecalledbitumen.Dependingontheex
pectedtrafficontheroad,uptofourlayersofasphaltcanbeplacedontopofeachother.Theasphaltusuallyisproduc
edandmixedinlargeplantsaftertheengineer'sspecifications.Thehotasphaltisfilledintotrucksthattransportthe
materialtotheconstructionsitewhereitwillbepouredimmediately.Beforethelastlayerofasphaltispoured,thesi
dewalksandguttershavetobefinished.Theconstructionworkisconcludedbyplacingtheappropriateroadsignsatt
heplacesspecifiedbyplannersandtheapplicationofroadmarkings

2.4.THEPAVEMENTCONTRUCTIONTECHNIQUES
Twotypesofpavement:RigidandFlexiblepavement.

2.4.1.RIGIDPAVEMENT

2.4.1.1.INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE:TheobjectiveofthismanualistoprovideaPavementDesignEngineerwithsufficientinformationsothatt
henecessaryinputdatacanbedevelopedandproperengineeringprinciplesappliedtodesignanewrigidpavement
,ordevelopaproperlyengineeredrehabilitationproject.

Thisdesignmanualaddressesmethodstoproperlydeveloparehabilitationprojectandthecomputationsnecessar
yforthepavementdesignprocess.ItistheresponsibilityofthePavementDesignEngineertoinsurethatthedesignsp
roducedconformtoDepartmentpolicies,procedures,standards,guidelines,andgoodengineeringpractices.

2.4.1.2.PAVEMENTSYSTEM
ThefollowingdefinethegeneralpavementlayersasshowninFigure2.1and2.2.Thedefinitionsarepresented"top-
down"throughthepavementstructurewiththestrongerlayersontopoftheweakerlayers.Thepavementstructur
eorsystemasitissometimesreferredtoisdesignedtosupporttrafficloadsanddistributethemtotheroadbedsoilor
selectembankmentmaterial.ConcretePavementSlab.Thisisthemainstructuralelementintherigidpavementsys
tem.Itisnormallymadeupofplaincementconcretepavement.Discussiononthedesignof

thislayerdepthwillbefoundlateron.

Theminimumdesignedthicknessshouldbeeightinches(8)

1.AsphaltConcreteBase

AsphaltConcreteBaseprovidesauniform,non-
erodibleandstableconstructionplatform.DrainCreteEdgedrainsareusedtoprovidesubdrainage.UseOptionalB
ase
14
Group1TypeB-12.5only.

SpecialSelectSoilandSpecialStabilizedSubbase.TheSpecialSelectSoilisapermeablesandysoilthatprovidesvertic
alandlateraldrainageofinfiltratedwaterthroughtheembankmenttotheshoulderditches.Therequireddepthis6
0".ThismaterialwillbeusedonlyinEmbankmentUtilizationforSpecialSelectSoilOption.Itisnormallybidasemban
kmentmaterial.TheSpecialStabilizedSubbaseisaverticallydrainable,butstablelayerthatis6"thick.Thismateriali
susedinEmbankmentUtilizationofspecialSelectSoiltypicalsectiona.Thislayerservesasaworkingplatformforthe
pavingmachinetopermittheefficientconstructionoftheconcreteslabwhilemaintainingsufficientverticalperme
abilityofthespecialselectembankmentsoil.Itisconstructedbymixingin3”of#57or#89coarseaggregateintotheto
p6"ofsubgradeandcompacted.ItisbidasSpecialStabilizedSubbaseandCommercialStabilizingMaterial(Special).
Ifthespecialselectsoilshavesufficientstabilityforconstruction,thesepayitemscanbedeleted.Thisshouldonlybe
donewithclosecoordinationandagreementoftheDistrictMaterialsEngineerandDistrictConstructionEngineer.

2.AsphaltStructuralCourse

TheasphaltstructuralcourseisdesignedasaseparationlayertopreventfinesfromenteringtheAsphaltTreatedPer
meableBase(ATPB)orCementTreatedPermeableBase(CTPB).ThestructuralcourseusedbytheDepartmentisTyp
eSP.ThismaterialwillonlybeusedinEmbankmentUtilizationfortreatedpermeablebaseoption.Therecommende
ddepthis2"TypeBStabilizedSubgradetheTypeBStabilizedSubgradeisasupportinglayerthatis12"thick.Thismate
rialonlyisusedinEmbankmentUtilizationfortreatedpermeablebaseoptionasshowninStandardIndex505andwil
lbediscussedfurtherinChapter4.Thislayerservesasaworkingplatformtopermittheefficientconstructionoftheas
phaltstructuralcourseandtreatedpermeablebasematerial.ItisbidasTypeBStabilization(LBR-
40)withthecontractorselectingtheapprovedmaterialsnecessarytoachievetheLBR40value.

3.NaturalGroundorFill

TheNaturalGroundorFillisthenaturalmaterialorembankmentmaterialuponwhichthePavementStructureiscon
structed.

InrigidpavementstheupperlayerisaPortlandcementconcreteslab.Rigidpavementsaremostlyfoundinmajorhig
hwaysandairports.Theyalsoserveasheavy-dutyindustrialfloorslabs,portandharboryardpavements,andheavy-
vehicleparkorterminalpavements.Rigidhighwaypavements,likeflexiblepavements,aredesignedasall-
weather,long-lastingstructurestoservemoderndayhigh-
speedtraffic.Theyofferhighqualityridingsurfacesforsafevehiculartravel,andfunctionasstructurallayerstodistri
butevehicularwheelloadsinsuchamannerthattheinducedstressestransmittedtothesubgradesoilareofaccepta
blemagnitudes.

Figure7

15
ThemostcommontypeofmaterialusedforrigidpavementslabconstructionisPortlandcementconcrete,mainlyb
ecauseofeconomicreasonsanditseasyavailability.Theconcreteslabmustbedesignedtowithstandrepeatedtra
fficloadings.Fatiguefailureofpavementduetorepeatedloadingscausedbydailytrafficisamajordesignconsidera
tionofrigidpavements.Fatiguefailureoccurswhenaload,thoughsmallerthanthefailureloadoftheconcreteslab,i
srepeatedlyappliedonthepavementasufficientlynumberoftimes.Thisformoffailureiscommonforhighwaypave
mentsbecauseatypicalhighwaywillreceivemillionsofwheelpassesduringitsservicelife.Whilethedesignlifeofafl
exiblepavementmaybeintherangeof15to20years,itiscommonforaconcretepavementtobedesignedwithaserv
icelifeof30to40years.Ithaslongbeenrecognizedbyhighwayengineersthatstressesinconcretepavementsresult
edfromtemperaturechangescanbeofequalmagnitudetostressesinducedbywheelloadings.Thermalstressesar
ethusofmajordesignconcernbecauseoftherelativelylowtensilestrengthofconcretematerials.Thisleadstothefo
llowingadditionaldesignissuesforconcretepavements:

2.4.2.FLEXIBLEPAVEMENT
Atypicalflexible(asphaltorbitumen)pavementconsistsofsurfacecourse,basecourse,and

sub-basecoursebuiltovercompactedsub-grade(naturalsoil).

Figure8

Unlikerigidpavement,whenthetrafficloadisappliedontopofthesurfacelayeralocalized

deformationoccursundertheload,whiletheloadisdistributed

Figure9

Typicallayersofaconventionalflexiblepavementincludesealcoat,surfacecourse,tack

16
coat,bindercourse,primecoat,basecourse,sub-basecourse,compactedsub-grade,and

naturalsub-grade.

Atypicalflexiblepavementisamulti-layersystemconsistingofthreebasicstructurallayers

overlyingthesub-gradesoil.Thesebasicstructurallayersaresurfacecourse(whichcouldbe

constructedintwolayers,awearingcourseandabindercourse),basecourseandthesub-base

course.:source(lecturenote)

2.4.3SURVEYING

2.4.4.Definitions
SurveyingistheartofdeterminingtherelativepositionsofpointsON,ABOVEorBENEATHtheearthsurfacebymean
sofdirectorindirectmeasurementofdistance,directionandelevations.Itinvolvesestablishingpointsbypredeter
minedangularandlinearmeasurements.Physicsandmathematicalknowledgeishighlyrequiredinthiscase.Them
ainprofessionwithincivilengineeringisengineeringsurveying(sometimesknownaslandsurveying)

Engineeringsurveyorsaregenerallyresponsiblefor:

Investigatingland,usingcomputer-
basedmeasuringinstrumentsandgeographicalknowledge,toworkoutthebestpositiontoconstructbridges,tunn
elsandroads;

Producingup-to-dateplanswhichformthebasisforthedesignofaproject;

Settingoutasite,sothatastructureisbuiltinthecorrectspotandtothecorrectsize;

Monitoringtheconstructionprocesstomakesurethatthestructureremainsintherightposition,andrecordingthe
finalas-builtposition;

Providingcontrolpointsbywhichthefuturemovementofstructuressuchasdamsorbridgescanbemonitored.

Engineeringsurveying:preparationofmapsandplansfortheplanninganddesignofstructures,aswellasensuringt
hattheconstructiontakesplacetothedimensionsandtolerancesrequired;EngineeringSurveying:surveysthathel
pdeterminequantitiesorgivesufficientdesigndataofengineeringworks

2.4.5.PLANSANDMAPS
Planisagraphicalrepresentationofsomescaleofthefeatureson,near,belowthesurfaceoftheearthasprojectedo
nahorizontalplaneofpaperonwhichitisdraw.Ifthescaleissmall,thenitiscallamapwhileitisaplanifthescaleislarge.

2.4.6.NATUREOFSURVEYING
Therearethreedistinctpartsinsurveyingbasingonthework:

1.Fieldwork:Involvesmeasurementofanglesanddistancesandkeepingofrecordofwhathasbeendoneinthefieldf
orexample:

a)Establishingcontrolpoints

b)Measuringdistancesandanglesbetweenthesurveylines
17
c)Locatingdetailsofsurveywithrespecttothecontrolpointsandlinesbetweenstationswhichdetailsincludeboun
darylines,streets,roadsjusttomentionafew

d)Givinglinesandelevationsandelevationsforvariousconstructionworksuchasthatforthebuildingboundary,roa
ds,culverts,bridgessewersetc.

Someimportantrulesforkeepingnotesinclude

Recorddirectlyinthefieldbookasmeasurementaremade

Usesharppencilbutneverusesoftpencilorink

Followconsistentsimplestylewriting

Makenotesoneachday’sworkonsurveycompletewithtitleofsurvey,date,weatherconditions,personnelandcre
wandlistofequipmentused

nevererase,ifamistakeismaderuleonelineoftheincorrectvalueandrecordcorrectionabovethemistake

Signthenotesdaily

Fieldnotesaredividedintothreeparts:

Numericalvalues-includelengthsoflines,staffreadings,anglesanddirections

Sketches-
arerecordsofoutlines,relativelocationandtopographicfeatures,alwaysmakeasketchtohelpremoveanydoubtin
theinterpretationofnotes.

Explanatorynotestomakeclearthatwhichisnotclearinnumerical

2.Officework:Includesdrafting,computing,designing

3.Careandadjustmentofinstruments:Mostsurveyinginstrumentsareverydelicateandmustbehandledwithgrea
tcare.

Beforeaninstrumentistakenoutoftheboxnotethepositionofeachofthesoastoreplaceintheboxwithoutanystrai
n.

Thefollowingprecautionsarerecommended:

Lifttheinstrumentfromtheboxbyplacingthehandsunderthelevelingbaseorthefootplate

Tomovefromoneplacetotheothercarryitontheshoulderandtightenallscrewstoavoidwear.

Whenthetelescopeisnotinusekeepthecapoverthelens

Avoidsettingtheinstrumentonsmoothfloorwithoutprecaution

2.4.7.APPLICATIONSOFENGINEERINGSURVEYING
EngineeringSurveyingisusedatthefollowingstages:

Theconceptanddesignstageto:Producemapsorplans

Attheconstructionstage:tosetoutandcarryoutmeasurement
18
Atthepostconstructionstage:Measurementandmonitoring

Surveyingforallthreeaspectsinvolvesthemeasurementofthreeparameters:

1.Distances(Horizontalandverticaldistances.ex:Taping)

2.Anglesinhorizontalandverticalplanes(usingTheodolite,Totalstation)

3.Coordinates(Longitude,altitudeandAltitude)usingGPSReceiver

2.4.8.SURVEYINGINSTRUMENTATION
Theinstrumentsmostcommonlyusedinfieldsurveyingare:Totalstation,Dumpylevel,steeltapeetc.

2.4.8.1.TOTALSTATION
TheTotalStationinstrumentcombineselectronicdistancemeasurement(EDM),withanelectronictheodolite.Ina
dditiontoelectronicdistanceandanglemeasuringcapabilities,thisinstrumentisequippedwithacentralprocessor
,whichenablesthecomputationofhorizontalandverticaldistances.

Totalstationsmeasurehorizontalandverticalanglesaswellashorizontalandverticaldistances.Alldatacanbecapt
uredintoattached(cableorwireless)electronicfieldbooksorintoonboardstorageasthedataarereceived.

19
Figure10

2.4.8.2.THELEVELANDROD
Thelevelandrodareusedtodetermineelevationsinawidevarietyofsurveying,mappingandengineeringapplicati
ons.Withamoderndigitallevel,thehorizontaldistancecanbemeasured

Figure11

20
2.4.8.3.STEELTAPES
Steeltapesarerelativelyprecisemeasuringinstruments,andareusedmostlyforshortmeasurementsinbothpreli
minaryandlayoutsurveys.

Figure12

2.5.ACTIVITIESDONEINTHEINDUSTRIALATTACHMENTPROGRAM(ITP)

2.5.1.EXCAVATIONANDWIDENINGOFEXSITINGROAD

2.5.2.INTRODUCTION
Duringtheconstructionofahighwayorbridge,existingmaterialsmayberequiredtoberemoved.Thesematerialso
ccupythespaceinwhichanewhighwayorbridgeisplanned.Therefore,theyareremovedor"excavated.

2.5.3.EXCAVATIONPROCESSANDTECHNIQUES
ExcavationandwideningofALUroadwheretheyareaddingclimbinglanestotheprofilehavingsteepslopesthatwill
beusedbyheavyweighttraffic.Thestepstobefollowedduringexcavationsarethefollowing:

Step1.Bushclearing:Allbushes,glasses,treesandstampmustberemovedinthisstage

Itmustbemeasuredinsquaremeters(W*L)where,wisthemeanwidth,andListhedistance.

Forexample,excavationworkof22thmayisfrompk76+00to76+300,themeanwidthis6m

Bushclearing:6m*300m=180m2
Step
2:Topsoilstripping(squaremeter)W-1m(shoulder)*L,themaximumthicknessoftopsoilstrippingis20cm.

Step3:strippingofexistingshoulder

(1m*t=0.25*L),wheretisthickness

Figure13

21
Step4:Excavationinsoftground:(t=0.55*W-1mshoulder)*Litismeasuredinm 3

Figure14

2.5.4.EQUIPMENTTOBEUSED
Duringexcavationthesearesomeequipmentthatarewidelyusedsuchas:

Excavator,grader,trucks,backhoe

Excavator:itisusedforexcavatingandparkingtheexcavatedsoilintrucks,itmayalsousedinverticalslopeformation
.Asshowninthisfigurebelow:

22
Figure15

Grader:itisusedinverticalslopeformationduringexcavationandalsoinspreadingandslopeinthepathwayduringc
onstructionoflayers,andscarification.

23
Figure16

Backhoe:ithastwofunctionssuchas,excavationandspreadingwhichmeansthatitcombinesthefunctionsofGrade
randexcavator:

Figure17

Inthischapter,Ihavelearnedhowwereportdailyactivitybyknowinghowcalculatingquantitiesofexcavatedsoil,by
takingexcavatedwidthmultipliedbymeandepthandexcavatedlength

(W*d*L)measuredinm3,oralsobytakingtotaltrucktripsmultiplyingby17m 3carriedbyonetrucktogettotalquanti
tiesofexcavatedsoil.
24
2.6.C0NSTRUCTIONOFROADFORMATION

2.6.1.SUBGRADE
Subgradeisthesupportingsoilbeneathpavementanditsspecialundercourses.Undisturbedsoilbeneaththepave
mentiscallednaturalsubgrade.Compactedsubgradeisthesoilcompactedbycontrolledmovementofheavycomp
actors.Inroadconstructionbeforeconstructionofsubbasethesubgradesoiliscompacted.

Figure18

2.6.2.SUBBASECONSTRUCTION
Thefunctionofthesubbaseistoprovideaplatformonwhichtoplacethebasecoursematerialaswellastoinsulateth
esubgradebelowitagainsttheeffectsofinclementweather.Theselayersaremadeofbrokenstones,boundorunbo
undaggregate.

InroadKAYONZA-
RUSUMO;beforeconstructingsubbase;theexistingpavementismilledwithmillingmachine,andthemilledasphal
taremixedwithlateritetobeconsideredassubbasematerials.

Figure19

25
Insubbaseconstructionsurveyingteamsmustfirstimplantpegsforlevellingthelevelofsubbase,afterthatthelateri
teisdumpedbytrucksinroadformationinordertobespreadedbygrader,afterthatthespreadedmaterialsarecom
pacteduntilitachievetoabove95%ofdegreeofcompaction.Eachlayerofsubbasemusthave20cmcompacted.

Figure20

26
2.6.3.EQUIPMENTTOBEUSED
Grader:forspreadingmaterialsandslopeformation,itisveryimportantinroadformation

Smoothwheelroller:itisusedforcompaction.

Figure21

3.Tireroller:Pneumatictiredrollersarebetterinmanyrespectsthanthesmooth-
wheelrollers.Theformerisheavilyloadedwithseveralrowsoftires.Thesetiresarecloselyspacedfourtosixinrow.T
hecontactpressureunderthetirecanrangefrom600to700KN/
m2andtheyproduceabout70to80%coverage.Pneumaticrollerscanbeusedforsandyandclayeysoilcompaction.c
ompactionisachievedbyacombinationofpressureandkneadingaction.

27
Figure22

28
2.6.4.SOMEROADDEFECTANDHOWITCANBEFIXED

Figure23

Itcanbecausedbyloadedweightoftraffic,lowmoisturecontent;poorcompactionorcombinationofthethree.

Itcanbefixedbyremovingthedamagedpartandreplaceitwithothermaterials.N.B:Beforelayingsecondlayeronth
efirstlayerwhichhasbeencompacted,wecreatejointforinterconnectingthetwolayersintheprocesscalled”scari
fication.”

29
Figure24

30
2.6.5.TESTTOBEDONE

2.6.5.1INSITUDENSITY/FIELDDENSITYBYSANDREPLACEMENTMETHOD
Introduction

Thedrydensityofcompactedsoilorpavementisacommonmeasureusedtocheckiftheamountofthecompactionis
achievedduringtheconstruction.so,thefielddensityorinsitudensityistheimportanttestusedasafieldcontroltes
tforthecompactionofsoiloranyotherpavementlayer.

Figure25

31
Purposeofthetest:Todeterminethefielddensity.

Apparatus:

Sandpouringcylinder

Calibratedsand

Metaltraywithhole

Toolsforlevelingandexcavatingsuchasscraperforlevelingandelongatedtrowelforexcavatingthematerials(soils
).

Calibratingcontainer

Balance

Cookerorburner

Testprocedure:

wedeterminedthedrydensityofthecalibratedsandinthelabandwepoureditinsandpouringcylinder.

weexcavatetheholebasedontheholeofthemetaltray.

Afterexcavation,weweighedtheweightofsandpouringcylinder+weightcalibratedsandbeforepouringitintheho
le.

weweighedtheweightofsandtofillconeofcylinderbypouringitonthetrayandtooktheweightofcylinderandsand
beforepouringitonthecylinder-
weightofcylinderandsandafterpouringitonthetray,thenwereturneditinthecylinder.

Thenwepouredthesandintheexcavatedholetodeterminethevolume.

wetooksampletothematerials(soil)andleftitinthelabtodeterminethemoisturecontentbydriedthosematerials(
soil)usingcooker/burner(moisturesoil-driedsoil).

32
 OP Designation Unit 1 2 3
1 Location(pk)

2 Weightofsandbeforetest G 7000
3 Weightofsandaftertest G 3800
4 Weightofsandintaper/plate G 3200
5 Weightofsandintaper G 820
6 Weightofsandinahole G 2380
7 Densityofgradedsand g/m3 1.34
3
8 Volumeofhole m 1776
9 Weightofsample G 3896
3
10 Wetdensity g/m 2.194
11 Noofplate
12 Weightofwetsoil+plate G 338
13 Weightofdrysoil+plate G 309
14 Weightofplate G 60
15 Water G 29
16 Weightofdrysoil G 249
17 Watercontent % 11.6
18 Drydensity g/m3 1.966
3
19 OPMProctor g/m 2.010
20 OPMwatercontent % 11.0
21 Compactionindex % 97.8

TESTDATASHEET
Table4

2.PlateBearingTest

Platebearingtestisusedtoevaluatethesupportcapabilityofsub-
grades,basesandinsomecases,completepavement.Datafromthetestsareapplicableforthedesignofbothflexibl
eandrigidpavements.Inplatebearingtest,acompressivestressisappliedtothesoilorpavementlayerthroughrigid
platesrelativelylargesizeandthedeflectionsaremeasuredforvariousstressvalues.Thedeflectionlevelisgenerall
ylimitedtoalowvalue,intheorderof1.25to5mmandsothedeformationcausedmaybepartlyelasticandpartlyplas
33
ticduetocompactionofthestressedmasswithnegligibleplasticdeformation.Theplate-
bearingtesthasbeendevisedtoevaluatethesupportingpowerofsubgradesoranyotherpavementlayerbyusingpl
atesoflargerdiameter.Theplate-
bearingtestwasoriginallymeanttofindthemmodulusofsubgradereactionintheWestergaard’sanalysisforwheel
loadstressesincementconcretepavements.

TestProcedure:

Thetestsiteispreparedandloosematerialisremovedsothatthe75cmdiameterplaterestshorizontallyinfullconta
ctwiththesoilsub-grade.Theplateisseatedaccuratelyandthenaseatingloadequivalenttoapressureof0.07kg/
cm2(320kgfor75cmdiameterplate)isappliedandreleasedafterafewseconds.Thesettlementdialgaugeisnowset
correspondingtozeroload.

Aloadisappliedbymeansofjack,sufficienttocauseanaveragesettlementofabout0.25cm.Whenthereisnopercep
tibleincreaseinsettlementorwhentherateofsettlementislessthan0.025mmperminute(inthecaseofsoilswithhi
ghmoisturecontentorinclayeysoils)theloaddialreadingandthesettlementdialreadingsarenoted.

Deflectionoftheplateismeasuredbymeansofdeflectiondials;placedusuallyatone-
thirdpointsoftheplatenearitsouteredge.

Tominimizebending,aseriesofstackedplatesshouldbeused.

Averageofthreeorfoursettlementdialreadingsistakenasthesettlementoftheplatecorrespondingtotheappliedl
oad.Loadisthenincreasedtilltheaveragesettlementincreasetoafurtheramountofabout0.25mm,andtheloadan
daveragesettlementreadingsarenotedasbefore.Theprocedureisrepeatedtillthesettlementisabout1.75mmor
more.

Allowanceforworstsubgrademoistureandcorrectionforsmallplatesizeshouldbedealtproperly.

Figure26

Loading Precision Reading(mm)

KN KN/m2 A B a*2 b*2 (A*2)+(b*2) (A*2)+(B*2)/2 Dn+1-dn
1.4 0.20 1 4 2 8 10 5
3.5 0.50 1 10 2 20 22 11 25
10.6 1.50 10 26 20 52 72 36
17.7 2.50 31 41 62 82 144 72
24.7 3.50
31.8 4.50

34
Table5

Inthistestwehaveusedatruckhavingaloadof30000T,whichmeansthattheappliedloadis30,000T

Roadresistance30,000/25=12000Therequiredroadresistanceforthatroadinsubbaseconstructionis12000,the
nnoothercompactionrequired.

Thistestissoimportantinroadconstructionbecauseithelpstoknowthesupportcapabilityofsubbases,basesandc
ompletepavement.ButIrecommendthemtotakecareoftheirgougeswhentheyaredoingtestandfindingthewayt
heymustperformitwithoutexternaldisturbancesuchaswindandtraffics.

3CaliforniaBearingRatio(CBR)

Purpose

TheCaliforniabearingratio(CBR)isapenetrationtestforevaluationofthemechanicalstrengthofroadsubgradesa
ndbasecourses.Thistestisperformedbymeasuringthepressurerequiredtopenetrateasoilsamplewithaplunger
ofstandardarea.Themeasuredpressureisthendividedbythepressurerequiredtoachieveanequalpenetrationo
nastandardcrushedrockmaterial.Significance

Itistheratioofforceperunitarearequiredtopenetrateasoilmasswithstandardcircularpiston

attherateof1.27mm/
mintothatrequiredforthecorrespondingpenetrationofastandardmaterial.Inthedesignofflexiblepavement,th
eresultsobtainedbythistestareusedwiththeempiricalcurvestodeterminethethicknessofpavementanditscom
ponentlayers.Wedeterminetheresistanceofsubgradetodeformationundertheloadfromvehiclewheels(justkn
owhowstrongisthegrounduponwhichwearegoingtobuildtheroad).

Thestrongerthesubgrade(thehighertheCBRreading)thelessthickitisnecessarytodesignandconstructtheroadp
avement,thisgivesaconsiderablecostsaving,converselyiftheCBRtestingindicatesthesubgradeisweak(alowCB
Rreading)wemustconstructasuitablethickerroadpavementtospreadthewheelloadoveragreatareaoftheweak
subgradeinorderthattheweaksubgradematerialsarenotdeformed,causingtheroadpavementtofail.

Equipment

Mould,steelcuttingcollar,spacerdisc,surchargeweight,dialgauges,ISsieves,penetrationplunger,loadingmachi
ne,miscellaneousapparatus.

35
Figure27

CBRsamplepreparationandsoaking

Procedures

1.Normally3specimenseachofabout6kgmustbecompactedsothattheircompacteddensitiesrangefrom95%to
100%generallywith10,25and55blows.

2.Weighofemptymould

3.Addwatertothefirstspecimen(compactitinfivelayerbygiving10blowsperlayer)

4.Aftercompaction,removethecollarandlevelthesurface.

5.Takesamplefordeterminationofmoisturecontent.

6.Weightofmould+compactedspecimen.

7.Placethemoldinthesoakingtankforfourdays(ignorethisstepincaseofunsoaked

36
8.Takeothersamplesandapplydifferentblowsandrepeatthewholeprocess.

9.Afterfourdays,measuretheswellreadingandfind%ageswell

10.Removethemouldfromthetankandallowwatertodrain.

11.Thenplacethespecimenunderthepenetrationpistonandplacesurchargeloadof10lb.

12.Applytheloadandnotethepenetrationloadvalues.

13.Drawthegraphsbetweenthepenetration(in)andpenetrationload(in)andfindthevalueofCBR.

14.Drawthegraphbetweenthe%ageCBRandDryDensity,andfindCBRatrequireddegreeofcompaction.

37
Table6

38
Table7

2.7.VERTICALSLOPEFORMATIONPROCESS
2.7.1.Rangeofslope

h wherehisheight R=2/3whichmeansh=3andw=2

w(iswidth)

Figure 28 RANGE OF SLOPE

Duringexcavation,forexampleifwewanttoextendroadfromthecenterwith6.7mwefollowthisprocedure.

39
Figure29

Theheightofformationis6m.Inordertoknowthelengthtobeextendedwetakethatheightofformationmultipli
edwithslope.

6*2/3=4m

Thenifwewant6.7mfromthecenteroftheroadwewillexcavateconsideringthatslope.Inslopeformationthere
canbesomesourceoferrorsduetopoormeasurementandoperatorsduringexcavation.Iwouldliketorecomme
ndthemtotakecareofitduringslopeformation

2.8SURVEYING

2.8.1.SETTINGOUTPEGSOFBOUNDARYOFROAD
Afterprojectdesignhasbeendone,roadconstructionmustbeimplemented.Settingoutofthoseboundariesoft
heroadareimplementedinordertohelptheoperatorstomakeclearanceandscrubbing,andprovidetemporalb
oundaryofroadaftercutting.

2.8.2.SETTINGOUTPEGSOFBENCH(FILL,CUT)
Asweknowaftercollectingdataoforiginalgroundlevel(OGL),collecteddataaresenttotheofficetobeprocessed
toproducedesignedlevelofroad,theprojectdesignedlevelestablishtheattitudeinwhichroadmustbe,itcanest
ablishcutorfillarea,incaseofcutthosepegsshowwherecutislocated,thisbenchholdsbackwaterorsupportroa
dasprotection,fillbenchisbelowdesignedleveloftheroad,thismustbefilledtillitarrivestotheleveloftheproject
design.

2.8.3.SETTINGOUTPEGSOFCENTERLINEOFROAD
Priortoconstruction,itisnormalpracticefortheSurveyortoprepareadetailedcenterlinesurvey.Thiscenterline
surveywasnormallyconsistingofstakeslocatedevery20metersonstraightsandevery5to10metersalongcurve

40
s.Amarkwasplacedoneachofthesestakesdefiningthedistance(upordown)tothefinishedformationlevelofth
eroadsurface.Theprocessofsettingoutpegsofcenterlineisdoneusingtotalstationinstrument.Intotalstationi
nstrumentithasalljobthatwillbeimplementedintheroad,aftermakingfreestationorresection,youselectjobt
hatcontainalldatatobeimplementedinthatfieldandpassintheprogramcalledstakeoutthenstarttoimplemen
tthosedatainthefield.

2.8.4.SETTINGOUTPEGSOFCENTERLINEATEACHCHAINAGEOF20M

Figure30

2.8.5.CHECKTHEGRADIENTSALONGTHEROADPROFILES
Inordertofacilitatetheremovalofwaterfromthewearingsurface,roadwaysurfacesarenormallycrownedorslo
pedtotheoneside.Thistaskwasinvolvingthesurveyor’steamtoemplaceagradientthatwasfacilitatingwaterto
flowatonesideoftheroadandbeversedintoditches(gutter).Alsothisgradientwasestablishedtoguidetheoper
atorsincaseofmakingbenchtheyhavetofollowtheslopeweestablished.

2.8.6SETTINGOUTPEGSOFGUTTER
Gutterisadepressionrunningparalleltoaroaddesignedtocollectrainwaterflowingalongthestreetanddivertiti
ntoastormdrain.

Figure31

41
2.8.7.SETTINGOUTPEGSOFCULVERT
Settingoutwheretheculvertshouldpasswasanessentialissuebecauseaculvertisusedtoconveywaterfromthe
upstreamtothedownstreamsideoftheroad.Thiswatermayeitherflowinachannelthatcrossestheroad,oritma
ycomefromthesidedrain.Agoodsetoutofculvertallowwatertoflow.Aswehaveseenabovethewaterfollowint
hegutterareaccumulatedbyaculvert.

Figure32

CulvertbeforeconstructionCulvertduringconstructionCulvertafterconstruction

2.8.8.LEVEL
Duringroadconstruction,alldataimplementedinthefieldareimplementedaccordingtotheprojectdesign.inth
iscaseduringconstructiontheworkersmustconstructwithrespecttotheprojectdesign,inordertoconstructwit
hrespectingtotheprojectdesign,thesurveyorteamistheretofacilitatethemtoconstructacccuratery.aswehav
eseenabove,gutter,culvertareconstructedduringroadconstructionherelevelisdonetoexpresslevelwhereth
econstructorsmustnotgoaboveorbelowofthatlevelestablished.Alsoincasethereisanareatobefilled,levelisd
onetoo.

Thisisalevelofprojectdesign.Thisisdoneusingdumpylevelortotalstationinstrument,butdumpylevelismorea
ccurate.Letshowhowtodoitbyusingdumpylevelincaseoflevelofgutter.WeknowthatfirstwemusthaveB.M,th
echainagebetweentwopointsAandBalsoisknown(20m),thecoordinate(x,y,z)ofthosepointisalsoknownbutd

42
uringlevelweconsideraltitude(Z),inthatchainageyoucandivideequalparts(4or5meter)andfixtherepegs.The
nsetoutyourinstrumentandgetB.S(backsight)1.924m.

A=2092.340

B=2093.410

B.M=2091.278

B.S=1.924

Letourchainagebedividedintofour(4)equalpartsi.e.thatdistancebetweenthemisfivemeters(5m)andbenam
edA1,A2,A3.itmeansthatwehaveA,A1,A2,A3andBpoints.

WewanttoleveleachpointandrememberthatweknowAandBexceptA1,A2,andA3.

H.I=B.M+B.S=2091.278+1.924=2093.202

AftergettingH.I,forpointAwereadF.S,thentakeH.IminusF.S.togetreducedlevelofthatpointwhichwillbeequal
tothedesignoftheproject.togetA1wetakeAandaddsslopeweobtained.

∆H.IandA=2093.202-2092.340=0.862

S=H/D×(smallchainagedistance)5=2093.410-2092.340/20×5=0.267

ForpointA,toobtainwhattoreadonstaff=HI-A=2093.202-2092.340=0.862

A1=(H.I-A)+S=(2093.202-2092.340)+0.267=1.129thisresultiswhatwereadinourstaffforthispoint.

A2=A1+S=1.129+0.267=1.396thisresultiswhatwereadinourstaffforthispoint.

A3=A3+S=1.396+0.267=1.663thisresultiswhatwereadinourstaffforthispoint.

B=A3+S,thencalculateslopefromBtoC,forB1wetaketheresultobtainedonBandaddthatnewslopeyoucalcula
ted.Thencontinuetillyoufinish,Where,B.M=benchmark,B.S=backsight,H.I=heightofinstrument,S=slopeAan
dBareknownpointA1,A2,A3arethepointweestablishedandwhatwewanttolevel.Forthoseresultsobtainedd
uringcalculation,foreachpointwhileusingdumpylevelinstrumentcrosshairmustfitwiththemandfixnailatbo
ttomofstaff,wherethatnailfixedmeansthedesignedlevelofdrainage.

43
Figure33

2.8.9.LEVELCHECKOFPLATEFORMLAYERANDSTONEBASELAYER(ROAD
BASELAYER)
Thistaskwasundertakenbythesurveyorteamonfieldwhereitwasaboutverifyingiftherealdimensionofeitherp
lateformorstonebaselayershavebeenattainedasmentionedintheprojectofroaddesignorifnotwhereanengi
neerofcontrolmissionwasobligedtoorderasiteengineertorectifybycuttingorfillingdependentlytotheresultf
romcalculationoferrorexistingbetweentheoreticalAltitudeandactualaltitude.Theprocedureoflevelcheckw
asdoneusingthemethodofheightofcollimationbyusingdumpylevelinstrument,totalstationinstrumentwasu
sedduringlevelcheckoffillbench.

.Topographicsurvey(levelingsurface)

Thecontributionoflandsurveyorteaminthisstatedtaskwastodeterminethepositionofanyfeatureormoregen
erallyanypointintermsofbothahorizontalcoordinatesystemsuchaslatitude,longitude,andaltitude.Identifyi
ng(naming)features,andrecognizingtypicallandformpatternsarealsopartofthefieldwhichwassupposedtob
edonebeforeconstructingorrenovatingmajorcivilengineeringprojectusuallyroadsinordertofacilitateadesig
nertodesigntheroad.Inthiscasethetotalstationinstrumentwascrucial.

2.8.10.LEVELCHECK
Thisisdonetocheckwhetherthelevelwewantisachievedperfectly,itisdoneusingbothtotalstationanddumpyl
evelinstrument.Wehaveseeninlevelsomecalculations.Duringlevelcheckthereisnotmorecalculationwhileus
ingdumpylevelinstrument.Whatwedoistofindreducedlevelonlyofthepointafterfillorcuttingtocheckiflevelw
ewantisachievedperfectly.

R.L=BM+BS-FS

Where,R.L=reducedlevel

B.M=benchmark

B.S=backsight

44
F.S=foresight

Dependinthepointyouwanttocheck,thereducedlevelyougetshowsyouwhatcanbedoneifyoucanfill,cutorno
t.Dumpylevelismoreaccuratethantotalstationbutitdelays.Heretotalstationisusedbecauseitdoesnotaskcalc
ulation.itgivesyouelevation(Z)directlyandyoudecidewhatcanbedoneifitiscut,fillornot.Duringusingtotalsta
tion,aftermakingfreestationandsetit,youpassthroughquicksurveyandsightinthetargetpointwherereflector
isstandingandobtainX,YandZ.ButconsiderZonlyanddecidewhatcanbedoneaccordingtotheresultsyouobtai
ned.

2.8.11.TOTALSTATIONUSES
Totalstationcalculatesgivendatabyusingthisformula

XAcoordinate=xo+dcosB

YAcoordinate=yo+dsinb

dx
B=tan
dy
Basedonthisformulastotalstationcalculategivendataandprovideresultautomaticallylikedistance,elevation
andbearingangle.

Insettingoutofinstrumentprocess

1.Checkofhorizontalplaneoftripod

2.Fixinstrumentontripodtableusingscrew

3.Fixtripodlegandmaintainthestabilityofinstrument

4.SwitchingandopenthelaserbeambesureiscentertoBM

5.Usingtripodlegcenteredwaterlevelofinstrument

6.AftercenterwaterleveluseinstrumentscrewbeamonBMandcrossonetourof360 o

Process

Step1:Manager,jobchoosejoborcreatenewjob,clickonf3tosetjob

Sep2:Orientationofinstrumentgoesonprogram,setout,okorenter,chooseorientationneedtouse,clickonf4(c
ont.)enterBMcoordinateandelevationstayon,clickonokthenf4.enternumberofBMtargetoncentercross-
haironrefractorthenclickonf2.Founddistancebetween2BMeitherhorizontalorelevationclickokthencontinu
ous.

Step3:choosejobneedforworkingin.manager,jobchoosejobclickonf3

Step4:program,stakeout,enterpknumberandcentercross–
airinrefractorandmakesurebearingequalto0andclickonf2provideconclusionbasedondataprovidebyinstru
ment

45
Notethat:allprocessinsurveyorinstakeoutisthesameremembertomakeorientationbeforestartingyourwork
s,alsochooseorcreatejobworkinginmeetwithactivitiesneedtodo.

CHAP.3.ACTIVITIESDONEDURINGINTERNSHIP
Thistableshowsallactivitiesperformedduringinternshipperiod

WEEKS DAY DATE ACTIVITIES

46
WEEK1 Monday 15/11/2021 WewenttothecityofKiga
litogetthesiteorientatio
n
Tuesday 16/11/2021 Wewenttothesitewher
etheprojectmanagerori
entedusatAfricanLeade
rshipUniversity(ALU)
Wednesday 17/11/2O21 Excavatingtrenchesfors
erviceduct
Thursday 18/11/2021 Settingouttheservicedu
ctattherightsideofroad
Friday 19/11/2021 subgradecompaction
WEEK2 Monday 22/11/2021 placingtheserviceducta
tthebedofground,pointi
ngjointsandfill
Tuesday 23/11/2021 Subgradecompaction
Wednesday 24/11/2021 Settingouttheservicedu
ctattherightsideofroad
Thursday 25/11/2021 placingtheblindconcret
e
Friday 26/11/2021 Placingtheserviceducta
tthebedofground,pointi
ngjointsandfill
WEEK3 Monday 29/11/2021 pointingthejointsbetwe
enculvert
Tuesday 30/11/2021 Settingoutforculvert
Wednesday 01/12/2021 placingtheblindconcret
e
Thursday 02/12/2021 placingpipeculvertovert
heblindingconcrete
Friday 03/12/2021 makingformworktosup
portboxculvert
WEEK4 Monday 06/12/2021 pointingthejointsbetwe
enculvert
Tuesday 07/12/2021 placingtheblindingconc
rete
Wednesday 08/12/2021 Removingformworkand
curingconcrete
Thursday 09/12/2021 settingoutopenchannel
Friday 10/12/2021 Fillingtheculverttrench
withlatellite
WEEK5 Monday 13/12/2021 Excavatingthetrenches
Tuesday 14/12/2021 Removingsoilwithpoor
propertiestobeusedfor
construction
Wednesday 15/12/2021 Fillingwithlatelliteanda
ggregatetoprovidestabi

47
 lity
Thursday 16/12/2021 Compactinginthebotto
mofthetrench
Friday 17/12/2021 layingtheblindingconcr
eteatthebedofthetrenc
hes
WEEK6 Monday 20/12/2021 makingformworkforcon
cretetosupportculvert
Tuesday 21/12/2021 Removingformworkand
preparingthegroundfor
placingblindingconcret
e
Wednesday 22/12/2021 Removingtheformwork
andcuringblindingconcr
ete
Thursday 23/12/2021 Removingthesoilatthep
k1+260wheretheywilld
ofilluptopk1+320
Friday 24/12/2021 Fillinglatellitesoilatthep
k1+260wheretheywilld
ofilluptopk1+320

WEEK7 Monday 27/12/2021 Christmasandboxingda

yholiday

Tuesday 28/12/2021 Excavatingtrenchesforb

oxculvert

Wednesday 29/12/2021 Placingblindingconcret

eforboxculvert

Thursday 30/12/2021 Puttingboxculvertintre

nchesthatwasexcavate
d

Friday 31/12/2021 Pointingboxculvert

WEEK8 Monday 03/01/2022 Newyearholidayshifted

onMonday

Tuesday 04/01/2022 Levellingtheroadusings

urveyinstruments

Wednesday 05/01/2022 Removinghighslopeonl

eftsideoftheroad

Thursday 06/01/2022 Cutandfilltogetalevelle

dsurface

48
 Friday 07/01/2022 Roadstabilisation
Table8

CHAP.4.CONCLUSIONANDRECOMENDATION

4.1.CONCLUSION
Industrialattachmentmainlyprovidesstudentsopportunitiestobefamiliarlywiththeworkonwhichtheywillbe
dealtwithinthefutureespeciallyifitisconductedaccordingly.ThisindustrialattachmentconductedinNPDCOT
RACOltdCompanyhelpedmetogainknowledge,skillsandexperienceofhowtousesurveyinginstrumentsucha
stotalstationanddumpylevelandroadconstructionprocessandtechinics.Duringthisperiodoftwomonthshas
beenveryrelevantandusefultomebecauseIhavebeencapabletousetheabovesaidsurveyinginstrumentandi
mplementdataonthefieldbyusingprofile,crosssectionandroadconstructionprocess.Ialsoappliedtheoretical
knowledgeacquiredinclassbypracticingthroughmanyactivitiesonfieldrelatedtomydomainofstudymainlyin

49
roadconstructionandsurvey.Thisindustrialattachmenthasfacilitatedmetobeincontactwithpeopleofagoodr
eputationinroadconstructionlandsurveyorswhowillhelpmetobemorecompetentinthefuture.Icannotconcl
udewithoutthankingCITYOFKIGALIandNPD’sworkersespeciallyleaderswhoacceptedtogivemeindustrialatt
achmentthathelpedmetoincreasemyknowledgeandskills.

4.2.RECOMENDATION
4.2.1.TotheIPRC.KAdministration:
T o helpthestudentw h o didn’tgotITPCompanybeforethestartingdate,tohelpthestudentfinanciallyduringITP
,helpthegraduatedstudentstogetjobsandincreasethetimeofITP.

4.2.2.TothecivilEngineeringDepartment,Highwayoption

H e l p studentswhostillstudyingtogetmoresitevisitthatwillhelptheminadaptationinITPcompanie
sandincreasepracticalworks.

4.2.3.Tootherstudent

S t a r t findingwheretobeattachedbeforethestartingdateofITP,participateintheattachedcompanybyobse
rvingeverything,practicingandfollowtheirinstructions,b e familiarwiththecompany’sstaffandcollaborate
withthemitwillhelpthemingettingjobandperformwellduringtheirITP.

REFERENCE
www.npd.co.rw
Engineeringconstructionnotes

Surveyingnoteyear0ne

50
APPENDIX

51
1.SURVEYINGTHESITEUSINGTOTALSTATIONDURINGROADIMPLEMENTATION

52
2.COMPACTORCOMPACTINGSUBGRADE

53
3.COMPACTEDSUBGRADE

54
4.INSITUDENSITYTESTPROCEDURES

55
5.CULVERTCONSTRUCTIONPROCEDURES

56