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worldatlas.com
worldatlas.com
Earth’s Atmospheric Gases
due to air circulation patterns, temperature gradients, land use practices and
industrial emissions

CONSTANT COMPONENTS: Proportions remain the same over time and location.

VARIABLE COMPONENTS: Amounts vary over time and location.

Roles of Atmosphere
• affects the earth’s energy balance

• integral component of hydrologic cycle, carbon cycle, and

nitrogen cycle

• provides favorable climate to meet food and energy

demands
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water vapor
• most abundant GHG in the atmosphere

• largest contributor to greenhouse effect (60%)

• warming is caused by increasing water vapor in

atmosphere due to increased evaporation

• act as feedback to climate (i.e. water vapor in

atmosphere increases as climate warms)

• does not long last in the atmosphere and is

removed as precipitation and condensation
Factors Affecting Climate

physicalgeography.net
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EARTH-SUN GEOMETRY
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CLIMATE IN THE PHILS
CLIMATE IN THE PHILS
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CLIMATE IN THE PHILS
CLIMATE IN THE PHILS
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CLIMATE IN THE PHILS
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CLIMATE IN THE PHILS

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01 solar radiation 05 humidity

02 temperature 06 wind

03 rainfall 07 evaporation

04 pressure 08 cloud cover

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Relationship between surface temperature,
amount of radiation, and wavelengths

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• Heat emitted as a result of absorption of solar radiation
• Amount of energy emitted is based on Stefan-Boltzmann Law

• Incoming (atmospheric) longwave (RLW↓)

• radiation emitted by atmosphere determined by air temperature

• Outgoing (terrestrial) longwave (RLW↑)

• radiation emitted by earth determined by earth surface temperature
• energy available at the earth’s surface to drive processes of evapotranspiration, air and
soil heating, as well as other, small energy-consuming processes such as
photosynthesis
• Accounting of all incoming and outgoing components of radiation
• Incoming radiation includes incident direct and diffuse SW, and incident LW radiation
emitted by sky and surrounding
• Outgoing radiation includes SW radiation reflected or transmitted by surface, and LW
radiation emitted by surface
• Net radiation (Rn) is sum of net shortwave radiation (RnSW) and net longwave radiation
(RnLW)
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Annual Average Global Temperature
Average Min and Max Temperature
(Manila, Philippines)

Weather-and-climate.com
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Global Precipitation (January 2010, in mm/month)

Average Monthly Precipitation
(Manila, Philippines)

Weather-and-climate.com
Rainfall Measuring Instruments
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Applications of Hydrometeorology
• Study the processes such as precipitation, runoff,
evaporation and their interactions
• Study problems such as floods and droughts and
strategies to combat them
• Weather forecasting
• Preparation of cropping calendar
• Determination of suitable cropping system
• Irrigation designing
• Construction of dam, culverts, reservoirs
• Designing soil conservation practices