JANUARY 2022 CONFIDENTIAL

SECTION A (Total: 40 marks)

INSTRUCTION: Answer ALL questions.

Question 1

(a) “A situation that exist when all people, at all times, have physical, social and
economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs
and food preferences for an active and healthy life”. (FAO,2016)

i. Discuss the definition by providing TWO (2) appropriate examples of food

insecurity.
Food insecurity is defined as a lack of consistent access to enough food for
every person in a household to live an active, healthy life. This can be a
temporary situation for a household or can last a long time. Food insecurity is
one way we can measure how many people cannot afford food.

- Poverty, unemployment, or low income

- Lack of affordable housing

(5 marks)
ii. Explain on how the Covid-19 pandemic has affected the Food system.
When the Covid-19 pandemic started government launch MCO where all people need
to work from home. Most of the farmer cannot tend their farm and causes the
production rate to decrease. Next, at the beginning of the pandemic, people were
terrified and start to panic buy all groceries and this causes the depletion of food and
other groceries at frightening pace.
(3 marks)
iii. Identify TWO (2) development goals that were set up by the United Nations.
- No Poverty
- Zero hunger
(2 marks)

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Question 2

(a) Describe the general requirement of sustainable food and agriculture.

- Sustainable agriculture must nurture healthy ecosystems and support the
sustainable management of land, water and natural resources, while ensuring world
food security.
- To be sustainable, agriculture must meet the needs of present and future
generations for its products and services, while ensuring profitability, environmental
health and social and economic equity.

(2 marks)

(b) Compare and contrast between all principles of FAO’s sustainable food and
Agriculture.
- Principle 1, Improving efficiency in the use of resources is crucial to
sustainable agriculture and Principle 2, Sustainability requires direct action
to conserve, protect and enhance natural resources is directly support the
natural system
- Principle 3, Agriculture that fails to protect and improve rural livelihoods,
equity and social well-being is unsustainable directly supports the human
system
- Principles 4, Enhanced resilience of people, communities and ecosystems
is key to sustainable agriculture and Principle 5, Sustainable food and
agriculture requires responsible and effective governance mechanisms
underpin both the natural and human systems. For application of the five
principles, a range of actions should be taken to enhance sectoral as well
as cross-sectoral productivity and sustainability

(8 marks)

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Question 3

(a) The right to food cannot be realized with persisting hunger, food insecurity and
malnutrition. Determine the 4 conditions that must be provided in order to promote it.
- Better policy design
- Increased (pro-poor, pro-vulnerable) investments
- Improved governance
- Evidence-based support
(4 marks)

(b) Identify the FAO’s role in implementing Right to food of Human Right Based
Approached (HRBA).
- P-Participation
- A-Accountability
- N-Non-discrimination
- T-Transparency
- H-Human dignity
- E-Empowerment
- R-Rule of law.
(6 marks)

Question 4

(a) Discuss THREE (3) important components affected in order to achieve the
understanding in current global food system.
- Food Utilization
The food utilization needs to consider the nutritional value, social value
and food safety
- Food Access
The food needs to consider the affordability, allocation and preference.
- Food Availability
Need to consider the production, distribution and exchange of food.

(6 marks)

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(b) Distinguish between food utilization and food access.

- Food access is the ability to acquire appropriate foods based on the affordability,
allocation and preference while Food utilization is the ability of our body uses the
energy intake based on the nutritional value, social value and food safety.
(4 marks)

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SECTION B (Total: 60 marks)

INSTRUCTION: Answer only THREE (3) questions.

Please use the answer booklet provided.

Question 5

(a) Differentiate between Millenium Development Goals (MDG’s) and Sustainable

Development Goals (SDG’s).
MDGs SDGs
Number of 8 17
Goals
Number of 21 169
Targets
Number of 60 232
Indicators
General Social Economic growth, social inclusion, and
scope environmental protection
Target Developing countries, particularly the Entire world including rich and poor
poorest

(8 marks)

(b) Discuss the policies dependable in which scarce financial resources release can be
devoted to coherent policy packages that can contribute to a productive, sustainable
and resilient sector.
- Remove existing policy disincentives to increasing productivity,
sustainability and resilience. Reduce and eventually eliminate government
support directly linked to output and input use. This would allow domestic
and international markets to function better, discourage overuse of inputs
that can damage the environment, and make limited public funds available
for new investments that can enable increased productivity, sustainability,
and resilience.
- Draw on the full range of economic instruments, including information,
education, regulation, payments, and taxes, in pursuit of environmental and
climate change goals. Where knowledge is inadequate, relevant data and
indicators need to be developed. Better policies require a robust information
base on environmental outcomes from alternative agricultural production
practices and their links to policy incentives.

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- Improve understanding of the financial and well-being situation of farm

households to design effective farm-income support measures. Internally
consistent data are often lacking on the income and wealth status of farm
households, going beyond aggregates and averages to encompass the
distribution of financial conditions across the full range of farm households,
relative to non-farm households in any given country.
- Redirect food, agriculture and fisheries support to ensure the availability of
public services that benefit producers, consumers and society overall. This
can include effective human, animal and plant health systems, appropriate
science-based biosecurity efforts, well-functioning agricultural innovation
systems, and digital infrastructure, amongst others.
- Encourage collaboration on knowledge generation and transfer with public
and private sectors, nationally, regionally, and internationally. Public
investment in research, including efforts to ensure that the outputs of
research reach farmers, can go a long way to ensure that the sector has the
capacity to respond to evolving needs and challenges. New information and
communication technologies also offer largely untapped potential to
improve farm productivity, sustainability, and resilience.
- Streamline risk management policies by clearly defining the limits between
normal business risks, risks for which market solutions can be developed,
and catastrophic risks requiring public engagement. Doing so enables pre-
defined public intervention, when required, while sending clear signals to
farmers and other private agents for developing market-based risk
management tools. Governments can also play a proactive role in providing
information on market risks and coping strategies for farmers and the
private sector.
(12 marks)

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Question 6

(a) “A blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all people and the
world by 2030”.
.
Determine the interlinked global goals designed for the mission statement above
with suitable example.

Goal 1: No poverty

Economic growth must be inclusive to provide sustainable jobs and promote equality.

Goal 2: Zero hunger

The food and agriculture sector offers key solutions for development, and is central
for hunger and poverty eradication.

Goal 3: Good health and well-being

Ensuring healthy lives and promoting the well-being for all at all ages is essential to
sustainable development.

Goal 4: Quality education

Obtaining a quality education is the foundation to improving people’s lives and

sustainable development.

Goal 5: Gender equality

Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but a necessary foundation
for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world.

Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation

Clean, accessible water for all is an essential part of the world we want to live in.

Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy

Energy is central to nearly every major challenge and opportunity.

Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth

Sustainable economic growth will require societies to create the conditions that allow
people to have quality jobs.

Goal 9: Industry, innovation, and infrastructure

Investments in infrastructure are crucial to achieving sustainable development.

Goal 10: Reduced inequalities

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To reduce inequalities, policies should be universal in principle, paying attention to

the needs of disadvantaged and marginalized populations.

Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities

There needs to be a future in which cities provide opportunities for all, with access to
basic services, energy, housing, transportation and more.

Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production

Responsible production and consumption

Goal 13: Climate action

Climate change is a global challenge that affects everyone, everywhere.

Goal 14: Life below water

Careful management of this essential global resource is a key feature of a

sustainable future.

Goal 15: Life on land

Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land

degradation, halt biodiversity loss

Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions

Access to justice for all, and building effective, accountable institutions at all levels.

Goal 17: Partnerships

Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.

(20 marks)

Question 7

(a) With the aid of a diagram, illustrate the stages involved in a food system.
(10 marks)

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(b) Food, agriculture, and fisheries depend on the world’s natural resources, so future
food production will depend on how well these resources are conserved and used.

Discuss TWO (2) challenges facing by our global food system.

(10 marks)

Question 8

(a) Discuss the Food Security definitions evolution.

- 1974 – Availability at all times of adequate world food supplies of basic foodstuffs to
sustain a steady expansion of food consumption and to offset fluctuations in
production and prices.
- 1983 – Ensuring that all people at all times have both physical and economic
access to the basic food that they need.
- 1986 – Access of all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life.
- 1996 – Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and
economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary
needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
- 2001 – Food security exists when all people at all times, have physical, social and
economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary
needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
(10 marks)

(b) Briefly outline TWO (2) key components to strengthening National Food Security
Framework as recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations (FAO).

- Availability - To ensure that there is always sufficient food supply in the

country

- Accessibility – To ensure the accessibility of food to the people is not

affected and identify strategies to increase food access.
(4 marks)

(c) Describe ONE (1) example of global food security issue, the main course and policies
undertaken to overcome the issue.
The food crisis chosen by our group is chicken shortage in Malaysia. Malaysia is

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currently experiencing a chicken shortage as local production cannot keep up with

demand. The rising costs of chicken production, disease infection, and weather
conditions have all been accused of the Malaysian chicken shortage. The move comes
as Malaysians struggle to cope with rapidly rising chicken prices. According to
research, manufacturers that produce chicken have decided to reduce the sale of
chicken because the size of chicken that is currently on the market does not conform
to the standard size that has been established. Furthermore, they had to postpone the
sale of chickens until the size of the chickens had already been determined. Following
shortages in the country, Malaysia has announced that it will reduce chicken exports
beginning in June.
(6 marks)

END OF EXAMINATION PAPER

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