You are on page 1of 19

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/352906989

Metales Pesados en Cerveza Artesanal: Una Revisión

Article  in  Química Central · April 2021


DOI: 10.29166/quimica.v7i1.2800

CITATIONS READS

0 339

5 authors, including:

Patricio J. Espinoza-Montero Pablo Bonilla Valladares


Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Central University of Ecuador
92 PUBLICATIONS   620 CITATIONS    25 PUBLICATIONS   45 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Fernández Lenys Marjorie Montero Jimenez


Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Escuela Politécnica Nacional
99 PUBLICATIONS   776 CITATIONS    10 PUBLICATIONS   35 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Electrochemical Abatement of Atrazine Solutions Using an Undivided Stirred Tank Cell with Pt or BDD Anode View project

Desarrollo de Biosensores basados en Nanotubos de carbono modificados para detección de enzimas; CEPRA XII-2018-14, Biosensores View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Patricio J. Espinoza-Montero on 04 July 2021.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.


Química Central (2021) Vol. 7 Núm. 1


    
   
 

  
  
  

     
 



$ ! " 
#  #" ! #'!
&##
##

"$ ! "(
# 
!# ! #'!
!&##
 &##
  "

 !
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29166/quimica.
 v7i1.2800



  $
 

 %+)&,"2% #0 24AE4I0 4B D=0 141830 @D4 B4 >1C84=4 ?>A
 0+&&*+"2%$+#*'*&* 54A<4=C028N= 34 <0;C0
 8E8;8I028>=4B 2><> ;>B
+"2%$+#*'*&*% BD<4A8>B H <4B>?>CJ<82>B  02 5D4A>= ;>B
)-/
?8>=4A>B4==><1A0AHA454A8AB404BC4?A>3D2C>4=
 &%%+)"&%*$+#*'*&*% BDB4B2A8C>B

)-/*)+*%#*
  +&*$+#*'*&*%#)-/
#024AE4I04BD=034;0B141830B<JB2>=BD<830B

 %!*++&#)#. +&*%#*#, 4=4;<4A203>0=8E4;6;>10;0;20=I0=3>D=




 #&$& ;?A8=28?0;?A>3D2C>A3424AE4I04B78=02>=

 &) <8;;>=4B34742C>;8CA>B
=8E4;<D=380;DA>?04B

 $"& 4;2>=C8=4=C42>=<0H>A2>=BD<>?4A2J?8C00=D0;


  "))& #>B ?0LB4B @D4 ;834A0= ;0 ;8BC0 34 2>=BD<> B>=


 "% )4?O1;820 7420 2>=  # ;4<0=80  #

  )&$& DBCA80 #H'>;>=80#


  #,$"%"&

  %!%*& #0 24AE4I0 0AC4B0=0; C84=4 BD >A864= 0 ?4@D4M0


 1(,# 4B20;04=)48=>,=83>4=;03K203034;>B A0IN=


 )*0%"& ?>A;02D0;B4;4B2>=>242><><82A>24AE424AL0



 &#+& BC0 141830 B4 501A820 0 ?0AC8A 34 241030 ;O?D;>

"%&'*"*)*'+"-*,%+&-"*+ ;4E03DA0H06D0;02>=24=CA028N=340;2>7>;E0AL0

 )%"*
H 64=4A0;<4=C4 4B <JB 0;C0 2><?0A030 2>= ;0

24AE4I0 8=3DBCA80;  P 6;
 *DB 2><?>=4=C4B



Química Central (2021) Vol. 7 Núm. 1

58=0;4B B>= 0;2>7>;4B 783A0C>B 34 20A1>=> => 2>AA>B8N=34;4@D8?0<84=C>?0A0;04;01>A028N=34


54A<4=C03>B 4= 5>A<0 34 34GCA8=0B E8C0<8=0B ;024AE4I0

BC>B<4C0;4B8=3D24=0;C4A028N=34;0B
<8=4A0;4B J283>B 54=>;4B 38NG83> 34 20A1>=> H ?A>?843034B 34 4=E49428<84=C> ?A4<0CDA> 34 ;0

06D00;A4343>A34; 
 24AE4I0034<JB3420DB0A?>B81;4B30M>B0;0B0;D3
34;>B2>=BD<83>A4B

#024AE4I00AC4B0=0;7083>60=0=3>4B?028>4=4;
<4A203>=028>=0;48=C4A=028>=0;
#0<0H>A?0AC4 #>B$4C0;4B'4B03>BB>=4;4<4=C>B@DL<82>B@D4
34;0?A>3D228N=344BC024AE4I0B47024=CA03>4= ?>B44= 0;C0 34=B8303 <0H>A 0  6 2< <0B0 H
;0B <82A> 24AE424AL0B ;> 2D0; 70 ?A>E>203> ?4B>0CN<82>?>A4=28<034 HB>=CNG82>B4=
4BCA06>B 42>=N<82>B 4= ;0B 6A0=34B 8=3DBCA80B 2>=24=CA028>=4B 1090B
 =CA4 ;>B 34 6A0=
CA03828>=0;4B3424AE4I0
,=494<?;>4B4;20B>34 8<?>AC0=280 B4 ?D434= 28C0A ';><> '1 2>10;C>
D3F48B4A@D44=4;?0B03>10B010BD?D1;828303 >BC0M>*=03<8>3$0=60=4B>$=
4=;0BA0L24B34;02><?0ML0B84=3>>A868=0A80B34 /8=2/= 84AA>4$4A2DA8> 6>1A4D
D=0<82A>24AE424AL0;>2D0;20DBN4542C>B4=;>B $>;8134=> $> %L@D4; %8 A><> A

?A>3D2C>A4B <JB 6A0=34B
 = 2D03>A 4G8BC4= ;D<8=8> ; *4;4=8> *4 -0=038> - +0;8>
28=2D4=C0 H 28=2>  <82A> 24AE424AL0B +;ABK=82>B4=CA4>CA>B
 ;>194C8E>34;0
A468BCA030B 4= (D8C> D0H0@D8; D4=20 $0=C0 ?A4B4=C4A4E8B8N=4B01>A30A;0C4<JC82002CD0;8I030
#>90 4 !10AA0 ?A8=28?0;<4=C4
  ;   34 ;>B 34;0?A4B4=280H34C4A<8=028N=34<4C0;4B?4B03>B
42D0C>A80=>B @D4 2>=BD<4 141830B 0;2>7N;820B 4= 24AE4I0 0AC4B0=0; ?D=CD0;8I0=3> 0; 58=0; 34;
?A4584A4 ;0 24AE4I0 2>= A4B?42C> 0;    @D4 <0=DB2A8C> B>1A4 ;>B ?A>1;4<0B @D4 ?D434=
342834 8=64A8A 141830B 34BC8;030B 2><> 4; A>= 020AA40A 4= ;0 B0;D3 34 ;>B 2>=BD<83>A4B ;0
E>3:0 F78B:H H C0<18K= E8=>
 *46O= 285A0B ?A4B4=280 34 ;>B ?A8=28?0;4B <4C0;4B @D4 B4 70=
A4E4;030B 4= ;0 =2D4BC0 %028>=0; 34 !=6A4B>B H A4?>AC03>2><>2>=C0<8=0=C4B4=4BC0141830

0BC>B4= >60A4B,A10=>BH)DA0;4B34;!=BC8CDC>
%028>=0;34BC03LBC820H4=B>B!%  34B34  #  $  
4;   B4 70 01>A303> 2>= 8<?D;B> 4; 
4<?A4=38<84=C>34;0B24AE4I0B0AC4B0=0;4B2><>
494<?;>;0)4?O1;82034;04AE4I04=D0H0@D8; =CA4 ;>B <KC>3>B <JB 4<?;403>B ?0A0 34C42C0A

4B D= 4<?A4=38<84=C> ?A8E03> @D4 C84=4 2><> <4C0;4B 4= 24AE4I0 B4 4=2D4=CA0=

?A>?NB8C> 38BC8=6D8A 4 8<?D;B0A ;0 346DBC028N= 34 4B?42CA>5>C><4CAL03401B>A28N=0CN<8202>=7>A=>

0;6D=0BE0A843034B3424AE4I0
 34 6A058C>  * ?>A BDB B86;0B 4= 8=6;KB
4B?42CA>B2>?80 34 01B>A28N= 0CN<820 2>= ;;0<0
,=> 34 ;>B 502C>A4B @D4 9D460 4= 2>=CA0 34 ;0 * ?>A BDB B86;0B 4= 8=6;KB A438B>;D28N=
20;830334D=024AE4I00AC4B0=0;4B;0?A4B4=28034 0=N3820 ?>A ?>;0A>6A05L0 E>;C0<?4A><4CAL0 34
<4C0;4B ?4B03>B
 BC4 2>=C0<8=0=C4 ?D434= A438B>;D28N= 0=N3820 2>= ?D;B> 3854A4=280;
?A>E4=8A34E0A80B5D4=C4B2><>;0<0C4A80?A8<0 '*- ?>A BDB B86;0B 4= 8=6;KB
4; 4<?;4> 34 038C8E>B @D4 2>=C4=60= CA0I0B 4B?42CA><4CAL0 34 <0B0B 34 ?;0B<0 02>?;03>
<4CJ;820B 3DA0=C4 4; ?A>24B> 34 54A<4=C028N= H 8=3D2C8E0<4=C4 !' $* ?>A BDB B86;0B 4=
<03DA028N=H;02>=C0<8=028N=?A>E4=84=C434;0 8=6;KB 4B?42CA><4CAL0 34 4<8B8N= N?C820 34

9

Química Central (2021) Vol. 7 Núm.
 1

?;0B<0 8=3D2830 ?>A <82A>>=30B ?>;0A>6A05L0 $4380=C4 4B?42CA><4CAL0 34 <0B0B 34 ?;0B<0
3854A4=280; 34 ?D;B>B '' ?>A BDB B86;0B 4= 02>?;03>8=3D2C8E0<4=C43DA0=C4;0?A>3D228N=34
8=6;KB4B?42CA>5>C><4CAL03401B>A28N=0CN<820 24AE4I0B 0AC4B0=0;4B B4 70 <>=8C>A403> ;0
4;42CA> CKA<820 +* ?>A BDB B86;0B 4= 4G8BC4=28034<4C0;4B?4B03>B2><>4'13%8
8=6;KB4B?42CA>5>C><4CAL03401B>A28N=0CN<820 D/=AHB
#>BA4BD;C03>B<>BCA0A>=@D4;0
2>=0C><8I028N=4=7>A=>346A058C>H2>AA4228N= <0C4A80 ?A8<0 2><> 06D0 <0;C0 ;O?D;> H
/44<0=  H <KC>3>B 4B?42CA><KCA82>B 34 ;4E03DA0B>=5D4=C4B342>=C0<8=028N=<DH1090
01B>A28N=<>;42D;0A,- -8B

 R6#4=A/=HD
$84=CA0B@D4;050B434
58;CA028N= ?D434 64=4A0AB4 4; 0D<4=C> 34 ;0
  2>=24=CA028N= 34 3 /= 4 H B 4= ;0 141830

4AE4I0B 0AC4B0=0;4B 4;01>A030B B8= ;0 58;CA028N=
'0A0 2030 <4C0; B4 ?D434 4;468A D= <KC>3> 34
58=0; => ?A4B4=C0A>= 8=2A4<4=C> 4= ;0
34C4A<8=028N= 4B?42L582> @D4 34?4=34AJ 34 ;0 
2>=24=CA028N=344BC>B<4C0;4B4=4;?A>3D2C>

=0CDA0;4I0H;0B?A>?843034B34;4;4<4=C>H34;0
<0CA8I 3>=34 B4 4=2D4=CA4 3827> <4C0;
 '0A0 $4380=C4 4B?42CA><4CAL0 34 4<8B8N= N?C820 34
34C4A<8=0A<4C0;4B?4B03>B4=<D4BCA0B3424AE4I0 ?;0B<0 8=3D2830 ?>A <82A>>=30B B4 70
B4 3414 2>=B834A0A ;0 458284=280 34 ;>B 34C4A<8=03>/=4AD$=>%8;9D=C>
?A>2438<84=C>B343864BC8N=2><>CA0C0<84=C>B34 2>= >CA>B 4;4<4=C>B 4= <D4BCA0B 34 24AE4I0
24=8I0 B420 3864BC8N= 2>= J283> =LCA82> H ;0 8=3DBCA80;4B H 0AC4B0=0;4B B4 ;>6A0A>= ?0AJ<4CA>B
34B60B8582028N=34;0<D4BCA0
 0=0;LC82>B2><>;L<8C43434C4228N=#&?>ABDB
B86;0B4=8=6;KB?A428B8N=H4G02C8CD30342D03>B
= 4; 20B> 34; 4 ;0 4B?42CA>5>C><4CAL0 34
?0A04;?A>?NB8C>34;CA0109>

01B>A28N= <>;42D;0A ,- -8B 2>=  
54=0=CA>;8=0B4704=2>=CA03>2><> <KC>3><JB = D4=20 2D03>A B4 70 A4?>AC03> 4; 2>=C4=83>
0?A>?803>?0A0;034C4A<8=028N=4=;024AE4I04= 34/=3'1HD4=;0B24AE4I0B0AC4B0=0;4B<JB
2><?0A028N= 2>= ;0 *
 $84=CA0B @D4 4BC0 2>=BD<830B <4380=C4 ;0 CK2=820 34 A438B>;D28N=
<8B<0 CK2=820 DC8;8I0=3> C8>280=0C> 34 ?>C0B8> 0=N3820 ?>A ?>;0A>6A05L0
 #0B <D4BCA0B 5D4A>=
"*% H J283> BD;5>B0;82L;82> 2><?0A03> 2>= ?A4CA0C030B <4380=C4 34B42028N= 0  P 4=


*?>B44=4;<8B<>6A03>34?A428B8N=
 4BCD50B40M038N6>C0B340248C434>;8E0?0A04E8C0A
;04B?D<0HB420;4=CN05D46>70BC0@D4B434CDE>
'0A0;034C4A<8=028N=34D;H34=24AE4I0
;078=270IN=34;0<D4BCA0B420;28=N4=;0<D5;0
B4 70= 34B0AA>;;03> ?A>2438<84=C>B <4380=C4
0P70BC0>1C4=4A24=8I0B1;0=20B
'0A04;20B>
4B?42CA><4CAL0 34 01B>A28N= 0CN<820
34; '1  34 2030  2;OBC4A 4BC010= 5D4A0 34 ;0
4;42CA>CKA<820
 #0B <D4BCA0B 34 24AE4I0 B4 CA0C0=
=>A<0 2>= D= 2>=C4=83> 34 <JB 34   <6 #
2>= ?4ANG83> 34 783AN64=>  & J283> =LCA82>
?0A0 4; 34; /=  34 2030  2;OBC4A 0=0;8I03>B
 %&H5>B50C>38J283>340<>=8>%  '&
B>1A4?0BN;02>=24=CA028N=34/=?4A<8C83>B46O=
HB48=H42C0=4=4;7>A=>3>=34B>=<8=4A0;8I030B
;0=>A<04;;L<8C4?4A<8C83>4B70BC0 <6#?0A0

2>=;058=0;8303340C><8I0A;>B<4C0;4B

4; 20B> 34; D  34 2030  2;OBC4A 0=0;8I03>B
B>1A4?0B0A>= ;0 2>=24=CA028N= 34 D B46O= ;0


10

Química Central (2021) Vol. 7 Núm. 1

=>A<0 024?C0 70BC0  <6 # #0 =>A<0 E864=C4 0=0;LC820


=0DB4=28034D;CA0B>=83>;0?0B8E028N=
?0A024AE4I0=>A46D;04;2>=C4=83>343A0IN= 34;>B4;42CA>3>B?>A4B?4284B>A6J=820BH;0BC0B0B
?>A ;0 2D0; ?0A0 4; 0=J;8B8B 34 ;>B A4BD;C03>B <JB 1090B 34 CA0=B?>AC4 34 <0B0 8<?834= ;0
>1C4=83>B344BC4<4C0;B4C><N2><>A454A4=280;0 >1C4=28N=342D0;@D84AB4M0;<4381;4
#0;8<?84I0
=>A<0 1A0B8;4M0 ?0A0 24AE4I0B C>3>B ;>B 2;OBC4A 20E8C028>=0;   34; 4;42CA>3> ?>A 8=B>=028N=
4BC010=34=CA>34;0=>A<0H0@D4;>B2>=C4=83>B <0=C84=4;002C8E830334;4;42CA>3>
#>B=8E4;4B34
=>B>1A4?0B0A>=;>B <6#
  2>=C4=83>C>C0;34D4=24AE4I0T'4386A448CC4AU
B4 4=2>=CA0A>= 4= 4; A0=6> 34  0   R6 34
; <KC>3> 34 E>;C0<?4A><4CAL0 34 A438B>;D28N= DY#
BC4A4?>AC434BC020;0E0;834I34;<KC>3>
0=N3820 *- 70 B83> DC8;8I03> ?0A0 34C4A<8=0A B>=> *-2><>D=0CK2=8204;42CA>0=0;LC820OC8;4=
<4C0;4B?4B03>B2><>D'1H34=141830B34 <438>B2><?;8203>B34<438A

<0;C0B8=0;2>7>;
=D=08=E4BC86028N=34141830B
4=!AJ=B434C42C0A>=2>=24=CA028>=4B34D'1H *470DC8;8I03>E>;C0<?4A><4CAL034B4?0A028N=?>A
3 34     H   <6  <# 03B>A28N= 34 ?D;B> 3854A4=280; '3*- ?0A0
A4B?42C8E0<4=C4
 4 02D4A3> 0 ;0 8=64BC0 380A80
34C4A<8=0A 4 4= 24AE4I0B
 ,= <KC>3> 0;C0<4=C4
024?C01;4 ! 4BC01;42830 ?>A ;>B ,, ;>B
B4=B81;4B4;42C8E>AJ?83>2>=5801;4H42>=N<82>
=8E4;4B344BC>B<4C0;4BB44=2D4=CA0=?>A34109>
?0A04;0=J;8B8B38A42C>344;81A44=<D4BCA0B34
34;!
 
24AE4I0 T#064AU ?J;830B >B2DA0B H B8= 0;2>7>;

'0A04;;>B4DC8;8IN4;4;42CA>3>2>;60=C4346>C034
#0 E>;C0<?4A><4CAL0 34 A438B>;D28N= 0=N3820
0B8BC830?>AD;CA0B>=83>B>=> *-70?4A<8C83> <4A2DA8>
 ; 4 ;81A4 4= ;0B 24AE4I0B >B2DA0B 5D4

;034C4228N=34;2>=C4=83>C>C0;34D4=24AE4I0 <JB 0;C> @D4 4= ;0B 24AE4I0B ?J;830B @D4 0O= 4B

DC8;8I0=3>4;42CA>3>B34?4;L2D;058=034<4A2DA8> <JB 0;C> @D4 4; 2>=C4=83> 34 4 ;81A4 4= ;0B

H 34 20A1>=> ELCA4>


 '0A0 4;;> B4 8=CA>3D24 D=0 24AE4I0B B8= 0;2>7>;
 #0B 4AE4I0B >B2DA0B

B>=30348=<4AB8N=4=D=024;3034CA4B4;42CA>3>B ?A4B4=C0A>=D=?A><438>34  R6#344;0B


2>=C4<?4A0CDA02>=CA>;030>?D4BC00D=4;42CA>3> 24AE4I0B ?J;830B  R6 # H ;0B 24AE4I0B B8=
34 CA0109> 34 %058>= 2D184AC> 2>= <4A2DA8> D=0 0;2>7>;  R6 #
 ; 4 ;81A4 4= 24AE4I0B ?D434
?4;L2D;034<4A2DA8>5>A<0304GB8CD>D=4;42CA>3> 4BC0A A4;028>=03> 2>= ;0B <0H>A4B 20=C83034B 34
34 20A1N= ELCA4> 34B=D3>
 '>A 4BC4 <KC>3> B4 8=6A4384=C4B 4= ;0B 24AE4I0B >B2DA0B 2><> B>=
A4@D84A4D=?A4CA0C0<84=C><L=8<>34;0<D4BCA0 ;O?D;> H <0;C0 ;>B 2D0;4B ?>B44= 20=C83034B
@D42>=B8BC44=;002838582028N=34;024AE4I02>= B86=85820C8E0B344
#0<0;C0>B2DA0B4>1C84=4?>A
%& 38;D83> H ;0 34B60B8582028N= 2>= 0A6N=
 4GCA0228N= 2>= 06D0 20;84=C4 ;> @D4 20DB0AL0
4B?DKB34;034?>B828N=34DB>1A44;4;42CA>3> ?A>101;4<4=C4 ;0 B>;D18;8303 ?0A280; 34; 4
4= ?A4B4=280 34 D;CA0B>=83> B4 4<?;40 D=0 0D<4=C0=3> 0BL ;0 2>=24=CA028N= 4= ;0B 24AE4I0B
4G?;>A028N=34>=302D03A030?0A0>1C4=4A;0B4M0; >B2DA0B

 

 


11

Química Central (2021) Vol. 7 Núm.
 1

 )4BD;C03>B4=;034C4A<8=028N=34<4C0;4B?4B03>B
4=24AE4I0B0AC4B0=0;4B4=0;6D=0B8=E4BC86028>=4B
!" B4<D4BCA0=4=;0C01;0

$4C0;4B?4B03>B3424AE4I0B0AC4B0=0;4B'A8<4A0?0AC4


!

       



`:$ `:$ `:$ `:$ `:$ `:$
FC86GEB@8GER4
788@<F<TA
<H747EHM
TCG<6478 
   
74F?@4F 

 
 
 

C?4F@4   
 
4;R4E4F<?
<A7H6<74CBE
@<6EBBA74F
FC86GEB@8GER4
78@4F4F78
8EI8M4?4:8E
C?4F@4 A7 A7 A7
 A7 A7 A7 

46BC?47B  
 
  
!G4?<4
<A7H6G<I4@8AG8
!(%+
FC86GEBF6BC<4  
7845FBE6<TA <4?LFGB>  
   

4GT@<646BA (B?BA<4 
??4@4+
FC86GEB@8GER4  
7845FBE6<TA
4GT@<64 FC4S4 
    X 

8?86GEBGPE@<64
,+
FC86GEB@8GER4  
7845FBE6<TA
4GT@<646BA
4GB@<M46<TA8A *HE4?   
  

;BEAB78 E4F<?  
:E49<GBL
6BEE866<TA
288@4A
FC86GEB9BGB@  
8GER478
5FBE6<TA
H4L4DH<?
 

GT@<646BA    

6H47BE 
BEAB78
E49<GB
+
FC86GEBF6BC<4  
X   X
7845FBE6<TA )H<GB
   

4GT@<646BA 6H47BE  
??4@4+
FC86GEB9BGT@  
8GEB78
 


24@5<4  





 

45FBE6<TA
4GT@<64
 $&%# ""

12

Química Central (2021) Vol. 7 Núm. 1

$4C0;4B?4B03>B3424AE4I0B0AC4B0=0;4B
*46D=30?0AC4

! 
'       " 
&! 
#%
Z6# Z6# Z6# Z6#

)D180><?0ML0 
 
   
      
D4=20 2D03>A

%46A0

><?0ML0   
 
     
D4=20 2D03>A

)>90><?0ML0  
   
     
D4=20 2D03>A

)438B>;D28N=0=N3820
4=4;?>;0AN6A05> )D18002C>AH  
 
  
      
D4=20 2D03>A

)>9002C>AH  
 
   
     
D4=20 2D03>A

%46A002C>AH  
 
 
     
D4=20 2D03>A

->;C0<?4A><4CAL034
)438B>;D28N==N3820 S S 
(D8C> 2D03>A   
2>='D;B>854A4=280;    
'*-
'>;0A>6A05L0
3854A4=280;34?D;B>B
S
''H *0=#D8B'>C>BL 
    
E>;C0<?4A><4CAL034 $KG82>

B4?0A028N=0=N382>
*-

->;C0<?4A><4CAL034 4AE4I0B8=

B4?0A028N=0=N3820 0;2>7>;         
*- !AJ=

 
   

 


13

Química Central (2021) Vol. 7 Núm.
 1



$4C0;4B?4B03>B3424AE4I0B0AC4B0=0;4B
+4A24A0?0AC4

! 
'
&!       
#%
Z6# Z6# Z6# Z6# Z6#
B?42CA>5>C><4CAL
0341B>A28N=
D0H0@D8;     

CN<8202>= =
3 
2D03>A
>A=>34A058C>
 *
B?42CA><4CAL034
<0B0B34?;0B<0
4AE4I0  =
3

  
02>?;03>    
;064A !C0;80    
8=3D2C8E0<4=C4
!' $*
B?42CA>B2>?8034

01B>A28N=0CN<820 80;HBC>:   
    
2>=;;0<0 '>;>=80 

*
B?42CA><4CAL034
01B>A28N=0CN<820     
B?0M0     
4;42CA>CKA<820 
+*
B?42CA><4CAL034
4<8B8N=N?C82034 8D303ADI


 
?;0B<08=3D2830 30B;<0B    
 
?>A<82A>>=30B 07L0 A0B8;
!' &*

B?42CA>5>CN<4CA =
3


>3401B>A28N= /0<180       
0CN<820* 
 $&%# 
""
0;
 ?>A 4; <KC>3> !' $* => B4 ?D3> 34C42C0A

+01;0 ?A8<4A0?0AC4B4?D3>834=C85820AB48B 3827> <4C0;


 ; /= 34C42C03> 4= 24AE4I0B
<4C0;4B4=BDB5>A<0BC>C0;4B
;A34C42C03>4= 0AC4B0=0;4B 4= (D8C> 2D03>A H /0<180 <D4BCA0

24AE4I0B 0AC4B0=0;4B 34 A0B8; ?>A '8A4B 4C 0;
  B4A <0H>A 4= /0<180 70BC0 D=0 2>=24=CA028N=
<4380=C4 !' &* 5D4 34   R6 # B84=3>  R6#H<4=>A4=2D03>A70BC0R6#
<JB0;C>@D44;A4?>AC03>?>A'0BB06744C0;
?0A0  

 ; 3 C>C0; @D4 B4 34C4A<8=N 4= 24AE4I0B

24AE4I0B34!C0;80<4380=C4!' $* R6# 0AC4B0=0;4B 34 !C0;80 B?0M0 A0B8; H 2D03>A
  

=2D0=C>0;%8B44=2>=CAN  R6# 4= <D4BCA0B4A<0H>A4=!C0;80?>A4;<KC>3>!' $*
24AE4I0B 0AC4B0=0;4B 34 A0B8; ?>A 4; <KC>3> 34  R6 # H B86=85820C8E0<4=C4 <4=>A 4=
!' &*4<?;403>?>A'8A4B4C0;
<84=CA0B@D4 2D03>AB46O=4;A468BCA>34)>3AL6D4I<4380=C4
4= 24AE4I0B 34 !C0;80 A468BCA030B ?>A '0BB0674 4C 4;<KC>3>34 * R6#
;'1C>C0;

14

Química Central (2021) Vol. 7 Núm. 1

2D0=C858203> 4= 24AE4I0B 0AC4B0=0;4B 34 !C0;80 <KC>3> !' &* 2>=   R6 # H =>
A0B8; 2D03>A H /0<180 <D4BCA0 B4A <0H>A 4= 34C42C01;44=!C0;80?>A4;<KC>3>34!' $*

/0<1802>= R6#<4380=C44;<KC>3>* *4 ?D434 >1B4AE0A D=0 <0H>A 20=C8303 34 4BC>B
H => 34C42C01;4 4= !C0;80 ?>A 4; <KC>3> 34 !' 28=2><4C0;4B4=24AE4I0B0AC4B0=0;4B34A0B8;H
$*
;DC>C0;@D4B434C4A<8=N4=24AE4I0B /0<180
#>2D0;4E834=280@D4;05D4=C4344BC>B
0AC4B0=0;4B34A0B8;!C0;80'>;>=80B?0M0A0B8; <4C0;4B?D434B4A38E4AB0H@D434?4=34<D27>34
H /0<180 <D4BCA0 B4A <0H>A 4= A0B8; ?>A 4; ;0;>20;8303344BCD38>


= ;0 +01;0  B46D=30 ?0AC4 B4 <D4BCA0 ;0 D4=20 2D03>A @D4 ;0B 24AE4I0B B8= 0;2>7>;
34C4228N= 34 2D0CA> 8>=4B <4CJ;82>B
 ; /=!! A468BCA030B ?>A *034678 4C 0;
  4= !AJ=  H
34C42C03> 4= 24AE4I0B 0AC4B0=0;4B 34 D4=20   R6 # A4B?42C8E0<4=C4 ?>A ;>B <KC>3>B
2D03>A(D8C>S2D03>A$KG82>4!AJ=B4M0;0 34B2A8C>B 0=C4A8>A<4=C4
   ><> B4 ?D434
D=0 <0H>A 2>=24=CA028N= 4= ;0B 24AE4I0B T)D180 >1B4AE0A;0B24AE4I0BB8=0;2>7>;0=0;8I030B4=4BC0
><?0ML0UA468BCA030B?>A424AA0 4=D4=20 C01;0 2>=C84=4= <4=>A 2>=24=CA028N= 34 8>=4B
2D03>A?>A4;<KC>3>34A438B>;D28N=0=N3820?>A <4CJ;82>B;>2D0;8=3D2402>AA>1>A0A;>34B2A8C>
?>;0A>6A05L0 H <4=>A 2>=24=CA028N= 4= 24AE4I0B ?>A >=2>= )>10A3B )48;;H H >CA>B  @D4 4;
B8=0;2>7>;A468BCA030B?>A*0346784C0;
 4=!AJ= 0;2>7>; ?>3AL0 2>=CA81D8A 4= ;0 B>;D18;8303 34 ;>B
?>A 4; <KC>3> 34 *-  H  R6 # <4C0;4B 4= 4; ?A>24B> 4GCA02C8E> 3DA0=C4 ;0
 
A4B?42C8E0<4=C4
 ; 3!! 34C42C03> 4= <024A028N=
  
24AE4I0B0AC4B0=0;4B34D4=20 2D03>A$KG82>4
!AJ= B4M0;0 D=0 <0H>A 2>=24=CA028N= 4= ;0B =;0+01;0 C4A24A0?0AC4B4<D4BCA0;034C4228N=

24AE4I0BT)D18002C>AHUA468BCA030B?>A424AA0  34 28=2> <4C0;4B


 ; ; H $= C>C0; 34C42C03> 4=

4= D4=20 2D03>A @D4 ;0B 24AE4I0B B8= 0;2>7>; 24AE4I0B0AC4B0=0;4B34B?0M0?>A-8M0B4C0;


H

A468BCA030B?>A*0346784C0;
 4=!AJ= H   34'>;>=80?>A/0<1AIH2:04C0;
B4M0;0=E0;>A4B

R6#A4B?42C8E0<4=C4?>A;>B<KC>3>B34B2A8C>B B86=85820C8E>B 34 2>=24=CA028N= ?>A ;>B <KC>3>B

0=C4A8>A<4=C4
  ;'1!!34C42C03>4=24AE4I0B +H* HR6#A4B?42C8E0<4=C4

0AC4B0=0;4B 34 D4=20 2D03>A (D8C> 2D03>A <84=CA0B@D44;>C>C0;A468BCA03>?>A'8A4B4C0;




$KG82>4!AJ=B4M0;0<0H>A2>=24=CA028N=4=;0B 4= 24AE4I0B 34 A0B8; <4380=C4 !' &* 4B

24AE4I0BA468BCA030B?>A>A904=(D8C> 2D03>A <L=8<0BD?A4B4=280 R6#


;4C>C0;

?>A4;<KC>3>34'*-H<4=>A2>=24=CA028N= 34C42C03> 4= 24AE4I0B 0AC4B0=0;4B 34 !C0;80

4=24AE4I0BB8=0;2>7>;A468BCA030B?>A*0346784C '>;>=80 A0B8; H /0<180 B4M0;0 D=0 <0H>A

0;
 4=!AJ=?>A4;<KC>3>34*-H  R6 2>=24=CA028N= 4= ;0B 24AE4I0B A468BCA030B ?>A

# A4B?42C8E0<4=C4
  ; D!! 34C42C03> 4= )48;;H4=/0<180?>A4;<KC>3>34*H<4=>A

24AE4I0B 0AC4B0=0;4B 34 D4=20 2D03>A 4 !AJ= 2>=24=CA028N= 4= 24AE4I0B A468BCA030B ?>A

B4M0;0 D=0 <0H>A 2>=24=CA028N= 4= ;0B 24AE4I0B '0BB06744C0;


4=!C0;80?>A4;<KC>3>34!'

T%46A0 02C>AHU A468BCA030B ?>A 424AA0  4= $* H  R6#

A4B?42C8E0<4=C4
 ; B 34C42C03> 4= 24AE4I0B D=0 2>=24=CA028N= B8<8;0A 4= ;0B 24AE4I0B
0AC4B0=0;4B 34 D0H0@D8; 2D03>A 4 !C0;80 B4M0;0 A468BCA030B?>A)>3AL6D4I4=D0H0@D8; 2D03>A

15

Química Central (2021) Vol. 7 Núm.
 1

?>A4;<KC>3>34 *A4B?42C>0;0B24AE4I0B 3DA0=C4 4; ?A>24B> 34 4;01>A028N= 34 6A0=>B



A468BCA030B ?>A '0BB0674 4C 0;
  4= !C0;80 ?>A 4; ?4;03>B?A>3D228N=34;4E03DA0H4;01>A028N=34
<KC>3> 34 !' $*  H   R6 # 24AE4I0

A4B?42C8E0<4=C4

#>B=8E4;4B3434=;024AE4I0?D434=B4A34183>

! !   #% 0 ;>B A4B83D>B 34 ?A>3D2C>B 06A>@DL<82>B
DC8;8I03>B 2><> 8=B42C82830B H 5D=682830B @D4
#0 ?A4B4=280 34 <4C0;4B ?4B03>B 4= 24AE4I0 4= 2>=C84=4=3C0<18K=?D4340CA81D8AB44=CA4>CA0B
2>=24=CA028>=4B 0;C0B 34B50E>A424= 4; ?A>24B> 34 A0I>=4B0;02>=C0<8=028N=0<184=C0;4=0@D4;;>B
54A<4=C028N= ?>A@D4 ?D434= 64=4A0A 4542C>B ;D60A4B3>=344G8BC4=2><?;49>B8=3DBCA80;4B24A20
CNG82>B?0A0;0B;4E03DA0B

 34;0B6A0<L=40B


*4 2>=>24 @D4 ;>B 20<18>B 34 B01>A >2DAA4= ,=0 <024A028N= ?A>;>=6030 0 C4<?4A0CDA0B <DH
8=4E8C01;4<4=C4 4= ;0 24AE4I0 3DA0=C4 4; 0;C0B?A>101;4<4=C420DB4D=04GCA0228N=2><?;4C0
4=E49428<84=C>H34?4=3434;C8?>3424AE4I034 34334;<>BC>20A02C4ALBC820BC42=>;N6820B2><>
BD =0CDA0;4I0 H 2>=3828>=4B 34 0;<024=0<84=C>
 4;?A4=B03>H502C>A4B@DL<82>B2><>4;2>=C4=83>
,= C8?> 8<?>AC0=C4 34 20<18> 3DA0=C4 4; 34 0;2>7>; 02834I 34; <>BC> C0<18K= ?>3AL0=
4=E49428<84=C> 34 ;0 24AE4I0 4B 20DB03> ?>A 20DB0A ;0 4GCA0228N= 34 3
   BC4 4542C> B4
2><?D4BC>B 20A1>=L;82>B 0A><JC82>B 02C8E>B @D4 ?D434 0CA81D8A 0 ;0 6A0= <0H>AL0 34 ;>B <4C0;4B

?D434=5>A<0AB4?>AA40228>=4B34A03820;4B
 ?4B03>B2><>4'1;A$=%8/=>D
4=CA4>CA>B

*46O=0<5>AC7H'0AB>=B  ;>BA03820;4B
783A>G8;>BB>=;>B8=C4A<4380A8>B<JB8<?>AC0=C4B
  !!$!  "
4= ;0 5>A<028N= 34 2><?D4BC>B 0A><0C8I0=C4B
4=E494283>B4=;024AE4I0H0@D4?D434=30A?0B> G8BC4=0;6D=>B4;4<4=C>B@D4B>==424B0A8>B4=;0
0 ;0 346A03028N= 34 ;>B 2><?>=4=C4B >A6J=82>B
 0;8<4=C028N= 34; 7><1A4 34=><8=03>B 2><>
'>A>CA>;03>;>B<4C0;4B?4B03>B20C0;8I0=4BC0B 4B4=280;4B B8= 4<10A6> B4 3414 0=0;8I0A 2D0=3>
A40228>=4B 4 8=C4AE84=4= 4= ;0 5>A<028N= 34 4BC>B <4C0;4B ?4B03>B 8=C4AE84=4= 4= 3>B8B
A03820;4B34J283>B6A0B>B
'>A;>C0=C>;>B8>=4B 4;4E030B>4=;08=64BC0380A8034;>B0;8<4=C>B

34 <4C0;4B ?4B03>B B>= 34 8<?>AC0=280 3428B8E0
?0A0 4; 4=E49428<84=C> 34 ;0 24AE4I0
 = 4BC4 
B4=C83>B42>=>24@D48>=4B344HDC84=4=D=0
8=5;D4=280=460C8E04=;04BC018;830334;B01>A34;0 ; '1 4=2>=CA03> 4= ;0B 24AE4I0B ?D434 C4=4A BD
24AE4I0
*4A4?>AC0@D4;0B2>=24=CA028>=4B34D >A864=34B344;<438>0<184=C42><>A4BD;C03>34

?>A 34109> 34   µ6 # 20DB0= 30M>B 4= 4; 02C8E83034B 7D<0=0B C0;4B 2><> ;814A028N=

?A>3D2C>58=0;
#>B>AL64=4B344BC>B3>B<4C0;4B 8=3DBCA80; ?A>3D2C>B @DL<82>B 34B42703>B

4= ;0 24AE4I0 B4 30= 0 ?0AC8A 34 <0C4A80B ?A8<0B 8=2>AA42C0<4=C4 > 0?;82028N= 8=0?A>?8030 34

4@D8?>B344;01>A028N=C84AA034380C><40B4=CA4 ?4BC82830BH7D<>B34;CAJ582>


>CA>B@D470B83>184=8=E4BC8603>2><>?KA3830

16

Química Central (2021) Vol. 7 Núm. 1

BC4 <4C0; => 2D<?;4 D=0 5D=28N= 4B4=280;


 ,=0 ; 4=E4=4=0<84=C> 06D3> ?>A '1 ?D434 20DB0A
?4AB>=003D;C0B8=4G?>B828N=0;'1?D4348=64A8A BL=C><0B2><>20;0<1A4B4=4;4BCN<06>?KA3830
0CA0EKB34;00;8<4=C028N=4=CA4 H <634'1 34 0?4C8C> 50C860 =JDB40B EN<8C> <0; 7D<>A
?>A 3L0 4BC4 <4C0; 4B 4;8<8=03> 70BC0 4;    38582D;C03 ?0A0 3>A<8A 3>;>A 34 2014I0 3>;>A4B
<4380=C4 4; 5D=28>=0<84=C> 34 ;>B A8M>=4B
 *8 ;0 0AC82D;0A4B 3>;>A4B <DB2D;0A4B 38B<8=D28N= 34;
8=64BC0380A80BD?4A0;>B <64=C>=24B4B20?0I 34B4> B4GD0; 4BCA4M8<84=C> H 0=4<80
 ;
3402D<D;0AB4H20DB0A8=C>G82028N=
;><8CK 4=E4=4=0<84=C> 2AN=82> 4B 3428A 0 ;0A6> ?;0I>
$8GC> & &$* 70 4BC01;4283> ?0A0 4; '1 D=0 20DB04542C>?4A9D38280;4=E0A8>BB8BC4<0B34;>B
8=64BC0 B4<0=0; C>;4A01;4 ?A>E8B8>=0; '+.! ?>A 2D0;4B ;>B 34 <0H>A 8<?02C> B>= 4; A4=0;
BDB B86;0B 4= 8=6;KB 34  R6 ?>A :8;>6A0<> 34 74<0C>?>HKC82>A4?A>3D2C>AH=4AE8>B>
?4B>2>A?>A0;?>AB4<0=0


DA0=C4 ;0 01B>A28N= 34; '1 4= 4; C>AA4=C4
B0=6DL=4> KBC4 4B CA0=B?>AC03> ?>A ;>B 6;N1D;>B ; D ?A4B4=C4 4= ;0B 24AE4I0B ?D434 C4=4A BD
A>9>BD=83>B0;0B?A>C4L=0B34;?;0B<04=D= >A864= 34B34 ;0 2>=C0<8=028N= 34; 4@D8?0<84=C>
34;05A0228N=28A2D;0=C434;<4C0;?>BC4A8>A<4=C4 3DA0=C4 4; ?A>24B> 34 4;01>A028N= 4= ;0 @D4 B4
4; '1 B4 38BCA81DH4 0; B8BC4<0 NB4> H 70280 ;>B 64=4A0 ;0 34?>B828N= 34; <4C0; 0 20DB0 34 ;0
C4983>B 1;0=3>B 2><> <K3D;0 NB40 B8BC4<0 2>AA>B8N=34;<0C4A80;
 
=4AE8>B> 24=CA0; A8MN= 4 7L603>
 ,=
?A>2438<84=C><DHB8<8;0A>2DAA42>=4;A4BC>34 ; D 4B D= <82A>=DCA84=C4 4B4=280; @D4 B4

;>B<4C0;4B?4B03>B
 4=2D4=CA0?A4B4=C44=CA4  <64=;0?4AB>=0
03D;C0
44BC4C>C0;34D4; 5>A<0?0AC434;
#0?A4B4=28034'14=4;>A60=8B<>8=C4AAD<?44; 4B@D4;4C>;>B<OB2D;>BH;0?84;0D=@D4C0<18K=
<4C01>;8B<> 34 ;0 E8C0<8=0  H 34; 0 034<JB 4BCJ?A4B4=C44=0;6D=>BNA60=>B2><>4;24A41A>
>20B8>=02><?4C4=2802>=4;4H4;020DB0=3> H 4; 7L603> 4= ;>B 2D0;4B 4G8BC4 <0H>A
?A>1;4<0B 0 ;0 B0;D3 KBC0B B>= 0=4<80 4 2>=24=CA028N=
 ;D5D=28>=02><>2><?>=4=C4
78?>20;24<80A4B?42C8E0<4=C4
,=0E4I@D44;'1 34E0A80B<4C0;>4=I8<0B@D402CO0=2><>>G830B0B
8=6A4B0 0; >A60=8B<> 4; 6AD?> 34 4=I8<0B @D4 ?0A0;>6A0A;0A43D228N=34;>GL64=><>;42D;0A

<4C01>;8I0=;>B0<8=>J283>B0ID5A03>B<4C8>=8=0
H 28BC4L=0 ;> 2>=E84AC4= 4= '1*
 ; '1 %D4BCA0 8=64BC0 A4@D4A830 4B 34  Z6 34 D
8=>A6J=82>B401B>A14B438BCA81DH4B402D<D;0H 380A80<4=C4
 ; D 4= 20=C83034B ?A><8=4=C4B 4B

B4 4G2A4C0 34 5>A<0 38A42C0 4B 3428A => B4 20?0I34>20B8>=0A30M>B?4A<0=4=C4B0;0B0;D3
<4C01>;8I0
 = 20<18> 4; '1 >A6J=82> 4B 4= =8M>B <4=>A4B 34 D= 0M> @D4 ?4A2810= D=0
CA0=B5>A<03> 0 '1'& H ?>BC4A8>A<4=C4 0 8=64BC8N= 4;4E030 34 3827> <4C0; 3DA0=C4 20C>A24
'1'&4;2D0;?>B44D=0B>;D18;8303<4=>AH 3L0B > <JB ?D434 20DB0A 4=54A<4303 0; 7L603> H
?>A2>=B86D84=C4=>B44G2A4C03486D0;<0=4A0@D4 A8MN=
 = 2D0=C> 0 ;0 ?4AB>=0 03D;C0 4; 2>=BD<>
4; '1 8=>A6J=82> 8=8280; 0D<4=C0=3> 0BL ;0 4G24B8E> 34 D ?D434 >20B8>=0A CA0BC>A=>B

2>=24=CA028N= H 64=4A0=3> ;0 02D<D;028N= 34; 3864BC8E>B 4=CA4 4;;>B 20;0<1A4B 4BC><020;4B

<4C0;4=4;>A60=8B<>
  380AA40=JDB40BHEN<8C>


17

Química Central (2021) Vol. 7 Núm.
 1

 2>=BC8CD8A ;0 4=I8<0 A81>=D2;4>C83> A43D2C0B0


2D<?;4 5D=28>=4B 34 CA0=B?>AC4 34 4;42CA>=4B 0;
; 3 0; 86D0; @D4 4; '1 ?D434 0?0A424A 4= ;0 C4=4A ;0 20?028303 34 024?C0A;>B H 3>=0A;>B H
24AE4I0?>A>A864=34;02>=C0<8=028N=0<184=C0; C0<18K=4=4;CA0=B?>AC4>GL64=>?>A<438>34;0
34?>B8C03> 4= ;0B B4<8;;0B 34 ;0B 6A0<L=40B 74<>6;>18=0
 ; 4 01B>A183> B4 DC8;8I0 ?0A0

DC8;8I030B?0A0;0501A82028N=34;0141830
 5>A<0A 74<>?A>C4L=0B > 0 BD E4I B4 0;<024=0 4=
5>A<03454AA8C8=0

; 3 => B4 2>=B834A0 4B4=280; ?0A0 ;0 E830
7D<0=0
 #> A4;4E0=C4 34; 3 B>= ;>B =8E4;4B 34 #0 A42><4=3028N= 34 8=64BC0 380A80 4B 34  0
4G?>B828N= 4B 3428A ;0B EL0B ?>A ;0B @D4 4; 3 <63L0
 ; 4G24B> 34 4 ?A>3D24
8=6A4B0 0; 0;8<4=C>
 *4 ?D434 <438A 3 4= ;0 74<>2A><0C>B8B;02D0;4BD=04=54A<430320DB030
B0=6A4 ;0 >A8=0 4; 2014;;> H ;0B DM0B ?0AC4B 34; ?>A ;0 02D<D;028N= 34 4 @D4 64=4A0 20<18>B

2D4A?>3>=34B402D<D;04BC4<4C0;
 ?0C>;N682>B ;>B BL=C><0B B>= 0BC4=80 ;4C0A680
0ACA0;680 H 4= 4C0?0 0E0=I030 34 ;0 4=54A<4303
=2D0=C>0;08=64BC8N=B4<0=0;C>;4A01;44=;>B
20DB0 28AA>B8B 74?JC820 38014C4B 4
0;8<4=C>B #0 DC>A8303 DA>?40 34 *46DA8303
78?4A?86<4=C028N=2DCJ=40

;8<4=C0A804BC01;428N4;E0;>A34Z6343?>A
:6 34 ?4B> 2>A?>A0;
 #>B 2>=BD<>B 4= 6A0=34B 
20=C83034B 34B4=;0I0= 4542C>B B42D=30A8>B
8=2;DH4=38B5D=28N=A4=0;?A>C48=DA80H=42A>B8B34 ;/=?A4B4=C44=;0B24AE4I0BC84=4>A864=B8<8;0A
4BC4NA60=>78?4AC4=B8N=30M>74?JC82>C>G828303 0;34;4?>A;>@D4<024A028>=4B?A>;>=6030B0
A4?A>3D2C8E0 30M> ?D;<>=0A B8 ;0 4G?>B828N= 4B C4<?4A0CDA0B0;C0B?D43450E>A424A0;0D<4=C>34
?>A 8=70;028N= H 4542C>B NB4>B 2><> BD2>=24=CA028N=
 
>BC4><0;0280

B D= 2><?>=4=C4 5D=28>=0; 34 E0A80B ?A>C4L=0B
 @D4 2>=CA81DH4= 0 ;0 4G?A4B8N= 6K=820 H ;0
A46D;028N=34;002C8E830364=KC820
+0<18K=C84=4
#0 ?A4B4=280 34; 4 4= ;0 24AE4I0 B4 ;4 0CA81DH4 D= ?0?4; 4= ;0 5D=28N= 8=<D=>;N6820 H ;0B
4B?4280;<4=C4 0 ;0 2>AA>B8N= 34; 4@D8?0<84=C> 28C>B8=0B
 #0 DC>A8303 DA>?40 34 *46DA8303
DC8;8I03> ?0A0 ;0 ?A>3D228N= 34 ;0 141830 ?4A> ;8<4=C0A80 4BC01;424D=08=64BC0380A80C>;4A01;4
034<JB 4B 4; A4BD;C03> 34 ;0 B>;D18;8303 34; 344=CA4 H<63L0?0A0;>B7><1A4BH34
<8=4A0;3DA0=C4;04GCA0228N=34;0<0;C0>B2DA00; H<6Y3L0?0A0;0B<D94A4B

0?;820A 06D0 20;84=C4 0 ;0 <0C4A80 ?A8<0 A820 4=
4
 #0 8=C>G82028N= 06D30 8=2;DH4 BL=C><0B 2><>
=JDB40B EN<8C>B 3>;>A 4?86JBCA82> 20;0<1A4B
;44BD=<8=4A0;4B4=280;@D42D<?;45D=28>=4B 013><8=0;4BH380AA40
#0C>G8283032AN=8203030
38E4AB0B 4= 4; >A60=8B<> C0;4B 2><> ;0 ?>A 8=64BC0B 34 4=CA4   <6 3L0 H   <6 3L0
8=C4AE4=28N=4=?A>24B>B<4C01N;82>B5>A<0?0AC4 3DA0=C4;0A6>B?4AL>3>B20DB0=CA0BC>A=>BB8<8;0A4B
34 2><?;49>B <>;42D;0A4B 4B 2><?>=4=C4 34 0;>B34D=03458284=280342>1A4HB4<0=8584BC0=
4=I8<0B ?0AC828?0 4= ;0 BL=C4B8B 34 % 0;

18

Química Central (2021) Vol. 7 Núm. 1

?>A 20<18>B 58B8>;N682>B H 18>@DL<82>B 2><> ?4@D4M0 ?0B4 0 ;>B 8=C4BC8=>B H B4 01B>A10
 #0
78?>2D?A4<80 ;4D2>?4=80 =4DCA>?4=80 0=4<80 * 70 4BC01;4283> D=0 3>B8B 34 A454A4=280
B834A>1;JBC820 38B<8=D28N= 34 ;0 5D=28N= 34 $# 34 <6:634?4B>2>A?>A0;?>A3L0
4=I8<0B @D4 2>=C84=4= 2>1A4 0;C4A028>=4B 34; ?>A;>B4542C>B20A28=N64=>BB>1A44;8=C4BC8=>


<4C01>;8B<>34;2>;4BC4A>;



 "
 
; ; A4BD;C0=C4 4= ;0 24AE4I0 4B 20DB03> ?>A ;0
; 2>=C4=83> 34 A 4= ;0 24AE4I0 A4BD;C0 34 ;0 2>AA>B8N= 34 ;>B <0C4A80;4B DC8;8I03>B 3DA0=C4 ;0
2><?>B828N= 34 ;>B 8=6A4384=C4B DC8;8I03>B 4= 4; 4;01>A028N= 34 ;0 141830
 B <JB 2ALC820 BD
?A>24B>344;01>A028N=34;024AE4I0HC0<18K=34 ?A4B4=280 4= 24AE4I0B 4=E0B030B 4= ;0C0 34
5D4=C4B 4GN64=0B 34B34 ;0 2>=C0<8=028N= 34; 0;D<8=8>3DA0=C44;C84<?>4=4;@D4B44=2D4=CA0
4@D8?>34;024AE424AL0DC8;8I03>?0A04;<0=49>34 0;<024=0300=C4B34BD2>=BD<>

;0 24AE4I0 8=2;D830 ;0 54A<4=C028N=
02>=3828>=0<84=C> 58;CA028N= 20A1>=0C028N= H %> B4 2>=>24 @D4 4; ; A40;824 D=0 5D=28N=

<0C4A80;344<10;094
  58B8>;N68204=4;>A60=8B<>7D<0=>
#0DC>A8303
DA>?40 34 *46DA8303 ;8<4=C0A80 *
$84=CA0B@D44;A!!!4B2>=B834A03>4B4=280;H0 4BC01;424 ;0 8=64BC0 B4<0=0; C>;4A01;4 ?0A0 D=
@D4 ?0AC828?0 4= ;0 45820280 34 ;0 8=BD;8=0 ?0A0 ;0 03D;C>34 :64;E0;>A34 <634; :634?4B>
A46D;028N= 34; <4C01>;8B<> 34 20A1>783A0C>B 2>A?>A0;

;L?83>B H ?A>C4L=0B 4; A-! ?D434 ?A>E>20A
C>G828303B8BCK<820@D4B4?A>3D24?>A8=64BC8N=
 *470=34B2A8C>4542C>B=4DA>CNG82>B2;L=820<4=C4

#>B 4542C>B CNG82>B ?>A ?0AC4 34 4BC4 A-! B>= A4;4E0=C4B 4= ?0284=C4B 4= 38J;8B8B ;>B 2D0;4B

30M>6;><4AD;0AHCD1D;0AB4=B818;8I028N=2DCJ=40 <>BCA010=34B>A84=C028N=34C4A8>A>34;0<4<>A80

8=5;0<028N= 34 =4D<>28C>B 28C>C>G828303 0228N= H4=4C0?0B0E0=I030B34<4=280




2JDBC820 38A42C0 4 8=C4A0228N= 2>= 18><>;K2D;0B



  
*46O= ;0 !=C4A=0C8>=0; 64=2H 5>A )4B40A27 >=
0=24A !) 4; 8>= A-! 4B 2>=B834A03>
;$=?A4B4=C44=24AE4I0BC84=4BD>A864=3DA0=C4
20A28=N64=>34;6AD?>!0;4AC0=3>BD?4;86A>B8303
4; ?A>24B> 34 4;01>A028N= 34 ;0 141830 ?>A ;0
H0 @D4 4BCJ 0B>28030 ?>A ;0B 014AA028>=4B
2>AA>B8N= 34; <0C4A80; 34 ;>B C0=@D4B 34
2A><>BN<820B 0;C4A028>=4B 34 2A><JC830B
0;<024=0<84=C> H >CA0 5D4=C4 4B >A868=0A80 4= ;0
74A<0=0B H A40228>=4B 2ADI030B 4= ;0 2034=0 34
<>;84=3034;0B<0C4A80B?A8<0B?4A>4BCJ?A4B4=C4
%
 
4==8E4;4B0O=<JB0;C>B4=4;;O?D;>@D4?D434B4A
;8G8E803>3DA0=C4;0<024A028N=

#0 * 70 4BC01;4283> D=0 8=64BC0 380A80 34
A!!!C>;4A01;434 R6:634?4B>2>A?>A0;

;<0=60=4B>4BD=4;4<4=C>4B4=280;
D=2>502C>A
;A-!0;B4A20A28=N64=>?>AEL0>A0;H0D=@D4
?0A0 D=0 B4A84 34 A40228>=4B 4=I8<JC820B
;0<0H>A?0AC4B42>=E84AC44=;05>A<0CA8E0;4=C4
?0AC82D;0A<4=C4 0@D4;;>B 8=E>;D2A03>B 4= ;0
4=4;4BCN<06>=>B4?D43434B20AC0A@D4D=0?0AC4
5>B5>A8;028N=2>;4BC4A>;HBL=C4B8B34J283>B6A0B>B

19

Química Central (2021) Vol. 7 Núm.
 1

; !=BC8CDC> %>AC40<4A820=> 34 $43828=0 !&$   #


4BC01;428N 4=   D=0 8=64BC0 0342D030 34
<63L0?0A0D=7><1A403D;C> <63L0 #0 ?A4B4=280 34 B 4= ;0 24AE4I0 B4 3414
?0A0D=0<D94A03D;C0

?A8=28?0;<4=C40;02>=C0<8=028N=?>A0?;82028N=
34?4BC82830B3DA0=C4;006A82D;CDA034;06A0<L=40
#0 C>G828303 34; <0=60=4B> B4 34=><8=0 DC8;8I030 ?0A0 ;0 501A82028N= 34 ;0 141830
 &CA0
<0=60=8B<>
 B D= CA0BC>A=> =4DA>?B8@D8JC82> 5D4=C4342>=C0<8=028N=4B;0C84AA034380C><40B
20A02C4A8I03> ?>A 8AA8C018;8303 38582D;C03 ?0A0 ;02D0;4BDC8;8I030?0A04;8<8=0A;4E03DA0;O?D;>H
20<8=0A0;C4A028>=4B34;701;0H2><?>AC0<84=C> >CA0B?0ACL2D;0B3DA0=C44;?A>24B>3458;CA028N=

2><?D;B8E> @D4 ?D434 8=2;D8A 2>AA4A ?4;40A H
20=C0A
 ; AD?> 84=CL582> 34 >=C0<8=0=C4B 34 ;0
034=0 ;8<4=C0A80 &%+$ 34 ;0 *
 $"   4BC01;424 ;0 8=64BC0 B4<0=0; C>;4A01;4
?A>E8B8>=0;!*+'34 <6:634?4B>2>A?>A0;

;%80D=@D4B44=2D4=CA04=;0B<0C4A80B?A8<0B ;B?A>E>20BL=C><0B60BCA>8=C4BC8=0;4B6A0E4B
4= 20=C83034B CA0I0 4B ?>B81;4 0D<4=C0A ;0 0;C4A028>=4B 34; B8BC4<0 20A38>E0B2D;0A H B8BC4<0
2>=24=CA028N=4=;024AE4I0?>A;02>=C0<8=028N= =4AE8>B> 24=CA0; H 4E4=CD0;<4=C4 <D4AC4
 = ;>B
3DA0=C44;0;<024=0<84=C>HCA0=B?>AC40CA0EKB34; 8=38E83D>B BD?4AE8E84=C4B ?D434 >1B4AE0AB4
2>=C02C>34;01418302>=4;4@D8?>;>BC0=@D4BH <4;0=>B8B 74<N;8B8B 4=2450;>?0CL0
4;4<?0@D4
  74?0C><460;80 ?>;8=4DA>?0CL0 H 34?A4B8N= 34 ;0
<K3D;0NB40
 
B 4B4=280; 4= ?4@D4M0B 20=C83034B
 #0 *
 4BC01;428N;08=64BC0380A80C>;4A01;434
!
<634%8 "634?4B>2>A?>A0;0D=@D44B4E0;>A
?>3AL0=>B4A;>BD58284=C4<4=C4?A>C42C>A?0A0;>B ; > 0; 86D0; @D4 E0A8>B <4C0;4B 34B2A8C>B 2>=

8=38E83D>BB4=B818;8I03>B0;%8
 0=C4A8>A8303 ?D434 <86A0A ?>A 2>AA>B8N= 34B34 4;
<0C4A80;34;>B4@D8?>B70BC0;024AE4I0
 
;%84BD=2>=>283>74<0C>CNG82>8=<D=>CNG82>
=4DA>CNG82> 64=>CNG82> CNG82> ?0A0 ;0 ;>4B4B4=280;?0A0;05>A<028N=34;0E8C0<8=0
A4?A>3D228N= CNG82> ?D;<>=0A =45A>CNG82>  
#08=64BC0<438034>34;>B03D;C>B4B34
74?0C>CNG82> H 20=24AL64=>
 'D434 20DB0A ;0  Z63L0
O==>B4704BC01;4283>D=020=C8303
5>A<028N=34A03820;4B;81A4B4=E0A8>BC4983>B;> 380A80A42><4=3030)B46DA0?0A04;>
 
@D42>=3D24038E4AB0B<>38582028>=4B4=;0B10B4B
34; % 0D<4=C0 ;0 ?4A>G83028N= 34 ;L?83>B H >=24=CA028>=4B4;4E030B?D434?A>E>20A4542C>B
0;C4A028N= 34; 7><4>BC0B8B 34; 20;28> H 03E4AB>B 2><> 20A38><8>?0CL0 H ?A>1;4<0B 34
BD;5783A8;>

 E8B8N=>0D3828N=


 

 

20

Química Central (2021) Vol. 7 Núm. 1

! ! ?A>3D228N=


 8=0;<4=C4 ;>B 0DC>A4B @D4A4<>B
A4<0A20A@D44BD=0=424B8303DA64=C44BCD380A0
4;>B<KC>3>B0?;8203>B?0A0;02D0=C8582028N=34 ?A>5D=38303;020;830334;024AE4I00AC4B0=0;?0A0
<4C0;4B ?4B03>B 4= 24AE4I0 0AC4B0=0; 4G8BC4 D= 4E8C0A5DCDA0B2><?;82028>=4B4=;>B2>=BD<83>A4B
?A43><8=8>34;>B4B?42CA>B2N?82>B
*8=4<10A6> ?0A0 4;;>B 8=E>20<>B 0 DC8;8I0A C42=>;>6L0B
;0B CK2=820B 4;42CA>@DL<820B 0?0A424= 2><> D=0 0=0;LC820B 10A0C0B H E4ABJC8;4B 2><> B>= ;>B
0;C4A=0C8E0 E4ABJC8; H 42>=N<820 2>= 0;C0 3854A4=C4B <KC>3>B 4;42CA>@DL<82>B 4= ;>B 20B>B
B4=B818;8303?0A0;034C4A<8=028N=34/=!!3 @D4B40=?>B81;4

!!'1!!HD!!2>=?>B818;8303340?;820ABD
2>14ACDA0
!' $*4B;0<JBDC8;8I03034183>0@D4 
?D43438B2A8<8=0A8BNC>?>B034<JB34BDB;L<8C4B
34 34C4228N= <DH 109>B <4=>A4B 0   <6 #
 #>B 0DC>A4B 342;0A0= => C4=4A 2>=5;82C>B 34

BC4<KC>3>A4@D84A4344@D8?0<84=C><DH20A>H 8=C4A4B4B@D4?D384A4=7014AB4B603>;>BA4BD;C03>B

B>58BC8203>HBDE4=C0904B@D4?4A<8C42D0=C85820A 8=2;D83>B4=4;<0=DB2A8C>


D=0<?;8>=O<4A>34<4C0;4B2><>A%8/='1

;43DBH$=



=4BC0A4E8B8N=B470=01>A303>0;6D=>B<KC>3>B
B8=4<10A6>@D430=<D27>B4BCD38>B?>A7024A4=
  !5NS8M(HR478?48EI8M48A;<?8

<0CA8I3424AE4I00AC4B0=0;0;6D=>B344;;>BH0B4
8?B<GG8
70=0?;8203>4=0;8<4=C>B2><>4;A4?>AC03>?>A
;GGC JJJ><E<A;B?7<A:F6B=C 8A:?<F; A8JF
D>=8=6  +84@8D     @D84= 2D0=C8582N



3
;G@?4668FF87CE 


B8<D;CJ=40B34D'1/=34>%8H$=4=   4?I<??B  $4 8EI8M4 EG8F4A4? HA4

0;8<4=C>B4;42CA>@DL<820<4=C4
 8KC8E<8A6<4 @H?G<F8AFBE<4?
;GGCF JJJ@7C<6B@ 
402D4A3>2>=4BC0A4E8B8N=4B4E834=C4@D4;>B
   ;G@4668FF87%4E



<4C0;4B ?4B03>B ?>3AL0= 0?0A424A 4= 2D0;@D84A   NE78A4F   * 8G8E@<A46<TA 78
4C0?0 34 BD 4;01>A028N= B46O= ;0 C01;0  (4EN@8GEBF <F<6BDHR@<6BF C4E4 ?4
?A8=28?0;<4=C4 B4 70= 4=2>=CA03> 0; /= '1 4 4E46G8E<M46<TA 78 8EI8M4 ,<CB $4:8E
DH334;>B2D0;4B4;/=4HD4BCJ=4= ?45BE474 CBE B@C4SR4 8EI868E4
<0H>A4B 2>=24=CA028>=4B ;>B 2D0;4B ?>3AL0= #HAFG@4AA + -A<I8EF<747 HFGE4? 78
2>=B834A0AB4 ?>C4=280;<4=C4 ?4;86A>B>B ?0A0 ;0 ;<?8.4?7<I<4;<?8


B0;D3B8BD8=64BC0B>1A4?0B0;>B=8E4;4BC>;4A01;4B
  %HEE4L  / 'Y&8<?? %  E49G 88E
(8A8GE4G<A:4&<6;8%4E>8GEBB7"

!6D0; @D4 0 =8E4; <D=380; ;0 24AE4I0 0AC4B0=0;   X

A4?A4B4=C0D=01418304=2A428<84=C>4=2D03>A ;GGCF 7B<BE:





  
H03854A4=28034;024AE4I08=3DBCA80;?D4340CA04A  "<@8A8M%A6H47BE8K<FG8
68EI868ER4F
<0H>A4BA84B6>B344G?>B828N=4=<4C0;4B?4B03>B 4EG8F4A4?8F ? G8?P:E49B
34183> 0; ?>2> 2>=CA>; B0=8C0A8> 3DA0=C4 BD ;GGCF JJJ8?G8?8:E49B6B@86 ABG<6<4F 86BAB

21

Química Central (2021) Vol. 7 Núm.
 1

@<4  8A86H47BE8K<FG8A
68EI868E<4F +4@C?8F G;EBH:; %<6EBJ4I8!A7H687 (?4F@4
4EG8F4A4?8F4668FF87+8C 

 'CG<64? @<FF<BA +C86GEB@8GEL A4? ;<@
 "<@8A8M%+4?H7L98?<MR478?48EI8M4? 6G4


 X 
,8?P:E49B ;GGCF 7B<BE:

 =464



;GGCF JJJ8?G8?8:E49B6B@86 ABG<6<4F FB6<8   24C4G4?BE8F   " 4M6TA'EG4 & 
747  68EI8M47<4<AG8EA46<BA4?6BAFH@B ?BE8F.P?8M $ %  <E86G %8G;B7 9BE G;8
86H47BE4668FF8785

 8G8E@<A4G<BAB9$847<A88EF5L<998E8AG<4?
 (B;?(%8G4?F<A88E!A88E<A 84?G;4A7 (H?F8 (B?4EB:E4C;LAB7<6 +GE<CC<A:
<F84F8 (E8I8AG<BA <I A4? ;8@ 46 .B?G4@@8GEL"%4G8EAI+6<
 
;8@ /EB6?4J -A<I ,86;AB?

 X   .<S4F ( :H<A4:4 & $TC8M4E6R4 !


 ;GGCF 7B<BE: 7B<BE:

 
 8EANA78MTE7B54 % 8G8E@<A4G<BA B9
    

0 47@<H@?H@<A<H@4A7BCC8E<A88E4A7
 BA6BA"% 84IL%8G4?F<ABB7!ABB7 (EB7H6GF -F87 <A !GF %4AH946GHE8 5L
,BK<6B?B:L (4EG  BAG4@<A8AGF 4A7 ?86GEBG;8E@4? GB@<6 5FBECG<BA
77<G<I8F & 1 8>>8E

  
  +C86GEB@8GEL"'!AG

  X

  ;GGCF 7B<BE:

 =4B46   
 $BA7BSBE4A6B$$BA7BSB%HSBM(,   +B4E8F$%.%BE48F%%78$847
%HSBM4E6<4$BFE<8F:BF78?BF@8G4?8F 4A7 47@<H@ BAG8AG B9 E4M<?<4A 88EF
C8F47BF 8A ?4 F4?H7 ;H@4A4 <BG86AB?BR4 A <QA6,86AB??<@8AG

   X
?+86G:EBC86H:EB<A7HFGE<4?
    ;GGCF 7B<BE:
 
+


 ;GGCF 7B<BE:
  +  



    B5E<A4F + +B684AH  ;8BE:;<H  

 *B7ER:H8M -M;B 0  BAG4@<A46<TA CBE ,4A4F8%B@C4E4G<I8%8G;B7FCC?<879BE
4EFPA<6BL647@<B8A68EI8M4F4EG8F4A4?8FDH8 G;8 8G8E@<A4G<BA B9 ,BG4? !EBA 9EB@ 88E
F88KC<78A8A?46<H74778H4L4DH<6H47BE +4@C?8F'I<7<HF-A<IAA;8@


-A<I8EF<74778H4L4DH<?H4L4DH<?

   868EE4 8?:47B " % 8G8E@<A46<TA 78
  BE=4 .8E4 *  8G8E@<A46<TA 78 (5!! @8G4?8F 8A 68EI8M4F -A<I8EF<747 78? MH4L
2A!! 8A 68EI8M4F 4EG8F4A4?8F 78 )H<GB )H<GB

@87<4AG8 .B?G4@8GER4 78 *87<FB?H6<TA   +478:;<&"B74>;4A?BH%'I8<F<%*
AT7<64 (BAG<9<6<4 -A<I8EF<747 4GT?<64 78? "4AA4G  8;M47 % 4=<@4;@BB7< %
6H47BE)H<GB
 8G8E@<A4G<BA B9 2<A6 4A7 BCC8E
  (4FF4:;8(8EGB?<+,H54EBH<4GG<+ %<6EBAHGE<8AGF 4A7 $847 4A7 47@<H@
%BA<GBE<A: B9 +B@8 +8?86G87 84IL %8G4?F BAG4@<A4AGF <A &BA?6B;B?<6 %4?G
G;EBH:;BHGG;8E8J<A:(EB68FFB9E49G88EF 8I8E4:8F5LAB7<6+GE<CC<A:.B?G4@@8GEL
5L !A7H6G<I8?L BHC?87 (?4F@4 %4FF "BB7+498 L:
  
+C86GEB@8GELHEBB7*8F,86;AB?
  
 :E4HG<PEE8M  4E764FG?8 " $ 4?? "
;GGCF 7B<BE:


 F


   B@CGBA *  AB7<6 +GE<CC<A:
  (<E8F$&78+<4F,8<K8<E4$+ .B?G4@@8GEL B9 BCC8E 4G !AFBA4G87 ?4FFL
FF8FF<A: G;8 !AG8EA4? +G4A74E7<M4G<BA B9 G;8 4E5BA4F87 ?86GEB78F CC?<64G<BA GB G;8
<E86G %H?G<?8@8AG 8G8E@<A4G<BA <A 88E 8G8E@<A4G<BAB9BCC8E<A88E,;8A4?LFG

22

Química Central (2021) Vol. 7 Núm. 1

  
 X
 ?78;L78F 7HE<A: +GBE4:8 B9 BGG?87 88E
;GGCF 7B<BE:

 4
8 (EB6 AAH %88G  @ +B6 E8J ;8@
  +4A6;B  ?4A6B   454??8EB !    
X 
(4F6H4?  E88 !EBA <A (4?8 4E> 4A7 ;GGCF 7B<BE:




 


?6B;B?E88 B@@8E6<4? $4:8E 88EF E88 
!EBA<AB@@8E6<4?$4:8E88EF"+6<BB7   4@9BEG;/(4EFBAF*&8J(EB687HE8F
:E<6
     X  GB !@CEBI8 G;8 ?4IBE +G45<?<GL B9 88E *8F
;GGCF 7B<BE:


=F94  8C 4FF ($  <:; +GE HEGBA,E8AG


  24@5EML6>4+M8?8J4  &4?8J4=>B A:?   "2     

+<8?<JBA<H>  24E8@54 % 4=:HM  ;GGCF 7B<BE:

 +" 

B7?8JF>4_L^><8J<6M,;8%<A8E4?(EB9<?8 
 +6;4<6; # % %8G4?F 4A7 $<C<7 'K<74G<BA
B9 (B?<F; 88EF 5L 4FG +8DH8AG<4? BAG8@CBE4EL !FFH8F $<C<7F     
%H?G<8?8@8AG * + + A4?LF<F 4A7 !GF
X 
BEE8?4G<BA J<G; ,BG4? (;8AB?<6 BAG8AG 4A7 ;GGCF 7B<BE:


 
   
AG<BK<74AG 6G<I<GL 5L ;8@B@8GE<6   2H94??,LE8??,;,;8!A9?H8A68B9 84IL
%8G;B7F %B?86H?8F

    
 %8G4? !BAF BA 88E ?4IBHE +G45<?<GL " !AFG
;GGCF 7B<BE:
 
@B?86H?8F   
 E8J

    X  
  *8<??L  84IL %8G4? BAG4@<A4G<BA <A ;GGCF 7B<BE:


=


B@8aCEB7H68788EF4A7+C<E<GF6B?BB7
 

G5

K
&HGE       X   %8A445E8E4$BE8AMB%$$TC8M
;GGCF 7B<BE:




  
%  47@<H@ $8I8?F <A /<A8 88E 4A7
 'G;8E ?6B;B?<6 8I8E4:8F (BFF<5?8 +BHE68F
  BA6BA " % BB7 ,BK<6B?B:L (4EG  B9 BAG4@<A4G<BA +6< ,BG4? AI<EBA 
(E<A6<C?8F4A7BA68CGF(4EGBAG4@<A4AGF    
X

4A777<G<I8F%4E68?8>>8E!A6&14F8? ;GGCF 7B<BE:








 
;GGCF 7B<BE:


9BB7 

   BGM$BJ8&%E4L4%EBJA#
  *B54E7F # /BEF9B?7 ( 47@<H@ FF8FF@8AGB9G;8,E468?8@8AG+G4GHFB9
,BK<6B?B:L 4A7 A4?LF<F  *8I<8J ,;8 !A7<I<7H4?F 4A7 (BCH?4G<BAF ,;8 K4@C?8 B9
A4?LFG      2<A6 4A7 BCC8E " &HGE

  
;GGCF 7B<BE:

 4A 

  + +
  *8<??L  %8G4? BAG4@<A4G<BA B9 BB7 ;GGCF 7B<BE:

 =A   +
CC?<87 +6<8A68 (H5?<F;8EF BEA8??   *H5<B  HG<PEE8M  " %4EGRA !MDH<8E7B
-A<I8EF<GL 
 *  $BM4AB  4E7<FFBA  ? (?B@B
  <:?<4E8??<(&BI8AG4CBE6<8AGB4:H4*8I<FG4 B@B BAG4@<A4AG8 ?<@8AG4E<B *8I
%+ <8A6<4 8EI868E4 ,BK<6B? FB6 FC ,BK<6B? (4@C?BA4 FC
;GGCF JJJE8I<FG4@4F;6B@
 78G4??8C;

  X  X

C<7
4668FF87%4L 

   *B7ER:H8M *8L  * H8??4E $HA4 $
  4F;<@BGB & #HEB<J4 1 (EBCBF87 %4?7BA47B4AG<??B+H4E7<4MFC<ABF4%
(4G;J4LF 9BE G;8 BE@4G<BA B9 .B?4G<?8 986GBFAB6<IBF78?C?B@BC4E4?4F4?H778?

23

Química Central (2021) Vol. 7 Núm.
 1

;B@5E8 *8I H54 !AI8FG<: <B@P7


  8EI868E4 ( ?4CP " *<:B?94F *
   X   ?<@8AG46<TA L <8GBG8E4C<4 6H4EG4 87<6<TA
  *4@RE8M  . ? 6H47EB 6?RA<6B 78 ?4 !AG8E4@8E<64A4 %6 E4J <?? %47<E7


<AGBK<646<TAB6HC46<BA4?CBEC?B@BA46 .B? 
%87
      %4AFBHE +  84IL %8G4?F B9 +C86<4?
;GGCF 7B<BE:
   4A4?8FI<    BA68EAGB H@4A 84?G;4A7AI<EBA@8AG!A
  4E6R4$8FGTA " %PA78M " (NF4EB  (E46G<64?BB7+498GL;4G*T@8M$TC8M
$499BA  8ABGBK<6 9986GF B9 $847 A . % 7F "B;A /<?8L  +BAF $G7
-C74G87 *8I<8J AI<EBA !AG

   ;<6;8FG8E -#
 CC X 
 X  ;GGCF 7B<BE:


  6; 


;GGCF 7B<BE:

 =8AI<AG



  +HEBC84ABB7+498GLHG;BE<GL(4A8?
  (B;? ( 8G8E@<A4G<BA 4A7 E46G<BA4G<BA B9 BA <8G8G<6 (EB7H6GF &HGE<G<BA 4A7 ??8E:<8F
%8G4?F <A 88E  *8I<8J BB7 77<G +6<8AG<9<6 'C<A<BA BA <8G4EL *898E8A68
BAG4@ (4EG 

    X
 .4?H8F9BE;EB@<H@+"
 
;GGCF 7B<BE:






   4FG8??F4EE4?74 . ,4F6TA  . BF6;
  ,45B74 $H:B & ? M<A6 L 8? 6B5E8 B??8G"T@8M4G4?NA"$?B58G%4??49EP
@<6EBAHGE<8AG8F 8F8A6<4?8F C4E4 ?4 F4?H7 " (8E8??T8E8A:H8E  &474? $B@4F %
;H@4A4 6G4 %P7<64 8AG 8AG (EBI ?8@8AGBF,E4M4A$BF?<@8AGBFFGH7<B78
8APG<64 %P7<64 +G ?4E4 .<??4 ?4E4 H54 <8G4 ,BG4? A 4G4?HS4 FC 8A8E4?

    4G4?HS48C+4?H7


 BM<8E%%64E?4A7%$$8F<>4E"  4EE<*<@<AB%"$4:4E74%", 
(EB5?8@4F8?:H4(BG45?8?B5E8BBC '-**& '  *'%!-% !& */
,8KKG8AF<TA?+<FG-A<I,8K%

 X %,*!$+ & !,+ , !& , 


 */!&(*'++"!AFGE8J  
  ,<E47B@47BE$*BAMN?8M%4EGRA8M  X  ;GGCF 7B<BE:


=


 %4EGRA8M 8EANA78M $ " /<?6;8F
  G5
 K
.8E:4E4$8?87TA+HNE8M"&&<I8?8F  H58EBF  *B7E<:H8M  ! (E<8GB 
78@8G4?8FC8F47BF8A@H8FGE4F5<B?T:<64FLFH &<I8?8F78EB@BL?G8E46<BA8F78+4?H78A
<@CBEG4A6<48AF4?H7*8I&46'7BAGB?
 HA4 (B5?46<TA KCH8FG4 4 ?4F 6G<I<7478F 78
   HEG<8@5E8F8AB:BGNB?B@5<4*8I+4?H7
;GGCF 7B<BE:
   B7I <  (U5?<64

    X 


  !AG8EA4G<BA4?47@<H@FFB6<4G<BA47@<H@ ;GGCF 7B<BE:
 
+

KCBFHE84A7 H@4A 84?G;47@<H@!AG4>8




EB@BB7F!AG47@<H@FFB6
 
 +HEBC84ABB7+498GLHG;BE<GL(4A8?
  ,BKDH<$8(<8EBBHEGB<F.4FG<74 BA <8G8G<6 (EB7H6GF &HGE<G<BA 4A7 ??8E:<8F
+ +NA6;8M%HA<M  " .4DH8EB % ( +6<8AG<9<6 'C<A<BA BA <8G4EL *898E8A68
89<6<8A6<4 L FB5E864E:4 78 ;<8EEB .4?H8F9BE%4A:4A8F8+"

!@C?<646<BA8F8A8?8FG47BBK<74G<IBL?4F4?H7   .8?4%%,B@4**8<5B?7G/(<8EE<
64E7<BI4F6H?4E &HGE BFC

 &B   8G86G<BA B9 ?H@<AH@ *8F<7H8 <A E8F;
;GGCF 7B<BE:

 A;

    4A7+GBE874AA8788EBB7;8@  

24

Química Central (2021) Vol. 7 Núm. 1

  X  ;GGCF 7B<BE:



 +

 ;GGCF 7B<BE:





 

 
  + HEBC84A BB7 +498GL HG;BE<GL   HBA<A:  ,<8D<H   +<@H?G4A8BHF
+498GL B9 ?H@<A<H@ 9EB@ <8G4EL !AG4>8 8G8E@<A4G<BA B9 BCC8E $847 2<A6
+6<8AG<9<6 'C<A<BA B9 G;8 (4A8? BA BB7 47@<H@!EBAB54?G&<6>8?4A7%4A:4A8F8
77<G<I8F ?4IBHE<A:F (EB68FF<A: <7F 4A7 <ABB75L+DH4E8/4I8.B?G4@@8GEL;<A
BB7BAG46G%4G8E<4?F+"

 "A4?;8@  



X 

  (4E><AFBA ! + /4E7 % # #8EE  &
<4?LF<F A68C;4?BC4G;L BA8 <F84F8 4A7
A48@<4 ,;8 ?H@<AH@ !AGBK<64G<BA
+LA7EB@8 7HE<A: *8:H?4E 48@B7<4?LF<F "
?<A (4G;B?      X 
;GGCF 7B<BE:
  =6C   
 (BEG8E " * 4@9BEG;  / %4A:4A8F8 <A
E8J<A: *4J %4G8E<4?F <FCBF<G<BA HE<A:
G;8E8J<A:(EB68FF4A7!@C46GBAG;8?4IBE
!AFG45<?<GLB988E
 1BBA+ 4A++*4A4+.+%B?86H?4E
%4E>8EF B9 84IL %8G4? ,BK<6<GL X  &8J
(4E47<:@ 9BE 84?G; *<F> FF8FF@8AG



 +H57<E866<TA 8A8E4? 78 (EB@B6<TA 78 ?4
+8:HE<747 ?<@8AG4E<4 &<DH8? %<A<FG8E<B 78
+4A<747 +8EI<6<BF +B6<4?8F 8 !:H4?747
'+&
 X 
 4F##4F+&;HA74F<+&<6>8?
!GF7I8EF8 84?G;9986GF'K<74G<I8+GE8FF
'0!,!.+,*++ 
 "OEHC $ 4M4E7F B9 84IL %8G4?
BAG4@<A4G<BA E %87 H??

   
X  ;GGCF 7B<BE:

 5@5 ?7:

 -A<I8EF<GL B9 *B6;8FG8E %87<64? 8AG8E
*B6;8FG8EB54?G 84?G;A6<6?BC87L4-A<I
*B6;8FG8E%878AG*B6;8FG8E



 (4HFG8A546;",I8E@B8F-A<68#
%<A?8L$#8E:8E*8I<8JB9
G;8 84?G; 4M4E7F(BF875LB54?GE<G*8I
,BK<6B?
    X  

25


View publication stats

You might also like