NAME: DUGENIO, KATHLEEN DIMAANO

SECTION: BSMT-MED224

Assignment #1
1. Identify the different biohazard symbols and label each.
The four components of the infection chain are represented by four circles within the symbol:

 a contagious substance,
 a host organism
 a pathogen's source,
 and the pathogen's mode of transmission.

EXLOSIVE MATERIALS FLAMMABLE MATERIALS GENERAL WARNING

 2. List safety guidelines inside the clinical laboratory and potential hazards in the workplace.
Rules and Guidelines in the Clinical Laboratory
General lab safety rules
 The following guidelines should be
included in most safety policies because
they apply to practically all laboratories.
They go on emergency preparedness,
appropriate signs, safety gear, how to use
lab equipment properly, and fundamental
common sense standards.
 Always read and follow all fire alarm and
safety signs in the event of an accident or
emergency.
 Make sure you are fully aware of the
facility/building evacuation procedures.
 Find out where your lab's safety equipment
is and how to use it properly, including
first aid kits, fire extinguishers, eyewash
stations, and safety showers.
 Know an emergency phone number that
you can use to call for help in an
emergency.
 Laboratory areas containing carcinogens,
radioisotopes, biohazards, and lasers
should be properly identified with
appropriate warning signs. Do not use an
open flame in your laboratory unless
authorized by a qualified supervisor.
 See where the lab exits and fire alarms are.
 A clear area of 36 inches in diameter must
be maintained around all sprinkler heads at
all times.
 Always turn off all electrical equipment
and close all containers during fire drills.
 Always work in a well-ventilated area. Do
not chew, drink or eat gum while working
in the lab.
 Do not use laboratory glassware as food or
beverage containers.
 Inspect glassware for chips and cracks
each time you use it. Notify the laboratory
supervisor of any broken glassware so that
it can be disposed of properly.
 Never use laboratory equipment that you
have not been authorized or trained to
operate by a supervisor. If the equipment
or equipment breaks down or malfunctions
during use, report the problem to a
technician immediately. Do not attempt to
fix device problems yourself.

Housekeeping safety rules
 The majority of facilities also have
laboratory housekeeping regulations that
deal with the fundamental cleanliness,
maintenance, and upkeep of a safe
laboratory.
Dress code safety rules
 If you are the last person to leave the
laboratory, lock all doors and eliminate all
ignition sources.
 Do not work alone in the lab.
 Do not leave experiments in progress. Do
not raise glassware, solutions, or other
types of equipment above eye level.
 Never smell or taste chemicals.
 Do not pipette by mouth.
 Always ensure that proper laboratory
waste disposal procedures are followed.
 Immediately report all injuries, accidents,
and broken equipment or glass, even if
they are minor or insignificant. If you are
injured, immediately shout as loudly as
you can for help.
 If chemicals come in contact with eyes or
skin, immediately flush with running water
for at least 20 minutes.
 If you notice a dangerous situation in the
lab,
 Keep your work area neat and clean.
 All eyewash stations, safety showers, fire
extinguishers, and fire exits should be
accessible at all times.
 Keep only the materials you need for your
work in your work area. The rest must be
stored safely.
 Store only light items in the cabinet.
Always store the heaviest items on the
bottom. Always keep solids out of the lab
sink.
 Equipment that requires airflow or
ventilation to prevent overheating should
always be kept clear.
 Hair that is chin length or longer should
always be tied back.
 If possible, secure any loose clothing or
jewelry, or refrain from wearing it
altogether.

 As you might anticipate, laboratory dress
rules provide a clear standard for the types
of attire staff members should not wear in
order to avoid mishaps or injuries in the
lab. Skirts and shorts, for instance, may be
pleasant for taking advantage of the warm
weather outside but rapidly turn into a
safety hazard in the lab where skin may be
exposed to heat or hazardous chemicals.
Personal protection safety rules
 Contrary to laboratory dress code norms,
guidelines for personal protection specify
what staff should wear in the lab to
safeguard themselves from various risks as
well as the fundamental hygiene
precautions to take to prevent
contamination.
Chemical safety rules
 Chemical safety regulations are essential
because practically every lab utilizes
chemicals of some form. Employees who
abide by these rules reduce their risk of
spills, other mishaps, and harm to the
environment outside of the lab. These
regulations also lay out a clear process that
 Never enter the lab wearing sandals or any
other open-toed footwear. Always wear
footwear that totally encloses the foot.
 In the lab, never put on shorts or a skirt.
 Acrylic nails are not permitted when
working with Bunsen burners, lit splints,
matches, etc.
 Always wear face shields or safety glasses
when working with machinery, dangerous
materials, glassware, heat, or chemicals.
 Always use the proper gloves while
handling any harmful or dangerous
substance.
 Always wear a lab coat or smock when
conducting experiments in a lab.
 Always wash your hands before going to
the bathroom or eating.
 You should always wash your hands with
soap and water after conducting an
experiment.
 Be careful to keep your hands away from
your body, mouth, eyes, and face when
using lab equipment and chemicals.
 Any chemical should be treated as if it
were dangerous.
 Avoid contact with skin.
 All chemicals must always be clearly
labeled with the name of the substance, its
concentration, the date of receipt and the
name of the person responsible.
 Read the label twice before removing the
contents of the chemical bottle.
 Never take more chemicals out of a bottle
than you need for the job. Do not return
unused chemicals to their original
containers.
 workers must adhere to in the case of a
spill in order to ensure that it is cleaned up
correctly and injuries are prevented.
Electrical safety rules
 Laboratories use electronic technology,
just like practically every other workplace.
Electrical safety regulations ensure that
any faulty equipment, cords, or plugs are
reported to the relevant authorities so they
can be fixed or replaced, helping to prevent
the misuse of electronic instruments,
electric shocks, and other injuries.
Safety in the Clinical Laboratory
 Do not remove chemicals or other
substances from the laboratory.
 Do not mix chemicals into your sink drain.
 Use flammable and volatile chemicals only
in a fume hood.
 Clean up any chemical spills immediately.
Make sure all chemical waste is properly
disposed of.
 Make sure you get permission from your
lab supervisor before utilizing any high
voltage equipment (voltages greater than
50Vrms ac and 50V dc).
 Never alter or modify any high voltage
equipment in any way.
 When adding a high voltage power supply,
always switch it off first.
 If you need to modify any high voltage
equipment, use only one hand. It's best to
put your other hand in a pocket or behind
your back for safety.
 Ensure that all electrical panels are open
and simple to access.
 Try to avoid using extension cords
wherever possible.
Physical Hazard:
These should be avoided because they are fairly prevalent, for example.

 Running through the rooms and corridors.

 Be cautious when walking on wet surfaces.
 When lifting big objects, use caution.
 Long hair should be pulled back and tight on women.
 Keep your jewels secure.
 Put on closed-toed footwear with plenty of support.
 Try to keep the workspace organized and spotless.
 Keep the workspace neat and tidy as well.

Sharp edge instruments:

Biological dangers like: can be caused by sharp objects like needles, shattered glass, and lancets.

 Give birth to illnesses and infections carried by blood.

 These could result in bleeding.
 Put all of these items with sharp edges in a secure location, such as metal containers.
 With the cutter, cut the syringe's needle.
 Crush the plastic syringes as well.
 Shattered glass:
1. Lab risks include beakers, test tubes, and flasks with damaged edges.
2. Take out all of the glass that has broken edges.
  Follow the following illustrative instructions to close the needle in the syringe.

Electrical Hazards:
 There are countless items of machinery that use electricity.
 Avoid using damp hands to operate the machinery.
 Don't overload the circuits and take care of the frayed wires.
 If any equipment becomes wet, unplug it right away and let the wires air dry before using it again.
 Try to ground every piece of machinery.
 If an incident involves an electric shock, turn off the power right away without contacting the victim
or the machinery.
1. Snap the circuit breaker shut.
2. Move the equipment by using some non-conductor materials, such as glass or wood.
Biological factors (Infections):
 Laboratory personnel are constantly exposed to sources of potential pathogenic microorganisms.
 Hospitals are always full of sick patients, some with contagious diseases.
 Most samples such as blood, body fluids, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and tissue contain pathogens.
 Infection can spread in the following ways:
1. Obtain patient samples through direct contact with laboratory staff.
2. Inhale infected material. Droplet infection or if tubes are centrifuged without caps. By ingesting
contaminated food or water.
3. The infection can then be passed on to colleagues.
 Personal hand washing and wearing of personal protective clothing and equipment are important.
 Special care should be taken when handling samples from patients infected with HBV, HIV, and
HCV viruses.
1. Wear gloves when drawing blood from possible sources of HBV, HCV, or HIV.
2. Wear a face mask if blood splatter is likely.
3. Discard all sharp needles and sharp objects in non-perforated trash cans.
4. Follow General CDC Precautions (UP).
5. In 1996, the CDC published guidelines combining UP and body surface isolation (BSI).
a. It is recommended to wash hands after handling blood, body fluids and secretions.
b. Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves.
c. Wear gloves when handling blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, and contaminated
objects.
d. Wear gloves when touching mucous membranes or undamaged skin.
e. Change gloves on the same patient if high levels of pathogens are likely.
f. Remove gloves and wash hands immediately before going to another patient.
g. During surgery, wear a mask, eye protection, or face shield to protect the mucous
membranes of your eyes, nose, and mouth when there is a risk of splashing blood, body
fluids, excretions, or secretions.
h. Wearing a gown protects your clothing and skin during surgery.
i. If the gown becomes soiled, remove it immediately and wash your hands to avoid spreading
the infection to others.
j. Clean and sterilize patient care equipment.
6. Never recapping used needles. We recommend discarding it. Or follow the directions shown
in the picture above.
7. The most important things to do if you get stung or bleed: Do not stop the blood immediately.
It is best to bleed as much as possible with tap water and then use an antiseptic to stop the
bleeding.