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7 Solutions 2.0
Chemistry is exiting! Each day in the laboratory you are given the opportunity to confront the unknown, and to
understand it. Each experiment holds many secrets. Look hard and you may see them .work hard and you can solve
them. The word science comes from Latin word scire which means “to know” the goal of all science is knowledge.
Scientist are men and women who devote their lives to the pursuit of knowledge.
SAFETY- Chemistry is a laboratory science. As part of your laboratory experience you will handle many chemical
substances and manipulate laboratory equipment. Many of these substances pose a health risk handled improperly
while some of the laboratory equipment and chemicals can cause severe injury if used improperly. This activity is a
guide to the safe laboratory practices you will use through out this course.
PREPARATION- To get the most out of your laboratory experience, you must be well prepared for each experiment.
This means that you read the experiment thoroughly before coming to the laboratory. Make sure you have clear idea of
what the experiment is about. Be sure that you understand each step of the procedure. If you are unsure of any part of
the experiment, ask your teacher for help before laboratory begins.
Preparation is important not only understanding, but also to safety. If you are well prepared for the laboratory, it is
much less likely that an accident will occur. In the laboratory you are responsible no only for your safety, but also for
the safety of your classmates. If an accident happens because you are not prepared, it can also affect your friends. This is
all the more reasons for you take the time and make the effort to prepare for the laboratory .be sure to note the safety
warnings listed in the safety section of this manual. Note that these warnings are emphasized by symbols. The symbols
mark those parts of the activity procedure that may be hazardous. In addition be sure to observe the general safety
precautions described in this activity.
Objectives:
Procedure
Attire
Safety goggles must be worn at all times while in the laboratory. This rule must be followed whether you are
actually working on an experiment or simply writing in your lab notebook. You must wear safety goggles
provided by the chemistry department.
Contact lenses are not allowed. Even when worn under safety goggles, various fumes may accumulate under
the lens and cause serious injuries or blindness.
Closed toe shoes and long pants must be worn in the lab. Sandals and shorts are not allowed.
Long hair must be tied back when using open flames.
Conduct
Conclusion:
A chemistry laboratory is a place where you can perform in actual the different reactions that you had learnt in the
books or heard in lectures. A good chemistry laboratory is fully equipped with the basic measuring and analytical
chemistry laboratory apparatus that allows a good study of all the branches of chemistry. However all the different
experiments should be performed under the supervision of the lab instructor only? Adhering to safety norms is of
paramount importance in a chemistry lab. Chemistry lab equipment is used in school & college chemistry laboratories
and chemical research laboratories. Chemistry laboratory equipment includes different types of chemistry apparatus.
Objectives:
Provide brief introduction to less frequently used apparatus which are generally available in a school
laboratory
Promote familiarization of such equipment for possible use in design questions
Encourage appreciation and reinforce understanding of laboratory equipment and their possible
uses/applications.
Beakers are useful as a reaction container or to hold liquid or solid samples. They are
also used to catch liquids from titrations and filtrates from filtering operations.
Burets are for addition of a precise volume of liquid. The volume of liquid added can be
determined to the nearest 0.01 mL with practice.
Clay triangles are placed on a ring attached to a ring stand as a support for a funnel,
crucible, or evaporating dish.
Graduated cylinders are for measurement of an amount of liquid. The volume of liquid
can be estimated to the nearest 0.1 mL with practice.
Ring stand with rings or clamps are for holding pieces of glassware in place.
Test tubes are for holding small samples or for containing small-scale reactions.
Test tube holders are for holding test tubes when tubes should not be touched
Tongs are similar in function to forceps but are useful for larger items.
Volumetric flasks are used to measure precise volumes of liquid or to make precise
dilutions.
Wash bottles are used for dispensing small quantities of distilled water.
Watch glasses are for holding small samples or for covering beakers or evaporating
dishes.
Conclusion:
In a chemistry laboratory the most common and widely used equipment are those made of glass.
With glassware it is easy to spot what is happening inside. At the same time it is essential to ensure the proper & careful
use of chemistry laboratory equipment. The chemistry lab apparatus usually deals with different sorts of chemicals and
so they are prone to chemical attacks and breakage. Some of the very common chemistry lab equipment includes
beakers, test tubes, Bunsen burner etc. All apparatus should be kept at their proper places, after the experiment, so that
whenever, any piece of apparatus is required it is easily available to you. All kinds of glass apparatus must be cleaned
properly after use. Dirt and chemicals sticking inside the apparatus are found to affect the experiment. Cleaning with
ordinary detergent is suggested. A solution of any available detergent is made and with its help and with the help of a
brush, apparatus should be cleaned properly. In case of nasty or extremely dirty apparatus, dilute chromic-acid solution
is suggested. Bottle brushes may be used to remove stains. After cleaning with detergent solution or dilute chromic acid,
the apparatus should be washed in running water.
ACTIVITY 3
COMMON LABORATORY TECHNIQUES AND OPERATIONS
The laboratory Bunsen burner was invented by Robert Wilhelm Bunsen in 1855. Bunsen (March 31,
1811-August 16, 1899) was a German chemist and teacher. He invented the Bunsen burner for his
research in isolating chemical substances - it has a high-intensity, non-luminous flame that does not
interfere with the colored flame emitted by chemicals being tested. Peter Desaga was a University of
Heidelberg (where Bunsen worked) mechanic who built the first Bunsen burner to Bunsen's
specifications. Bunsen also invented the hydrojet filter pump, a photometer (to measure the intensity of
light), and the Bunsen battery (a chemical battery).
Bunsen and the German physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887) developed the Bunsen-
Kirchhoff spectroscope (to do spectral analysis of materials) in 1859 and used it to discover the
elements Rubidium and Caesium (two alkali metals) in 1860. Early in his career, Bunsen was blinded
in one eye when a chemistry experiment of his exploded.
Objectives:
Materials:
Procedures:
The Bunsen or Tirrell burner is commonly used as a source of heat in the laboratory. Although the details of
construction vary among burners, each has a gas inlet located in the base, a vertical tube or barrel in which the gas is
mixed with air, and adjustable openings or ports in the base of the barrel. These ports admit air to the gas stream. The
burner may have an adjustable needle valve to regulate the flow of gas. In some models the gas flow is regulated simply
by adjusting the gas valve on the supply line. The burner is always turned off at the gas valve, never at the needle valve.
CAUTION! Before you light the burner, check to see that you and your partner have taken the
following safety precautions against fires: Wear safety goggles, aprons, and gloves. Confine long hair
and loose clothing: Tie long hair at the back of the head and away from the front of the face, roll up
long sleeves on shirts, blouses, and sweaters away from the wrists. You should also know the
locations of fire extinguishers ireblankets, safety showers, and sand buckets and how to use them in
case of a fire.
Manipulating the Bunsen Burner
In lighting the burner, partially close the ports at the base of the
barrel, turn the gas full on, hold the sparker about 5 cm above the
top of the burner, and proceed to light. The gas flow may then be
regulated by adjusting the gas valve until the flame has the
desired height. If a very low flame is needed, remember that the
ports should be partially closed when the gas pressure is
reduced. Otherwise the flame may burn inside the base of the
barrel. When improperly burning in this way, the barrel will get
very hot, and the flame will produce a poisonous gas, carbon
monoxide.
Decantation Process
Procedures
Sometimes liquids contain particles of insoluble solids,
present either as impurities or as precipitates formed by the
interaction of the chemicals used in the experiment. If the
particles are denser than water, they soon sink to the
bottom. Most of the clear, supernatant (floating above)
liquid may be poured off without disturbing the
precipitate. Such a method of separation is known as
decantation.
Filtration Process
Evaporation Process
Conclusion:
Laboratory operations are the totality of procedures made useful in chemistry in conducting an experiment.
They all follow the scientific method..There are a lot of laboratory operations, ranging from simple to complicated ones.
Though the level of complexity differs among a collection of laboratory operations, all laboratory operations share the
common feature of having to be done carefully and attentively in order to achieve desired goals and to bring about
success to the ongoing experiment being carried out, either by an individual or a group. The term “clean laboratory”
must be redundant since any area couldn’t actually be considered a laboratory if it is messy. Tidiness of the laboratory
entails safety – no chemical spills or bits of broken glassware that may cause harm. Cleaning the laboratory, before and
after conducting experiments, is a must and so is following the rules and guidelines in doing so.
ACTIVITY 4
CLASSES OF MATTER AND THEIR PROPERTIES
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. It is classified into: pure substance and mixtures. Pure substance
includes compounds and element; while mixtures may be homogenous or heterogeneous. Moreover, matter can be
described or distinguished through its physical and chemical characteristics or properties. Physical properties are
qualities that describe the physical appearance of matter. Examples are odor, colour, taste, size, and mass or weight.
Chemical properties can only be determined through the interaction of two or more substance.
States of Matter
Solids - fixed shape and volume
Liquids - fairly fixed volume, but shape varies with container
Gases - both volume and shape are variable
Plasma - ionized gas - both volume and shape are variable
Substances
Substances cannot be separated into different types of matter by any physical means. Atoms in a pure substance can be
separated only by chemical changes.
Elements are pure substances that are made of only one type of matter.
The smallest possible particle of an element is called an atom.
Examples: Silver, copper, oxygen, carbon (as diamond or graphite), sulfur, etc.
Compounds are composed of more than one type of matter. The different substances cannot be separated without
changing the substance.
The smallest possible particle of a compound that retains the properties of a compound is called a molecule.
Examples:
Table salt (sodium chloride). Salt is composed of two elements, sodium and chlorine. If you could
separate salt into its two elements, it would no longer be salt.
Pure water (H2O). Pure sucrose or sugar (C6H12O6).
Law of Definite Proportions or Law of Constant Composition: a pure compound always contains the same
proportions of elements by mass, regardless of the source of the compound. In other words, if you tested a sample of
pure water (H2O), every sample would contain H and O atoms in a ratio of 2:1.
Mixtures
A mixture is a material made up of two or more substances. Mixtures are composed of more than one kind of matter, or
more than one pure substance. Composition can vary between different samples. Pure substances in the mixture can be
physically separated from each other by physical changes.
There are two types of mixtures:
Homogeneous mixtures - A homogeneous mixture has two or more substances in it, but you cannot see them. They
appear to be the same throughout. They may not look like mixtures, but if tested, they can be determined to be
composed of more than one type of substance.
Examples:
Homogeneous mixture is sometimes called a solution. Cake batter (which is a mixture of butter, eggs,
sugar, and flour), soft drinks, salt water, sugar water, tap water, and brass (which is a mixture of
copper and zinc).
Salt water (or sugar water) would be a homogeneous mixture since you cannot actually see the salt in
the water.
Heterogeneous mixtures - A heterogeneous mixture has two or more substances in it, and you can see what is inside
of it. Different samples are not necessarily the same. These are easy to spot because they look like mixtures. They are
clearly composed of more than one type of matter, and contain regions with different properties.
Mixtures can be separated into different types of matter by some physical means, such as sorting, filtering, heating,
cooling, freezing, melting, evaporation, settling, etc.
Examples:
Trail mix (which is a mixture of raisins, peanuts, and chocolate candy m & m's), crunchy peanut butter,
chocolate chip cookies, vegetable soup, spaghetti sauce, concrete, granite, raisin bran.
Heterogeneous mixtures that are liquids can be subdivided into two types: colloids and suspensions.
A colloid consists of solid particles in a liquid. These particles are usually very small, often less than 0.01 mm in
diameter. A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture in which the contents do not settle over a long time. They tend to stay
combined together. Paint, orange juice, ketchup, and most salad dressings are colloids.
A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the contents settle over a short period of time. Some examples of
this may be muddy water or Italian salad dressing.
Objectives:
Procedure:
A.
1. Weigh 0.5 gram of sulphur and a pinch of iron filings in separate watch glasses. Examines the properties of
each.
2. Mix the two substances in a mortar and grind well.
3. Try the effect of magnet on the mixture.
Observation:
The observation is that no matter sulphur and iron filings is been mixed when we put the u-shape magnet on
top of watch glass still iron filings will be going to that magnet the magnet pull up the iron filings that was putted on the
watch glass.
B.
1. Take a piece of magnesium ribbon and carefully examine its properties
2. Hold the Mg ribbon with crucible tongs and burn it on a flame.
3. List down the properties.
Observation:
The observations the Mg ribbon from bronze colour turn into dark white.
C.
1. Half fill a 250 mL beaker with distilled water. Heat until it boils.
2. Take the temperature reading of boiling water by immersing the thermometer bulb into liquid. (Note: Do not
let the bulb of the thermometer touch the bottom of the beaker). Record this as initial boiling temperature
continue boiling for 5 minutes until such time the temperature reading does not change anymore. Record this
as final boiling temperature.
3. Dissolve 5grams of sodium chloride crystals in the boiling water and once more bring the mixture to boiling.
4. Take the initial temperature and final reading after 5 minutes.
Observation:
When the boiling point reach we recorded and take the initial finding then after 5 minutes again we recorded
again the final temperature until such time the temperature does not change already. Because it reaches already the
final pressure.
Conclusions:
There are three states or phases in which matter exists: solid, liquid and gaseous. Most materials can go from
one state to another, depending on the temperature. The difference between a solid, liquid and gas is very apparent
when you look and even touch the materials. In most cases, they don't even look related. A solid has a specific shape. If
you put a liquid in a container, it will normally stay in the container and take the shape of the container. A gas will also
take the shape of its container, but it will not normally stay in the container. Most substances expand when heated and
contract when cooled. For example, water will contract until it starts to freeze and turn into ice. It then starts to expand
and get larger. Ice will expand until the temperature reaches about -3° C, after which is will start to contract again with
lowering temperatures. When you try to boil water, the energy you apply to the water is spent rising its temperature.
Once the temperature reaches 212° F (100° C), the temperature stays constant and all of the energy is used to change
the water into steam. In conclusion most materials will change their states from solid to liquid to gas, as the
temperature increases. This is caused by the energy of the moving molecules overcoming the molecular attraction
forces.
ACTIVITY 5
CHANGES OF MATTER
Matter is any object that takes up space. Matter can be looked at based on its composition or its properties. Composition
defines what makes up the matter. Properties are the characteristics for each piece of matter, based on their physical or
chemical qualities. A physical change has no effect on the identity of the substance whereas a chemical change creates a
new substance. A physical property is based on observations that don't change the identity and a chemical property is
based on the substances ability to become something else.
Matter is frequently undergoing change. These changes can be classified as physical or chemical.
PHYSICAL change there is a change in the appearance of the substance but not its identity. It is often referred to as a
change of state (although also includes dissolving and the formation of suspensions etc). New substances are not
formed and we do not change the chemical nature of the substances involved. Physical changes are reversible and this
fact is important in things such as the hydrolytic cycle where water is able to change between states in a continuous
cycle.
Examples:
Boiling of water (liquid water, ice and steam are just the liquid, solid and gas forms of H2O)
Freezing of water to form ice
Chewing of food
Sharpening of a pencil
Crystallization of sugar from a sugar solution
Melting of gold
CHEMICAL change the matter is changed chemically and irreversibly into a new substance, which may or may not be
the same state as the starting materials. The substances are transformed into something new and there are often
indicators that a chemical change is occurring such as a change in temperature, formation of a precipitate (solid), colour
change, formation of a gas (fizzing) or evolution of light (ie a glow stick). Chemical changes occur in everyday life in
processes.
Examples:
Digestion of food
Combustibility = the ability to react with oxygen (e.g., burning a candle or a match, burning of fuel). Methane
reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
Electrolysis of water (breaking water up into hydrogen and oxygen)
Reactivity = The ability to be changed chemically because of a reaction with another chemical substance, such
as the development of a gas (e.g., from the reaction of vinegar and baking soda)
Formation of a precipitate (e.g., silver nitrate and salt water, or cooling a solution of sodium nitrate and water)
Change in colour (such as burning toast, or reaction of chlorox bleaching colored cloth, or cooking of an egg)
Oxidation (or rusting) of steel wool in water
Objectives:
Describes the changes observed and the conditions necessary for changes to occur.
Compare the characteristics of substances before and after undergoing changes.
Identify the type of changes involved in each case as to physical and chemical and energy changes.
Reagents:
Apparatus/Materials:
Place a pinch of powdered naphthalene or benzoic acid in an evaporating dish cover the dish with a
cone shaped filter paper and heat gently.
Observation:
When we put a pinch of naphthalene powder in an evaporating dish and we wait the naphthalene
powder to evaporate and when it’s already evaporated, we observe that there is a presence of some crystals
like in the funnel and there is the presence of foul smell from that evaporating dish.
Place 3ml of 0.1m NaOH in test tube and add 1 ml of 0.1m FeCL3.
Observation:
Place 1ml of 0.1% starch solution in a test tube and add 2 drops of iodine solution.
Observation:
Place 10 drops of ethyl alcohol in a watch glass set aside. Observe the change after few minutes.
Observation:
When we put the rubbing alcohol to a watch glass and we wait for a few minutes to dry of the rubbing
alcohol in the watch glass.
Place another 10 drops of ethyl alcohol in an evaporating dish and ignite using alighted matchstick
note the change.
Observation:
When we ignite the alcohol the non luminous fame come out.
Place a pinch of baking soda in an evaporating dish continue 2ml water note the change.
Observation:
Add 1 ml of concentrated HCL into test tube containing 2ml of water. Feel the bottom of test tube.
Observation:
Observation:
Observation:
It is endothermic when we mix the two chemical when we hold the bottom of the test tube it turns to
cold.
Conclusion:
In general all forms mater undergo changes, physical and chemical. A change is physical if only the extrinsic
properties of matter change such as the shape and the state but the identity of matter is unchanged. A chemical change,
on the other hand, involves the change in the intrinsic properties, as when it undergoes chemical reaction leading to the
formation of a new substance; hence the composition of matter is altered.
ACTIVITY 6
NAMING AND WRITING FORMULAS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Examples:
Sodium Chloride NaCl
Copper (II) Is CuC03
Aluminum Oxide Is Al2O3
Strontium Nitrate is Sr (NO3)2
Write the symbol for the first element named: if a prefix accompanies the name place subscripts equal to
the prefix after the symbol.
Write the symbol of the seconds element: place the subscript after its symbol if the prefix means two or
higher
Examples:
Carbon Monoxides is CO
Sulfur Dioxides is SO2
Phosphorus Trichloride PCl3
Nitrogen tetra Oxide is NO4
1. Ionic Compound
Examples:
NaBr Is Sodium Bromide
CaSO4 Is Calcium Sulfate
Fe (NO3) Is Iron III) Nitrate
2. Binary Compounds
Examples
CO2 is Carbon Dioxide
PCL3 Is Phospurus Trichloride
AsP is Diarsenic Pentaoxide
Number of Atoms Can Be Used In Naming Polyatomic Anions
Oxidation State −1 +1 +3 +5 +7
Anion Name chloride hypochlorite chlorite chlorate perchlorate
− − − −
Formula Cl ClO ClO 2 ClO 3 ClO4−
Structure
Compound Name
NO Nitrogen monoxide
N2O Dinitrogen monoxide
NO2 Nitrogen dioxide
N2O3 Dinitrogen trioxide
N2O4 Dinitrogen tetraoxide
Nomenclature of Acids
Formula Name
HF(aq) - hydrofluoric acid
HCl(aq) - hydrochloric acid
HBr(aq) - hydrobromic acid
HI(aq) - hydriodic acid
H2S(aq) - hydrosulfuric acid
Nomenclature of hydrates
Formula Name
Ca(ClO3)2.H20 Calcium Chlorate Dihydrate
Sn(SO4)2.2H20 Tin (IV) Sulfatedihydrate
NiSO4.7H20 Nickel (II) Sulfateheptahydrate
Co(C2H3O2)2.4H20 Cobalt (II) Acetate Tetrahydrate
FeBr3.6H20 Iron (III) Bromide Hexahydrate
Common and Chemicals Names of Some Compounds
Potassium chloride
Is a chemical compound symbolized by KCI. It is a metal halide (binary compound) made up of potassium and chlorine.
According to Chemistry Daily, potassium chloride is a colorless crystal that has a face-centered cubic structure. It is
naturally occurring in the mineral sylvite, and is a soluble ionic chloride. It is used to treat potassium deficiency, which,
according to Drugs.com, has a variety of medical effects, including weakness, fatigue, drowsiness, low blood pressure,
muscle cramps, abnormal heart rate and nausea.
Lithium
Today is used mainly to help patients manage manic-depressive illness, also known as bipolar disorder. In drug forms
such as Eskalith or Lithobid, lithium can cut down on a patient's number of manic and depression states and can make
the occurrences of those states less severe. The drug gives patients more emotional control and a better ability to cope
with problems by acting on the body's nervous system, according to the Mayo Clinic. Lithium medication requires a
doctor's prescription and comes in the form of solutions, capsules, syrups and tablets.
Arsenic Trioxide
Has been approved to treat a specific type of leukaemia called acute promyelocytic leukaemia, where the undeveloped
blood cells found in the bone marrow and blood are in excessive numbers. When doctors turn to arsenic trioxide, it
typically means that chemotherapy has not worked. Its part of a list of drugs called anti-neoplastics, and it is believed to
slow or stop cancerous cells from growing.
Calcium Chloride
Is used to treat calcium deficiencies, hypocalcaemia, magnesium intoxication, cardiac failure and hyperkalemia.
In some cases, it is also used to treat drug overdoses.
In terms of its use in food, calcium chloride is included in the Food and Drug Administration's list of food additives
"generally regarded as safe." Calcium chloride is commonly included in food and animal feed as a drying agent or filler.
Magnesium Chloride
May be prescribed to treat hypomagnesaemia, or low magnesium. It may also be used for a variety of other
medical conditions like gastric and duodenal ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease and constipation in adults and
children. Other conditions magnesium oxide may be used for include renal stones and pathological hypersecretory
disorder such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
Conclusion:
In chemistry we will work with several different compounds. For this reason, it is important that we are able to
write the names and formulas for these compounds. In order to name inorganic compounds, it is important that we
know something about the periodic table. First of all the vertical columns on the periodic table are called groups or
families. Where Group I A elements are referred to as Alkali Metals. Group II A elements are referred to as Alkaline-
Earth Metals. Group VII A elements are referred to as Halogens and Group VIII A elements are referred to as the Nobel
Gases. The Group B elements are all referred to as Transition Metals. The horizontal rows are referred to as periods.
ACTIVITY 7
SOLUTIONS
Objectives:
Explain the effect of nature of solvent and solute temperature and pressure solubility.
Explain the effect of stirring temperature and particle size on the rates of dissolution
Differentiated saturated, unsaturated and super saturated solutions
And calculate the concentrations of the prepared solutions in different ways.
To determine the effects of different factors on the solubility of substances;
To determine the effects of various factors on the rate at which a solute dissolves in a solvent
To measure the solubility of some solutes in water and express them in proper units,
To construct the solubility curve of a solute and predict the solubility of the solute at different temperatures.
To qualitatively and quantitatively describe concentrations of solutions.
Reagents:
Apparatus/Materials:
1. Add approximately 0.5g of sucrose crystals into 2 separate test tubes containing 10ml of H 20set aside one
test tubes and allow the solute to dissolve. Stir the other test tubes with stirring rod w/ test tubers did the
crystals dissolve faster
Observation:
The faster to dissolve is the test tubes that we use a stirring rod stir than the other test tubes with a stirring rod
stir than other test tubes that we don’t stir
2. Place 10 ml H20 into 2 test tubes .heat one test tubes to almost boinling.add0.5g of cuso4 into both
test tubes. In which test tubes did the crystals dissolve faster?
Observation:
The faster to dissolve is the test tubes that contain hot water.
3. Weigh 0.5 g of cuso4 in two separate watch glass. Grind the cuso4 from one watch glasses. Pour the 2 potions
of cuso4 into 2 separate test tubes containing 10 ml of water. In which test tubes did the crystals dissolve
faster?
Observation:
The faster to dissolve in the test tubes that contain water which grind cuso4 while the other test tubes contain
water with cuso4 it dissolves but it take a few second or minutes to dissolve.
Sucrose 2.25g
Erlenmeyer flask 120.0g
Volume of solution 200ml
Mass of solution 328g
Conclusion:
Two or more substances mixed to form a single, homogenous phase. One of the substances is the solvent and
the others solutes are said to be dissolved in it. The constituents of a solution may be solid, liquid, or gaseous. The
solvent is normally the substance that is present in greatest quantity; however, if one of the constituents is a liquid this
is considered to be the solvent even if it is not the major substance.
ACTIVITY 8
BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
When a chemical reaction occurs, it can be described by an equation. Reactants on the left-hand side, and the chemicals
that they produce called the Products on the right-hand side. The chemicals can be represented by their names or by
their chemical symbols. Unlike mathematical equations, the two sides are separated by an arrow, which indicates that
the reactants form the products and not the other way round.
When we delve deeper into the study of chemistry, we find that there are several different types of reactions. There
are several different ways to classify these reactions, mainly based on the patterns of similarity among them. There
are 5 basic types of reactions we will be studying, and the way they are classified is based on how atoms or groups of
atoms are rearranged during a particular reaction. These reactions are:
Combination reactions
Decomposition reactions
Displacement reactions
Metathesis reactions
Combustion reactions
Objectives:
1. Write the correct formulas and state or phases of reactants and produce to:
2. Balance the number of atoms each kind of using coefficient in simple reactions balancing by inspections is
easily accomplished.
Example: Write the balancing equations for the reactions of magnesium with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.
Mg 1 1
O 2 1
3 2
The table above the oxygen is coefficient on the right side to balance oxygen the coefficient 2 is written before
MgO in equations becomes.
Left Right
Mg 1 2
O 2 2
This time as shown in the table, Mg is undefined deficient on the left side. Mg is balanced by writing the
coefficient 2 before the element on the left sides the equations becomes;
2Mg + O2 (s) ---- 2Mg O(s)
Left Right
Mg 2 2
O 2 2
Under the number of atoms in the left side of the equations is equal the right side, the chemical equations is
finally balances.
Reactant Products
H 2 2
O 4 4
S 1 1
Reactant Products
K 1 1
Cl 1 1
O 3 2
Reactant Products
Zn 1 2
O 2 1
Reactant Products
Na 1 1
O 1 3
H 1 3
Fe 1 1
Cl 2 1
Reactant Products
Ca 1 1
C 1 1
O 3 3
Conclusion:
To review, a balanced chemical equation gives both the ingredients and the proportions for combining the
reactants into the products. You can balance a chemical equation by adjusting the number of molecules on either side of
the reaction until the number of each type of atom is the same on both sides.