ADJ.

REMA
POINT BS IS FS CL ELEVATION DISTANCE
ELEV. RKS

A 1.035 101.3 100

B 2.445
Table 1: levelling

No of BS = No of FS = 2
∑ BS - ∑ FS = elevation of last point - elevation of first point
1.035-2.445= 101.14-100 =1.41

∑ Elevations except first = ∑ (CL x no. of IS x no. of FS) - ∑ IS - ∑ FS

0=0

Sources of error:
The following are the main sources of error in levelling:
 Imperfect adjustment
 This is most common and serious source of error, it can be eliminated
 Defective level tube
 Shaky tripod
 Incorrect graduations of the staff
 Careless levelling-up of the instrument
 PART THREE: THEODOLITE
Objectives:
Levelling is done for the following purposes:-

1. To measure a horizontal angels that used to setting out paths of roads, railway,
traverse lines that’s used to setting out the boundary of a new city or compound.
2. To measure vertical angles that’s used to measure of inaccessible height like height of
(Cairo tower, pyramids, etc.)

Introduction:
1. Theodolite is used to measure the horizontal and vertical angles.
2. Theodolite is more precise than magnetic compass.
3. Magnetic compass measures the angle up to as accuracy of 30’. However a vernier
theodolite measures the angles up to and accuracy of 10’’, 20”.
4. There are variety of theodolite vernier, optic, electronic etc.

Equipment used:

Fig. 4 theodolite equipment

Calculations:

HCR VCR
Occupied Target Mean Hz Corr. Hz remar
Station station HCR Angles Angles ks
FL FR FL FR

253o 45’ 73o 47’ 90o 50’ 269o 06’ 73o 48’
B
40’’ 50’’ 50’’ 50’’ 45’’ 34o 35’ 55’’ 34o 33’ 5’’
288o 21’ 108o 89o 02’ 270o 57’ 108o 24’
A C
30’’ 27’ 50’’ 10’’ 20’’ 40’’
325o 29’ 325o 26’
253o 53’ 73o 55’ 90o 52’ 269o 06’ 73o 04’ 45’’ 55’’
B
40’’ 10’’ 30’’ 20’’ 25’’

Mean index Error = 00 0’ 47.5’’

At point A: - Vblcorrected = 900 - 900 50’50’’- 00 0’47.5’’ = - 00 51’37.5’’
Vclcorrected = 900 - 890 02’10’’- 00 0’47.5’’ = 00 57’2.5’’
At point C: - Vblcorrected = 900 - 920 33’20’’- 00 0’47.5’’ = - 20 34’7.5’’
Vclcorrected = 900 - 940 44’50’’- 00 0’47.5’’ = - 40 45’37.5’’
Table 2: theodolite

Sources of error:
 Non adjustment of plate bubble.
 Line of collimation not being perpendicular to horizontal axis.
 Line of collimation not being parallel to axis of telescope.
 Horizontal axis not being perpendicular to vertical axis.
 PART FOUR: TOTAL STATION
Objectives:
A total station is an optical instrument commonly used in construction, surveying and civil
engineering. It is useful for measuring horizontal angles, vertical angles and distance — it
does this by analysing the slope between itself and a specific point.

Introduction:
A total station consists of a theodolite with a built-in distance meter (distancer), and so it can
measure angles and distances at the same time. ... The horizontal distance, the height
difference and the coordinates are calculated automatically and all measurements and
additional information can be recorded.

Equipment used:

Fig. 5 total station equipment

Calculations:

Table 3: data sample

1) Σ interior angles= (2n-4)*90= (2(4)-4)*90=360°0’0”

Σ interior angles= 83°32’17”+81°52’39”+92°42’58”+101°52’26”= 360°0’20”
Misclosure= 360°0’20”- 360°0’0”= 0°0’20”
Adjustment= 20°/4 = 5° per angle
Correction 83°32’22”
81°52’44”
92°42’63”
101°52’31”
FB(AB)= 135°58’40”
FB(BC)= (135°58’40”+180)+ 81°52’44”=397°51’24”-360°0’0”= 37°51’24”
FB(CD)= (37°51’24”+180)+ 92°42’63”= 310°34’27”
 FB(DA)= (310°34’27”-180)+ 101°52’31”= 232°26’58”

statio side Side bearing departure latitude corrected E N

n length

A 100 1000
0

AB 150.372 135°58’40” 104.499 -108.1 2.15

BC 150.225 37°51’24” 92.19 118.6 2.156

CD 140.570 310°34’27” -106.77 91.431 2.017

DA 130.928 232°26’58” -103.8 -79.79 1.88

Table 4: total station

Σ of side length= 572.095

Σ of departure= -13.931
Σ of latitude= 22.141
Error= 8.21

Sources of error:
Tilting axis or tilt error is the error when the axis to the total station is not perpendicular to
the vertical axis or plumb line. The error effect on horizontal readings when the instrument is
tilted (steep sightings) but have no effect on sightings taken when the instrument is
horizontal

SUMMERY

Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, art and science of determining

the terrestrial or three-dimensional positions of points and the distances and angles
between them. A land surveying professional is called a land surveyor. These points are
usually on the surface of the Earth, and they are often used to establish maps and
boundaries for ownership, locations, such as building corners or the surface location of
subsurface features, or other purposes required by government or civil law, such as
property sales.