Supplemental Material

THE COMPOSITE BOSON MAPPING

In this section we demonstrate that the CB mapping satisfies the commutation relations of the original boson
operators ai , a†j . We start with the commutator [ai , aj ] when i, j ∈ R. Making use of the quadratic mapping in Eq.
(1), the commutator maps to

 
hRα|ai |RβihRα′ |aj |Rβ ′ i b†Rα bRβ b†Rα′ bRβ ′ − b†Rα′ bRβ ′ b†Rα bRβ .
XX
[ai , aj ] = (S.1)
α,β α′ ,β ′
h i
Applying the canonical commutation relations of the CB bosons, bRα , b†R′ β = δαβ δRR′ , we arrive to
 h i h i 
hRα|ai |RβihRα′ |aj |Rβ ′ i b†Rα δα′ ,β + b†Rα′ bRβ bRβ ′ − b†Rα′ δα,β ′ + b†Rα bRβ ′ bRβ ,
XX
[ai , aj ] = (S.2)
α,β α′ ,β ′
P
and using the resolution of the identity, α |RαihRα| = 1,

hα|ai aj |βib†Rα bRβ − hRα|aj ai |Rβib†Rα bRβ = hα| [ai , aj ] |βib†Rα bRβ = 0.
X X X
[ai , aj ] = (S.3)
α,β αβ αβ

When i ∈ R and j ∈ R′ the commutator trivially vanishes, as the CB operators commute for different clusters.
Equivalently,
h iwe show that the CB images of the elementary boson operators preserve the boson commutation
†
relation, ai , aj = δij . Making use of Eq. (1)

h i  
ai , a†j = hRα|ai |RβihR′ α′ |a†j |R′ β ′ i b†Rα bRβ b†R′ α′ bR′ β ′ − b†R′ α′ bR′ β ′ b†Rα bRβ .
XX
(S.4)
α,β α′ ,β ′

Using the commutation relations of the CB bosons

h i
ai , a†j = hRα|ai |RβihR′ α′ |a†j |R′ β ′ i
XX

α,β α′ ,β ′
 h i h i 
× b†Rα δα′ ,β δRR′ + b†R′ α′ bRβ bR′ β ′ − b†R′ α′ δα,β ′ δRR′ + b†Rα bR′ β ′ bRβ , (S.5)
P
using the resolution of the identity, α |RαihRα| = 1,
h i X h i
ai , a†j = hRα|ai a†j |Rβib†Rα bRβ − hRα|a†j ai |Rβib†Rα bRβ = hRα| ai , a†j |Rβib†Rα bRβ ,
X X
(S.6)
α,β αβ αβ

P †
and using orthonormality of the CB basis and the physical constraint α bRα bRα = 1,
h i
ai , a†j = δij
X †
bRα bRα = δij . (S.7)
α

We have demonstrated that the mapping is canonical if the resolution of the identity and the physical constraint
are satisfied.

Let us now formally show that the mapping of the kinetic and interaction terms of the Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian
inside the cluster lead to a one-body CB term. Following the previous procedure, we map the hopping operator a†i aj
acting inside a cluster, i, j ∈ R. Using the mapping of Eq. (1) we obtain a two-body CB operator

a†i aj = hRα|a†i |RβihRα′ |aj |Rβ ′ ib†Rα bRβ b†Rα′ bRβ ′ ,

XX
(S.8)
αβ α′ β ′
 2

using the commutation relations of CB bosons

h i
a†i aj = hRα|a†i |RβihRα′ |aj |Rβ ′ ib†Rα δα′ β + b†Rα′ bRβ bRβ ′ ,
XX
(S.9)
αβ α′ β ′

and applying the resolution of the identity and the physical constraint we finally arrive to

a†i aj = hRα|a†i aj |Rβib†Rα bRβ

X
(S.10)
αβ

Next, we can map the interaction term within the cluster, ni nj = a†i ai a†j aj , i, j ∈ R. First, we apply the mapping
of Eq. (1) arriving to a four-body operator in the CB space

hRα1 |a†i |Rβ1 ihRα2 |ai |Rβ2 ihRα3 |a†j |Rβ3 ihRα4 |aj |Rβ4 i
X X X X
ni nj =
α1 β1 α2 β2 α3 β3 α4 β4

× b†Rα1 bRβ1 b†Rα2 bRβ2 b†Rα3 bRβ3 b†Rα4 bRβ4 . (S.11)

Then, we commute two CB operators

hRα1 |a†i |Rβ1 ihRα2 |ai |Rβ2 ihRα3 |a†j |Rβ3 ihRα4 |aj |Rβ4 i
X X X X
ni nj =
α1 β1 α2 β2 α3 β3 α4 β4
h i
× b†Rα1 bRβ1 b†Rα2 δα3 β2 + b†Rα3 bRβ2 bRβ3 b†Rα4 bRβ4 , (S.12)

and we apply resolution of the identity and the physical constraint

hRα1 |a†i |Rβ1 ihRα2 |ai a†j |Rβ3 ihRα4 |aj |Rβ4 ib†Rα1 bRβ1 b†Rα2 bRβ3 b†Rα4 bRβ4 .
X X X
ni nj = (S.13)
α1 β1 α2 β3 α4 β4

Following the previous procedure repeatedly (use of commutation relations of the CB operators and application of
the resolution of identity and the physical constraint) we arrive to the final result

hRα|a†i ai a†j aj |Rβib†Rα bRβ .

X
ni nj = (S.14)
αβ

The hopping operator term a†i aj transferring particles from one cluster to a neighbor cluster, i ∈ R and j ∈ R′ 6= R,
maps to a two-body CB term. Applying the mapping and normal ordering

a†i aj = hRα|hR′ α′ |a†i aj |Rβi|R′ β ′ i b†Rα b†R′ α′ bRβ bR′ β ′ .

XX
(S.15)
αβ α′ β ′

Last, we map the interaction term ni nj between two cluster i ∈ R and j ∈ R′ 6= R, leading to a four-body CB term

hRα1 |a†i |Rβ1 ihRα2 |ai |Rβ2 ihR′ α3 |a†j |R′ β3 ihR′ α4 |aj |R′ β4 i
X X X X
ni nj =
α1 β1 α2 β2 α3 β3 α4 β4

× b†Rα1 bRβ1 b†Rα2 bRβ2 b†R′ α3 bR′ β3 b†R′ α4 bR′ β4 . (S.16)

Following a similar procedure of commutation, resolution of the identity and application of the physical constraint,
we finally arrive to a two-body CB interaction

hRα|hR′ α′ |a†i ai a†j aj |Rβi|R′ β ′ ib†Rα b†R′ α′ bRβ bR′ β ′ .

XX
ni nj = (S.17)
αβ α′ β ′

We have demonstrated that both the hopping operator and the density-density interaction within a cluster map to
a one-body CB operator. Furthermore, we showed that when these operators act between neighbor clusters they are
mapped into two-body CB operators.
 3

MATRIX ELEMENTS OF THE CB HAMILTONIAN

The interaction between two clusters appearing in Eq. (5) depends on the particular layout of the two clusters R
and R′ . For the Bose-Hubbard model, it is exclusively related to the hopping term that destroys (creates) a boson
at the edge of one cluster and creates (destroys) a boson at the edge of a neighbor cluster. The specific form of the
interaction for L × L clusters is

′ X X √ q ′ ′ √ q ′ ′

αα
Wββ ′
′ (R, R ) =
α
ni + 1 n′j UR{n U α′ ′ U β U β ′ ′ + ni n′j + 1 UR{n
i +1} R {nj −1} Rn R n
α
U α′ ′ U β U β′ ′ ,
i −1} R {nj +1} Rn R n
hi,ji n,n′

(S.18)
′
P
where hiji runs over the L links between the edges of both clusters with i ∈ R and j ∈ R . Using compact
notation, {ni ± 1} corresponds to a configuration n with one more or one less boson at site i, that is, {ni ± 1} ≡
(n1 , . . . , ni ± 1, . . . , nL2 ).
The intra-cluster one-body matrix elements has both contributions, the hopping term and the Hubbard interaction,

X X 1 β

Tβα (R) = α
nj (nj − 1) − µnj URn URn
n j∈R
2
X X √ √ β √ p β

α α
−t ni + 1 nj UR{n U
i +1,nj −1} Rn
+ n i n j + 1 U R{ni −1,nj +1} Rn .
U (S.19)
n hiji∈R

For a uniform and translational invariant system in the cluster superlattice, the unitary transformation U does not
depend the on the cluster position R. Therefore, we drop the position indices in the matrix elements T and W , as it
is done in Eq. (6).

BOGOLIUBOV MATRIX

(†)
After shifting the bα=0,k=0 CB, we can classify the resulting terms of the CB Hamiltonian by the number of
fluctuating CBs (α 6= 0),

H (0) = 2M W00 σ + M T00 − λ σ 2

00 4

Tβα − λδαβ b†kα bkβ + 2σ 2

X X X X
†
H (2) = α0 α0


W0β γk + 2Wβ0 bkα bkβ
k αβ6=0 k αβ6=0
1
γq b†k1 α b†k2 +qα′ bk1 +qβ bk2 β ′
X ′ X
H (4) = αα
Wββ ′
M
αα′ ββ ′ 6=0 k1 k2 q

Notice that H (0) accounts for the free-term of the CB condensate and its self-interaction, H (2) accounts for the
interaction of the fluctuations with the condensate, and H (4) accounts for the interaction among fluctuations. From
the three orders of approximation discussed and used in the letter, the 0th order corresponds to neglect H (2) and
H (4) , the 2nd order corresponds to neglect H (4) , and the 4th order takes all terms into account. The H (4) term is
mean-field decoupled using Wick’s theorem in order to obtain the quadratic mean-field Hamiltonian of Eq. (8), where
the matrices Ak and Bk are given by
2 X X  αα′ αα′

Akαβ = Tβα − λδαβ + 2σ 2 W0β α0 α0



γk + 2Wβ0 + Wβ ′ β Γkq + 2Wββ ′ Pqα′ β ′
M q ′ ′
αβ

αβ 1 X X αβ
Bkαβ = σ 2 W00 γk + W ′ ′ Γkq Kqα′ β ′ (S.20)
M q ′ ′ αβ
αβ
D E
where Γkq = cos(Lkx ) cos(Lqx ) + cos(Lky ) cos(Lqy ). The density matrix Pqαβ = b†qα′ bqβ ′ = Pqβα
∗
is hermitian,
D E
† †
and the pairing tensor Kqαβ = bqα′ b−qβ ′ = K−qβα is symmetric. For the particular case of the Bose-Hubbard
 4

model, we assume that both of them are real. Upon inversion of the Bogoliubov transformation, it is straightforward
to show that
X X
Pkαβ = Ykαα′ Ykβα′ , Kkαβ = Ykαα′ Xkβα′ . (S.21)
α′ α′

The amplitudes of the Bogoliubov transformation Xk and Yk are the components of the eigenvectors of the Bogoli-
ubov eigensystem (9).

HARTREE-BOSE MATRIX

Minimization of the free energy with respect to the condensed CB structure U (0) leads to the Hartree-Bose (HB)
eigensystem (10),

X X 
hm,n Un0 = h(0) (2) 0 0
m,n + hm,n Un = λUm , (S.22)
n n

where we have made explicit distinction between the the zeroth order h(0) and second order h(2) contributions. These
come from the derivation of the zeroth, hH (0) i, and second, hH (2) i, order contributions to the free energy. The
zeroth order term contains the kinetic and interaction terms of the condensate. The second order term contains the
interaction of the condensate (α = 0) with the fluctuations (α 6= 0).

" !#
X
hH (0) i = 2M W00
00 4
σ + M T00 − λ Un(0) Un(0) σ2 , (S.23)
n
XX XX αβ

hH (2) i = −λ Pkαα + 2σ 2
 α0 α0

W00 γk Kkαβ + W0β γk + 2Wβ0 Pkαβ . (S.24)
k α k αβ

Making use of Eqs. (S.19) and (S.20) and assuming C4 symmetry of the cluster superlattice, we write explicitly the
tensors entering in Eq. (S.24)

! !
1X X√ Xq
00 0
W00 = ni + 1 U{n U0
i +1} n
0
n′j + 1 U{n 0
′ +1} Un′ , (S.25)
2 n
j
hi,ji n′
X X 1 
T00 = nj (nj − 1) − µnj Un0 Un0
n j
2
X X √ √ √ p 
0
−t ni + 1 nj U{n U 0 + ni nj + 1 U{n
i +1,nj −1} n
0
U0 .
i −1,nj +1} n
(S.26)
n hiji

The corresponding derivatives with respect to the condensate CB structure U (0) are

!
∂ 00 1 X √ 0 √ 0
 Xq
0 0
0
W00 = mi + 1 U{mi +1} + mi U{mi −1} n′j + 1 U{n′ +1} Un′
∂Um 2 j
hi,ji n′
!
1 X X√ 0
p √ 
+ ni + 1 U{n U0
i +1} n
mj + 1 U{m 0
j +1}
+ mj U{m 0
j −1}
2 n
hi,ji
!
X X√ p √ 
0 0 0 0
= ni + 1 U{n i +1} U n m j + 1 U {m j +1} + m j U {m j −1} , (S.27)
hi,ji n
 5

and
∂ X 1 
0 0
T
0 0
= 2 m j (m j − 1) − µm j Un δm,n
∂Um j
2
X √ p
0
√ √ 0

−2t mi mj + 1 U{m i −1,m j +1} + m i + 1 m j U {m i +1,m j −1} . (S.28)
hiji

Collecting terms, the zeroth order contribution to the HB matrix is

X 1 
h(0)
m,n = mj (mj − 1) − µmj δm,n
j
2
X √ p √ √

−t mi mj + 1 δn,{mi −1,mj +1} + mi + 1 mj δn,{mi +1,mj −1}
hiji
" ! #
X Xp √
+σ 2 0 0
p
n′i + 1 U{n


′ +1} Un′
i
mj + 1 δn,{mj +1} + mj δn,{mj −1} . (S.29)
hiji n′

Following a similar procedure, we obtain the second order contributions to the HB matrix (S.23). First, we write
explicitly the W tensors and then their corresponding derivatives with respect to U (0) ,

αβ 1 X X √ q
α β 0 0 √ q ′ α β 0 0

W00 = ni + 1 n′j U{n U U U
i +1} {nj −1} n n
′ ′ + n i n j + 1 U U U U
{ni −1} {nj +1} n n
′ ′ , (S.30)
4
hiji n,n′
∂ αβ 1 X X √ √ β √ p β

0
W00 = α
ni + 1 mj U{n U
i +1} {mj −1}
+ n i m j + 1 U α
U
{ni −1} {mj +1} + [n ↔ m] Un0 ,(S.31)
∂Um 4 n
hiji

α0 1 X X √ q
α 0 0 β √ √ α 0 0 β

W0β = ni + 1 n′j + 1 U{n +1} U n ′ Un U
{nj +1}
′ + n i n j U {n −1} U n ′ Un U
{nj −1} ,
′ (S.32)
4 i i
hiji n,n′
∂ 1 X X √ β √ √ β

α0 α α
Un0 , (S.33)
p
0
W0β = ni + 1 mj + 1 U{n U
i +1} {mj +1}
+ n i m j U U
{ni −1} {mj −1} + [n ↔ m]
∂Um 4 n
hiji

!
α0 1 X X √ h
α β
i X q
0 0
Wβ0 = ni + 1 U{n U β + Unα U{ni +1}
i +1} n
n′j + 1 U{n ′ +1} Un′ , (S.34)
4 n
j
hiji n ′
!
∂ α0 1 X Xp ′ h
α β α β
i p
0 √ 0

0
Wβ0 = ni + 1 U{n ′ +1} U ′ + Un′ U
n {ni +1}
′ m j + 1 U {m +1} + m j U {m −1} . (S.35)
∂Um 4 i j j
hiji ′ n

Making use of these derivatives, the second order term of the HB matrix is

" #
1 X X √ √ β √ p β
 X
h(2)
m,n = α α
ni + 1 mj U{ni +1} U{mj −1} + ni mj + 1 U{ni −1} U{mj +1} + [n ↔ m] γk Kkαβ
4M
hiji αβ k
" #
1 X X √ p α β √ √ α β
 X
+ ni + 1 mj + 1 U{ni +1} U{mj +1} + ni mj U{ni −1} U{mj −1} + [n ↔ m] γk Pkαβ (S.36)
4M
hiji αβ k
" ! #" #
1 XX Xp
′
h
α β α β
i p √
X
+ ni + 1 U{n′i +1} Un′ + Un′ U{n′ +1} mj + 1 δn,{mj +1} + mj δn,{mj −1} Pkαβ .
2M i
hiji αβ ′ n k