VARNISHES

SUBMITYTED BY -Satish kumar verma

B.ARCH -2 year
ROLL NO-21
 What is Varnish?
 Varnish is a solution of resin or resinous
substances (such as common resin, amber,
copal, shellac etc)in alcohol,
turpentine or oil.
 It enhances and gives warmth to the grain of
the wood and is resistant to impact, heat,
abrasion, water, and alcohol.
It can be used as a topcoatover wornfinishes.
 Why varnishing is done?
 To intensify or brighten the appearance of natural
grainsin wood.
 Torenderbrilliancytothe painted surface.

 Toprotectpaintedsurfacefromatmospheric action.

 Toprotectunpainted wooden

surfaces of doors, windows, roof

trusses, floors etc from
atmospheric action.
 PROCESS OF VARNISHING
Surface preparation Knotting Stopping Coat of Varnish

The wood It is the It is done by

surface is process of means of hot
made smooth covering or weak glue size
by rubbing it killing all knots so that pores On the clean
using sand in the wood on the surface surface, two or
paper or work with a are filled up. more coats of
pumice stone. substance varnish is
through which • Boiled applied.
the resin linseed oil
can be • The next coat
cannot come is applied
out or exude applied in 2
coats . when the
since the resin previous coat
coming out the • The dry has dried up
knots would surface thoroughly.
damage the should then
paint be rubbed
Characteristics of a good varnish
 It should dry rapidly
 It should form a hard film on drying.
 It should not crack on drying. It should have
sufficient elasticity.
 It should be durable and weather resistant.
 It should give uniform and pleasing appearance.
 It should not hide the natural
grain of the inner surface of
timber.
 The colour of Varnish should not
fadeaway with time.
 Properties of Varniashes
 transparent
 hard
 protective finish
 It is combination of a drying oil, a resin, and a
thinner or solvent.
 glossy but may be designed to produce satin or
semi-gloss sheens by the addition of "flatting"
agents.
Ingredients of Varnish
 Driers
 Resins or resinous
substances
 Solvents

DRIERS
Driers acceleratetheprocess ofdrying of a varnish.
Common driers used invarnishes are litharge, white
copperandlead acetate.
 ALKYD- TYPE OF DRYER
 Typically, modern commercially produced
varnishes employ some form of alkyd for
producing a protective film. Alkyds are chemically
modified vegetable oils which operate
well ina wide range of conditions and
can be engineered to speed up the cure rate
and thus hardenfaster.
RESINS OR RESINOUS SUBSTANCES
 The quality of resin depends largely on
thetype of resin used.
 Various types of resins in use are
copal, resin, shellac, amber,
mastic, gum dammar etc
 Copal is a hard and
lustrous resin
obtained from ground
wherepine
trees existed in past.
 Resinis obtainedfrompinetrees.

 shellacis obtainedbyexudation
of some insects which grow on
some typeof treesin India.`
SOLVENTS
Type of
Type of resin
solvent
 Amber, copal
 Boiled linseed
oil  Shellac or lac
 Mastic, gum
 Methylated
dammar
sprit of
wine  Raw copal and
other cheap
 Turpentine
varieties of
 Wood naphtha resin
 Classification of varnishes
 Varnishes may be divided into the
following fourcategories based on the
type of solvent used:

1. OIL VARNISHES:
these varnishes use linseed oil as
solvent in which hard resins such as
amber and copal are dissolved by
heating. These varnishes dry slowly,
but form hard and durable surface.
Recommended for all external wood
workand for joinery, fittings.
2. SPIRIT VARNISHES OR
LAQUERS:
These varnishes have methylated spirit of wine
as solvent in which soft resins such as shellac
are dissolved.
They dry quickly but are not
durable.
Frenchpolish is avariety of this
type of varnish.
It is commonly used on furniture.
3. TERPENTINE VARNISHES:
These varnishes use turpentine as solvent in which
soft resins such as gum dammar, mastic and rosin
are dissolved. They dry quickly but not so durable.
These are cheaper than oil varnishes.
4. WATER VARNISHES:
These varnishes are formed by dissolving
shellac in hot water, using enough
quantity of either ammonia,
borax, potash or soda.
They are used for varnishing wall
papers, maps, pictures, book
jackets etc
 Types of varnishes
POLYURETHANE:
varnishes are typically hard, abrasion-
resistant, and durable coatings.
 They are popular for hardwood floors but are
considered by some wood finishers to be
difficult or unsuitable for finishing furniture or
other detailed pieces.
ACRYLIC VARNISHES
 Acrylic varnishes are typicallywater-borne
varnishes with thelowest refractive
index of all finishes. Empty citation
(help) and high transparency. They
resistyellowing. Acrylics have the
advantage of water clean-up
 DISTEMPER
-These are paints used for the treatment of masonry walls.
-In distempers water instead of oil is used as a carrier.
- These are also known as water paints.
- It is made by mixing whiting and glue boiled in water .
- All prepared distempers are mixed with water only before
being used.
-As the distemper is affected by weather and comes off, if
washed, so is use is restricted only to interior works.
-It forms a cheap, durable and easy finish for interiors. These
should be applied in dry weather after the surface has been
cleaned and dried.
- There are some points which should be kept in mind
while applying distempers.
- The surface should be completely dry, there should be
no patches of efflorescence, also surface should be
smooth, if not surface should be smoothening with
sandpaper.
- Old surface should be cleaned properly.
- These may be applied in two or more coats also.
- On drying of primary coat (1st), prepared distemper
solution in water is applied on the surface with brush.
WATER PAINTS –
 Water paint also known as DISTEMPERS.
 They are used mainly on internal walls and ceilings and most of
them give a flat finish.
 There are several kinds are prepared on the site by adding water to
make a paste.
 They have a drying oil or varnish medium emulsified in water
containing glue or other fixatives.
 Bartyes is a common pigment along with tinting pigment.
 The cheapest type known as soft or ceiling distemper, contains only
a glue size vehicle and tinted powdered chalk.
 It can be removed by washing or brushing and so is only used for
ceilings.
 Oil bound distemper is a better quality having a mixture of linseed
oil, pigment and extenders.
 It will withstand limited careful washing.