Syllabus

Chapter10:Paints and Varnishes

1.Introduction
2.Characteristics of good paints and varnishes
3. Constituents of paints & varnishes
4.Types of paints – primer ,distemper, emulsion and
enamel
Paints- Introduction
 A Paint is essentially a coating or covering material
applied on metallic or non-metallic surfaces
for decorative or protective purposes.
 A Paint is a Solution or suspension (emulsion) of
pigment, binder, and mineral solvent (or water)
that on drying forms an adhering film on the
surface it is applied.
 They are usually built in layers as priming coat,
first coat , second coat.
Paints- Introduction
 Applied over metals, wood, plaster, concrete etc.
 An ideal paint will provide a perfect finish to your
house and gives a sense of completion, newness,
freshness and increases the aesthetics of your
house
Uses of Paints
Used to give high class finish.
Used to give attractive colours.
To protect the material from atmospheric effects.
To protect various substances from corrosion.
To protect wooden articles from wet-rot and
many other types of defects.
To make material long lasting.
Characteristics of good paints
•When applied to the surface, paint should form a thin film of
uniform nature.
•The surface of the paint should not show cracks after drying. It
should be elastic. i.e. must be able to withstand change in
temperature.
•It should possess good spreading or covering power, as it
determines the cost.
•The colour of the paint should withstand the adverse
environmental conditions such as rain, heat, wind, etc. for a
long time.
•Paint should have such a consistency that it could be easily
applied with a brush or spraying devices.
Characteristics of good paints
•Paint should adhere well to the surface to which it is
applied.
•It should have an attractive and pleasing appearance.
•Its initial cost must be fairly cheap and it must prove
economical over the long run.
•It should have ideal resistance to corrosion and
protect the material over which it is used.
•Paint should be such that it dries in a reasonable time
and not very rapidly.
•On drying an ideal paint will not show any signs, such
as brush marks, shrinkage marks, cracks, patches, etc.
Characteristics of good varnishes
 It should not show cracks on drying.
 It should appear uniform and pleasing.
 Its color shouldn't fade.
 It should dry rapidly and give permanent glossy film
 It should be tough, hard and durable.
 It should provide a brilliant and decorative covering
on wooden surfaces.
Function of Varnishes
 It brings about brilliance to the painted surface.
 It protects the surface against adverse effects of
atmosphere.
 It increase the durability of paints film.
 It beautifies the surface without hiding the beautiful
grains.
 It plays vital role in wooden products such as doors,
windows, floors, furniture's, etc.
Constituents of an oil-based paint :
 Paint is prepared by mixing the various ingredients in
well-balanced proportion
 An oil paint is generally made up of following main
constituents given below:
1. Body/Base
2. Vehicle
3. Pigment
4. Thinner
5. Dryer
1.Body/Base
 A base is a solid substance that forms the body of
the paint.
 It consists of a very fine powder of a suitable
material such as white lead, red lead, iron oxide,
and titanium oxide, etc.
 Make the paint film harder, stronger and more
resistant to scratch and moisture.
 It makes the paint stable against Ultra Violet Rays
as well.
 Reduce shrinkage cracks on drying.
 Paints more often named after the base as Lead
paint, Zinc paint, and Aluminum paint.
 It binds the pigments together, and strongly
influences such properties as gloss potential,
exterior durability, flexibility, and toughness.
 It prevents penetration of the paint to the
underlying surfaces.
2. Vehicle
 It is actually an oil in which body and pigment are
soluble, which is dried on exposure to air. Hence it is
also called a drying oil.
 Vehicle or carrier is the liquid which carries solid
materials of base and helps them to spread evenly on
the surface to be painted.
 The drying oil or the vehicle has the capacity to keep
the pigment and other components of paint in
suspension or solution.
 It can also control flow and application properties.
 Water is the main vehicle for water based paints.
2.Vehicle
 It should dry out on exposure to atmosphere.
 It holds the pigments on the surface
 It acts as a binder for the base and pigments.
 It provides glow to the painted surface.
 It forms the protective film by evaporation or by
oxidation of the unsaturated constituent of the drying
oil.
 The various vehicles are: linseed oil, soybean oil,
dehydrated castor oil, fish oil, varnishes etc.
3. Pigment
 Pigments are finely divided solid materials which provides
required shade and color to the paint.
 It is a coloring material added to the above components in
order to impart a desired shade and color.
 Pigment is added in a finely powdered state.
 The best pigment do not change their color when exposed
to heat.
 In white paint the body is the pigment.
 Natural pigments (calcium carbonate, mica, silicas, and
talcs).
Pigment
 Synthetic pigments (calcined clays, blanc fix, precipitated
calcium carbonate, and synthetic silicas).
 It reduces the intensity of development of cracks due to
drying of the vehicle.
 In White color paints: White Lead, Titanium White,
Lithophone are used as a pigment.
 In Red Color: Red Lead, Venetian Red, Chrome Red,
Natural Red Oxides of Iron are used as a pigment.
 In Yellow Color: Chrome Yellow, Zinc Chromate, Yellow
Ochres are used as a pigment.
 In Brown Color: Oxides of Iron is used as a pigment.
 In Blue Color: Pursian Blue, Paris Blue, Ultramarine,
Cobalt Blue are used as a pigment.
4. Thinner/solvent
 They are also called Paint thinner, which reduces the
viscosity of the paints to a great extent.
 A thinner, solvent substance that is added to the paint
to make its application easy, smooth and uniform.
 Liquid thinner is added in the paint to:
 Increase fluidity
 Making paint more smooth
 Help penetration into porous surfaces
4. Thinner/solvent
 Petroleum, spirits, turpentine and coal tar
hydrocarbons are some of the commonly used solvents
or paint thinner.
 Turpentine (made by distilling gum from a number of
pine trees).
 They evaporate quickly and thus facilitate the drying
of paint.
 Thinner reduces the gloss of the paint.
 As turpentine is affected by the weather, minimum
quantity of thinner should be used for painting
external surfaces.
5. Dryers
 Driers are those substances which are added to
drying oils to accelerate the rate of drying. They act
as catalysts in the oxidation process of the drying
oils.
 A drier accelerates drying and hardening by
extracting oxygen from the atmosphere and
transferring it to the vehicle used in the paint.
 Organic salts of Iron, zinc, lead, manganese, Ca
 Driers may be in the form of soluble or paste form.
 Driers reduces the elasticity of the paint thus should
not be used in final coat.
Components of varnishes
1. Driers/Drying oil
2. Resins or resinous substances
3. Solvents
1. Driers/Drying oil
Driers accelerate the process of drying of a varnish.
Common driers used in varnishes are litharge, white
copper and lead accetate.
2. Resins or resinous substances
 Natural or synthetic organic substance which is soluble in
some organic solvent.
 It acts as base and provides body to the varnish.
Common resins that are used in varnishes include
Rosin resin - a sticky flammable organic substance,
insoluble in water, exuded by some trees and other plants
(notably fir and pine).
Copal is hard and lustrous obtained from ground where pine
trees existed in past.
Shellac is obtained by exudation of some insects which grow
on some type of tree.
Other resin are
amber, gum, dammar, sandarac, balsam, elemi, mastic,
and others.
3. Solvents (Traditionally turpentine)
 Acts as vehicle of varnish.
 Helps in spreading the resin over the surface to be
varnished.
 Traditionally, natural (organic) turpentine was used as
the thinner or solvent, but has been replaced by several
mineral-based turpentine substitutes such as white
spirit or “paint thinner”, also known as “mineral spirit”.
Resins Solvents
Copal, amber Boiled linseed oil
Lac or sheellac Methylated spirit
Mastic, rosin, Gum dammer Turpentine
Types of Paints
I. Oil paints or oil based paints.
II. Enamels
III. Emulsions
IV. Distempers
V. Cement paints
VI. Primer
VII. Varnishes
VIII. Aluminium
IX. Bituminous
X. Fire-resistant
XI. Fungicidal paints
XII. Heat-resisting paints
XIII. Texture paints
Types of Paints
1. Oil paints or oil based paints.
Earliest type of paint.
They have oil vehicle or binder and thinner or
solvent.
Types of Paints
2.Enamels
Enamels are hard, washable and usually glossy paints.
They can be oil based or alkyd based and come in several
sheens, from eggshell or low-luster to satin, semi gloss
and high-gloss.
They find application not only on metal surfaces but
also on interior walls and wooden surfaces.
Types of Paints
3.Emulsions
 These are superior Quality of paints formed by mixing
oil/water.
 An emulsifying agent to prevent the separation of the
Combination.
 They have much better ease of application, are washable.
 Have greater overall Decorative appeal.
 They provide a higher coverage than a distemper or Enamel.
 Mostly washable and can be easily applied on concrete and
stucco surfaces.
 As per the interior and exterior painting requirements both
interior and exterior emulsion paints exist.
Types of Paints
4. Distempers
 Distemper paint is an ancient type of paint made of
water, chalk and pigment, bound with either an
animal glue or the adhesive.
 Distemper paint is thin and not durable, but can be
made inexpensive and can achieve nearly any color.
 It is used as a cost effective Painting Solution.
 Used For Painting Interior Walls.
Types of Paints
5. Cement paints
 Water based paint and is applied to either exterior or interior walls
including brick work and concrete.
 It is used for painting exterior wall surface mainly for preventing
water penetration and reductions of dirt collection.
 It prevents growth of fungus and bacteria on exterior surfaces.
 There are limited shades of the colors offered.
 It requires ample of water so that the cement paint can keep
going.
 It has to be used within two hours, else it can dry up and harden
up like a rock.
 Durable and water resistant.
 It is extensively used for patios, garages, driveways, sidewalks, and
concrete furniture.
 Comes in powder form.
5. Cement paints
Types of Paints
6. Primer
 First coating applied to the surface in order to enhance the
adhesion of the final paint (topcoat) and to seal the substrate
surface. Primer may be formulated to impart additional
protection to the substrate (eg. anti-rust primer for steel
substrates).
 Primers help provide a smooth surface, making the surface
less absorbent, thus increasing the spreading capacity of the
paint.
 Using primer on the kitchen, bathroom and exterior walls is
especially important to aid in the prevention of mildew.
 Primer helps give uniform color and texture to the finished
paint, and provide better adhesion to the top coats.
 The type of primer used is also dependent on the kind of
surface to be painted, i.e. different primers exist for interior
walls, exterior walls, wood, metals etc.
Types of Paints
7.Varnishes.
 Varnishes are more or less transparent liquids which
are used to provide a protective surface coating in
much the same way as paints do.
 At the same time they allow the original surface to
show but add a shiny and glossy finish to it.
Types of Paints
8. Aluminium paints:
These are often used for painting wood works,
metallic surface.
They contain aluminium powder in a quick drying
medium.

9. Bituminous paints:
The vehicle for these is mostly bitumen.
They provide a cheap method of protecting steel
where appearance is secondary.
Types of Paints
10. Fire-resistant paints:
These are used to increase the resistance to fire of wood
and certain building boards.

11. Fungicidal paints:

These include special ingredients which render them
resistance to mildew and other fungoid attack, useful in
humid surroundings.
Types of Paints
12.Heat-resisting paints:
They incorporate special varnishes and pigment which
do not discolor on heating.

13.Texture paints:
These contain different powders and pigments with
glue.
They are used in a stiff consistency to make textured
surface on which patterns can be formed by brush or
special implements.
THANK YOU
Types of varnishes
1. Oil varnishes
2. Spirit varnishes
3. Turpentine varnishes
4. Water varnishes
Resins
 a sticky flammable organic substance, insoluble in
water, exuded by some trees and other plants (notably
fir and pine)
Oil varnishes
 These varnishes use linseed oil as solvent in
which hard resins such as amber and copal are
dissolved by heating.
 These varnishes dry slowly, but form hard and
durable surface.
 Recommended for all external wood work and for
joinery, fittings.
Spirit varnishes
 These varnishes have methylated spirit of wine as
solvent in which soft resins such as shellac are dissolved.
 They dry quickly but are not durable. French polish is a
variety of this type of varnish.
 it is commonly used on furniture.
Water varnishes
 These varnishes are formed by dissolving shellac in
hot water, using enough quantity of either ammonia,
borax, potash or soda.
 They are used for varnishing wall papers, maps,
pictures, book, jackets etc