COATINGS & PAINTS PAINT COMPOSITION:

PRINCIPAL TYPES OF COATINGS: 1. PIGMENT – a finely ground, insoluble substance suspended

in a liquid vehicle to impart color and opacity to a paint.
1. PAINTS - a mixture of a solid pigment suspended in a
liquidvehicle, applied as a thin, usually opaque coating to a “Varnish – no pigment”
surface for protection and decoration.

2. VEHICLE - a liquid in which pigment is dispersed before being

2. STAINS – a solution of dye or suspension of pigment in a applied to a surface in order to control consistency, adhesion,
vehicle, applied to penetrate and color a wood surface without gloss and durability.
obscuring the grain.

3. BINDER – the nonvolatile part of a paint vehicle that bonds

3. VARNISHES – a liquid preparation consisting of a resin particles of pigment into a cohesive film during the drying
dissolved in an oil (oil varnish) or in alcohol (spirit varnish), that process. “Stain-no Binder”
when spread and allowed to dry forms a hard, lustrous, usually
transparent coatings.

SOLVENT - the volatile part of a paint vehicle that evaporates

during the drying process.

PAINTS CLASSIFICATION:

1. ARCHITECTURAL PAINTS - are air-drying materials applied

by brush or spray to architectural and structural surfaces and
forms for decorative and protective purposes. 4. ADDITIVES – Modifications.

2. COMMERCIAL PAINTS - air-drying or baking-cured materials PAINT TYPES:

applied by brush, spray, or magnetic agglomeration to kitchen
1. PRIMERS - are basecoats applied to a surface to improve the
and laundry appliances, automobile, machinery, and furniture
adhesion of subsequent coats of paint or varnish. Also called
and used as highway marking materials.
prime coat.

3. INDUSTRIAL PAINTS - subdivided by their intended service: 2. SEALERS – a basecoat applied to a surface to reduce the
corrosion-resistant coatings, high temperature coatings, and absorption of subsequent coats of paint or varnish to prevent
coatings for immersion service bleeding through the finish coat.
PAINT TYPES: 9. HEAT RESISTANT PAINTS – a paint specially formulated
with silicone resins to withstand high temperatures.
3. OIL PAINTS – a paint in which the vehicle is a drying oil.

* Drying Oil - any of various oily, organic liquids, as linseed oil,

that oxidizes and hardens to form a tough elastic film when
exposed in a thin layer to air.

10. INTUMESCENT COATINGS - when exposed to the heat of

a fire, swell to form a thick insulating layer of inert foam that
retards flame spread and combustion

4.ALKYD PAINTS – apaint in which the vehicle is an alkyd resin.

* Alkyd resin - any of a group of synthetic resins derived from a

polyvalent alcohol in reaction with an organic acid, used chiefly
in adhesives and paints.

STAIN TYPES:

1. WATER STAIN – a penetrating stain made by dissolving dye

in a water vehicle.
5. LATEX PAINTS – a paint having a latex binder that coalesces
as water evaporates frorn the emulsion. Also called Rubber-
Base Paint, Water-Base Paint.

* Latex – a water emulsion of synthetic rubber or plastic globules

obtained by polymerization and used in paints and adhesives. * Dye – a soluble coloring material that imparts color by
absorption.

* Penetrating stain – a stain that penetrates a wood surface,

leaving a very thin film on the surface.

2. SPIRIT STAIN – a penetrating stain made by dissolving dye

6. EPOXY PAINTS - have an epoxy resin as a binder for in an alcohol or spirit vehicle.
increased resistance to corrosion, abrasion and chemicals.

7. ANTICORROSIVE PAINT- a paint or primer specially 3. PIGMENTED STAIN - is an oil stain containing pigments
fornulated with rust-inhibiting pigments to prevent or reduce the capable of obscuring the grain and texture of a wood surface.
corrosion of metal surfaces. Also called Rust-Inhibiting Paint. Also called Opaque Stain.

8. FIRE RETARDANT PAINTS – a paint specially fornulated with 4. OIL STAIN - made by dissolving dye or suspending pigment
silicone, polyvinyl chloride, or other subtance to reduce the in a drying oil or oil varnish vehicle.
flame-spread of a combustible material.
VARNISHES TYPES:
1. SPAR VARNISH - is a durable, weather-resistant varnish
made from durable resins and linseed or tung oil. Also called
Marine Varnish.
2. POLYURETHANE - an exceptionally hard, abrasion –
resistant, and chemical – resistant varnish made from plastic
resin of the same name.
3. LACQUER - refers to any of various clear or colored synthetic
coatings consisting of nitrocellulose or other cellulose derivative
dissolved in a solvent that dries by evaporation to form a high
gloss film.
4. SHELLAC - spirit varnish made by dissolving purified lac
flakes in denatured alcohol. Also called Shellac Varnish.
PAINTS CAN BE APPLIED BY: Brush, Spray, Roller
SURFACE PREPARATION (Exterior):
Previously painted surfaces:
* Scrape off loose paint and sand smooth.
* Old, fading paint must be removed to provide good adhesion
for the new coats of paint.
* Nail back loose boards, countersink the nail
heads and fill with putty.
* To prevent discoloration of paint later, seal knots and resinous
spots with a thin coat of shellac.
New wood exteriors:
* The surface must be clean and dry
* Rough spots in siding should be sanded smooth.
* All new wood must be primed .
* After the prime coat has been dried, putty and fill all nail holes
and cracks.
* Caulk joint around doors and window frames.
* If pre-primed siding is hard and slick, it should be re-primed.
Masonry floors:
* Interior and exterior concrete floors must be allowed to dry
approximately 90 days for proper aging.
* Fresh cement contains alkali which will burn paint.
* Floors subjected to excessive moisture seepage, or hydrostatic
pressure, cannot be successfully painted.
Metal surfaces:
* All metal surfaces must be cleaned and dry.
* Remove any rust, mill scale or loose paint by wire brushing,
sandblasting/sandpapering.
* Bare spots on shop-coated steel must be wire - brushed and
spot primed.
* Remove oil and grease with paint thinner or mineral spirits.
* No priming necessary when applying exterior latex to
weathered galvanized metal.
SURFACE PREPARATION (Interior):
* The surface to be painted must be clean and free of wax, dirt
or grease.
* Cracks and holes must be repaired with patching plaster.
* Patched areas must be spot primed.
Old glossy surfaces should be prepared by sanding.
PROPER APPLICATION:
* Avoid painting in the hot sun. Try to paint those surfaces that
have already been exposed to sunlight
* Apply a coat of paint primer
* Finish with two-coat of top coats
PAINT DEFECTS:
1. BLISTERING - Bubbles resulting from localized loss of
adhesion and lifting of the paint film from the underlying surface.
2. BLOCKING - Undesirable sticking together of two painted
surfaces when pressed together (e.g., a door sticking to the
jamb).
3. BURNISHING - Increase in gloss or sheen of paint film when
subjected to rubbing, scrubbing or having an object brush up
against it.
4. CRACKING/FLAKING - The splitting of a dry paint film
through at least one coat as a result of aging, which ultimately
will lead to complete failure of the paint. In its early stages, the
problem appears as hairline cracks; in its later stages, flaking
occurs.
5. BUBBLING (FOAMING/CRATERING) - Formation of bubbles
(foaming) and resulting small, round concave depressions
(cratering) when bubbles break in a paint film, during paint
application and drying.
6. LAPPING - appearance of a denser color or increased gloss
where wet and dry layers overlap during paint application.
7. SAGGING - Downward "drooping" movement of the paint film
immediately after application, resulting in a uneven coating.
8. SURFACTANT LEACHING - Concentration of water-soluble
ingredients on the surface of a latex paint, typically on a ceiling
surface in rooms that have high humidity (e.g., shower,
bathroom, kitchen); may be evident as tan or brown spots or
areas, and can sometimes be glossy, soapy or sticky.
9. WRINKLING - A rough, crinkled paint surface, which occurs
when uncured paint forms a "skin.”
10. PEELING - Loss of paint due to poor adhesion. Where there
is a primer and top coat, or multiple coats of paint, peeling may
involve some or all coats.
11. CHALKING - Formation of fine powder on the surface of the
paint film during weathering, which can cause color
fading. Although some degree of chalking is a normal, desirable
way for a paint film to wear, excessive film erosion can result in
heavy chalking.
12. EFFLORESCENCE/MOTTLING -Crusty, white salt deposits,
leached from mortar or masonry as water passes through it.
13. FROSTING - A white, salt-like substance on the paint
surface. Frosting can occur on any paint color, but it is less
noticeable on white paint or light tints. On masonry, it can be
mistakes for efflorescence.
14. ALLIGATORING - Patterned cracking in the surface of the
paint film resembling the regular scales of an alligator.