PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE

USE :

1. GENERAL TRUTHS / TIMELESS STATEMENTS ( includes proverbs ) :

e.g. Two and three is five.
Ice melts at 0 degrees C.
Despair gives courage to a coward .

2. HABITUAL ACTIONS (every day / week / month / year / Saturday / evening etc.)
( repeated / permanent )
Other adv. : often , seldom , twice (showing frequency , recurrence of an event ) , generally,
usually, always
e.g I go to school every day.
I often eat popcorn .

3. INSTANTANEOUS USE :

1) in sports commentaries :
e.g. The goal keeper passes to Maradona ,but Hagi intercepts .

2) in step by step instructions and demonstrations :

e.g. First I take the potatoes and slice them , then I slice the tomatoes , fry the
onion .

3) in exclamatory sentences beginning with here or there :

e.g. Here comes the bride!
There goes the train!

4) in performatives :
e.g. I declare you husband and wife. .

4. HISTORIC PRESENT ( in narratives , headlines ,photographic captions ):

e.g. The prince enters the cave and there he sees a witch. Then he …
Lady X dies !
The Titanic sinks in last night’s collision.

5. FUTURE USE( with timetables ,an officially planned action belonging to a settled programme )
e.g. The train leaves at 7 o’clock sharp .( va pleca )
The championship starts next Sunday . ( va incepe )

6. IN TEMPORAL CLAUSES and IF CLAUSES

 Main clause when, as soon as, after, before,until Temporal clause
till

if If clause

Future

Future ============== (simultaneity) Present T. S.

============ ( anteriority) Present perfect simple

Voi veni cand voi avea timp. (simultaneous) = I will come when I have time.
Voi veni dupa ce imi voi face temele (ant) = I will come after I have done my homework.

F.A. SB + VB e.g. I go to school every day .

We watch T.V. every evening .

Exception : SB( pers a III –a sg.) + VB -s ( majority )

He, She, It -es( VB. Finished in –o : go , do
-sh : wash
- ch : watch
- ss : kiss ,etc. )

e.g. She washes the dishes every morning.

He plays in the garden every Saturday .

* vb. Finished in “ y “ vowel + y : play + s = plays (y=y)

consonant + y : cry + s =cries ( y = ie )

F.N. SB + DO NOT + VB eg. I don’t play in the park every evening.

Don’t

SB ( a III –a sg.) + DOES NOT + VB eg She doesn’t play in the park.

Doesn’t

F.I. DO + SB + VB ? eg. Do you play in the park every evening ?

DOES + SB ( a III –a sg. ) + vb ? eg. Does he / she / it play in the park ?

PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS( now, at the moment, right now)

Shows duration , continuity of an action over a certain period of time. Expresses an action which is
coincident with the moment of speech , the present moment.

USE : EXPRESSES :

1. – TEMPORARY ACTIONS e.g. I am washing the dishes today. ( usually I don’t )

2. – FUTURE INTENDED PRESENT ( part of a personal plan )
e.g. I am visiting the museum tomorrow. ( I plan to … )
3. – A REPEATED ACTION SHOWING ANNOYANCE (accompanied by the adv. : constantly , all
. the time , always ) e.g. He is always misplacing his things.
4. – CONTRAST ( showing something out of ordinary ) e.g. You are being rude today.

​ Vbs. that don’t take the “ – ing “ form :

a) physical perception verbs: see , hear , smell (have special meaning with “ –ing “ = deliberate action ),
taste, feel
b) mental perception verbs : think , believe , consider. realise, understand, know
c) verbs of liking and disliking :love , hate , prefer , desire, like, dislike, want, wish
d) verbs of possession : own , contain , belong , have

Rules of writing the “ –ing “ form :

​ vbs. finished in “ –e “ : write + ing = writing ( “ –e “ disappears )
​ Y+ing= ying (playing, crying)
​ monosyllabic verbs finished in consonant+ing= double the final consonant ( if
there is a short vowel in front of it) e.g. cut -cutting, run -running
​ bisyllabic verbs finished in L+ing= double the L (travel-travelling)
​ verbs finished in IE+ing=ying (die- dying, lie-lying)

F.A. SB + VB “ TO BE “ (am / is / are ) + VB + -ING e.g. I am reading a book now.

He is smoking a cigarette now.

F.N. SB + VB “ TO BE “ + NOT +VB + -ING e.g. I am not reading a book now.

He is not smoking now.
Isn’t
They are not writing now.
Aren’t
F.I. VB “ TO BE “ + SB + VB + - ING ? e.g. Is he smoking now ?
Are they writing now ?
 PAST TENSE SIMPLE

EXPRESSES :
1. – an action or state wholly completed at some moment or during some period in the past ( an
action which began and also finished in the past and has no link with the present time ).
Adverbs that are frequently used with Past Tense Simple :
- yesterday - the other day - on Sunday /Monday
- last week / month / year - once - That day ; etc.
- two / three etc. years ago - in 1989
e.g. I last saw him 2 years ago / yesterday.
2.– a past habit or a repeated action in the past :
e.g. Grandmother drank three cups of coffee a day. ( habit )
used to would drink (would- nu se foloseste pentru stari,ci
( - future ) ( + future ) doar pt actiuni)
3. – Past Tense Simple is also used after the verb “ wish “ or after “ as if / as though “ , “ if only “,
“ would rather ( different subjects ) “ , “ it’s ( high ) time “ ( cand verbele din rom. sunt la prezent)
e.g. I wish I were on holiday now. ( se traduce cu prezentul – “ sa fiu “ )
( nu se foloseste “ was “ dupa vb. “ wish “ )
He is speaking as if he knew everything about the situation.
It’s ( high ) time my son learnt English , too.
Our neighbours would rather we didn’t make so much noise in the afternoon.
!!! Paul would rather stay here today. (acelasi sb. = short infinitive )
* - toate aceste ex. se traduc cu prezentul chiar daca verbele sunt la Past / trecut.
4. – a future action, in a time clause ,which is simultaneous with another one expressed by
Future – in – the – Past.
e.g. He promised me that he would tell me the truth when he knew it.
5.* - is used in historical and biographical statements which have specific people, places or objects
. as their topics and here definitiveness is reached by virtue of the largest situation or general knowledge.
e.g. Shakespeare died in Stratford – upon – Avon.
6.*- anaphoric / cataphoric use A plouat ieri. Mi-am luat umbrela.
7.*- attitudinal past ( Simple past tense referring to present time in order to express a more polite
request.
e.g. Did you want to see me ? / Do you want to see me ? ( annoyance )

F.A. SB. + VB. + - II e.g. I wrote a letter yesterday.

- ed I played in the park last week.
F.N. SB. + DID NOT + VB I e.g. I did not write you a letter yesterday.
DIDN’T I didn’t play in the park last week.
F.I. DID + SB. + VB I ? e.g. Did you write me a letter yesterday ?
Did you play in the park last week ?
* vb. “ to be “ nu respecta aceste reguli la F.N. si F.I.
e.g. He was there yesterday. / He wasn’t there yesterday. / Was he there yesterday ?
El mi-a spus/ ca imi va da cartea /cand o va cumpara. He told me that he would give me the book when he bought it.
 PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS

USE :

1. – to express an action progress at a certain moment in the past.

e.g. I remember that at 8 o’clock my brother was watching T.V.

2. – to indicate that an action was going on ( like a “ background” ) at a time when something else , more
important or more dramatic ( the “ foreground action “ ) took place.
e.g. While Mary was crossing the street ( the “background action “ ) yesterday , she saw ( the “
foreground action “ ) a flying saucer in the sky .
Mother was washing the dishes when the telephone rang.

3. – to show that two or more actions were going on at the same time in the past.
e.g. While mother was coking , father was reading a newspaper and the kittens were playing on
the carpet.

4. – to signify a future arrangement seen from a past moment.

e.g. Our friends did not come to our place that evening because they were taking the night train
to London.

5. – with “ always “ to express a repeated action in the past which annoys the speaker ( emotional use /
colouring )
e.g. The two pupils were always laughing during my classes.

6.*- attitudinal use ( politeness ) (cerere indirecta politicoasă)

e.g. + I was hoping you could help me with my homework. ( ~ I hoped / - I hope )

F.A. SB. + WAS ( I , He , She , It ) / WERE ( You , We , They ) + VB. – ing.

e.g She was crying when mother entered.
They were dusting the furniture when they heard the bell ringing.

F.N. SB + WAS NOT / WERE NOT + VB -ing

WASN’T WEREN’T
e.g. She wasn’t crying when mother entered.
They weren’t dusting the furniture when they heard the bell ringing.

F.I. WAS / WERE + SB. +VB. – ing ?

e.g. Was she crying when ... ?
Were they dusting the furniture when ... ?
 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

1. - An action or state prior to the moment of speaking may be expressed both by the Past Tense and by the
Present Perfect.( O actiune trecuta poate fi exprimata si prin Present Tense si prin Present Perfect. )But the
Past Tense presents a past action which was completed and which has no link with the Preset , while the Present
Perfect links the past action to the present through the result that the past action has in the present.
e.g I have visited an interesting museum. ( result = I still remember the things seen there )

ALSO USED :
2. - When the past action continues in the present and , perhaps , it will go on into the future , too :
e.g. Many pupils have learnt in this school. ( in the past some children learnt here , in the present others
are learning here ,and of course , in the future , others pupils will learn here , too. )

3. – To express completed activities in the immediate past. In this case the verb is usually accompanied by the
following adverbs : just , lately , recently , of late , latterly , till now , up to now , so far , up to the present ,
during the last week , the last few days , these twenty minutes , etc. ( exprima actiuni terminate in trecutul
apropiat ) e.g. The train has just left. ( It left a little time ago. )
* - another adverbs that appear very frequently with th Present Perfect Simple are :
since , for , already , yet : e.g Have you got up yet ?

4.– With words denoting an incomplete period of time such as : today , this week / month/year etc. ,
all day, all night , this morning etc. , but when the day , week , month , year , night , morning
. has not finshed yet ( cu adverbe denotand o perioada incomplete de timp )
e.g. Last week we wrote three letters , but this week we have written only one. ( it is Wednesday )
I have seen a good film this morning. ( we are before 12 o’clock )

F.A. SB. + HAVE / HAS + VB - III e.g. Albert has already learnt the poem
-ed The boys have just had their dinner.

F.N. SB + HAVE NOT / HAS NOT + VB – III e.g. The boys have not seen the film.
Haven’t Hasn’t - ed She hasn’t travelled by car.

F.I. HAVE / HAS + SB. + VB - III ? e.g. Have the boys seen the film ?
-ed ? Has she travelled by car ?

*- state : e.g. That photo album has been in the shopping window for weeks.
- event : e.g. Have you ever been to L.A. ? ( present perfect of experience )
- habbit : e.g. That car has been manufactured since 1992.
 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

! Do not mistake present perf c. that shows an action that started in the past and continues up
to the present moment for present tense continuous that shows that the action takes place
now, at the present moment.
Citesc o carte.( Prt. T. C) I am reading a book.
Citesc o carte de la ora 2/ de 2 ore.( Pr. P .C) I have been reading a book since 2 o”clock/
for two hours.

USE :

1. – expresses continuity of an action began in the past and that still takes place at the present moment.
e.g. Mary has been watering the flowers for half an hour. ( she is still doing the job )
Mother has watered the flowers. ( her job has just been done ; is already finished )
2. - as Present Perfect Continuous expresses an action that seems to be continuous , this tense will not
be used when it is mentioned how many times a particular action / thing has taken place.
e.g. I’ve been drinking tea since 5 o’clock. BUT
I’ve drunk three cups of tea since 5 o’clock.
3. Present perf. continuous stresses the length/ duration of the action, whereas pr.p.s. stresses the result.
Alerg de 20 de minute. ( pr.p.c) I have been running for 20 minutes.
Am alergat 2 km. (pr.p.s) I have run 20 km.
4. When the result is an unwanted one, Pr.P.C. will be used.
Cine mi-a folosit bicicleta? Uite, e stricata acum!
Who has been using my bike? Look , it is broken now!
F.A. SB. + HAVE / HAS + BEEN + VB. – ing
e.g. We have been repairing our car since Wednesday.
Mother has been dusting the furniture for half an hour.

F.N. SB. + HAVE NOT / HAS NOT + BEEN + VB. –ing

Haven’t hasn’t
e.g. They haven’t been playing for 2 hours.
He / she / it hasn’t been playing for half an hour.

F.I. HAVE / HAS + SB. + BEEN + VB. – ing ?

e.g. Have they been playing ?
Has he / she / it been playing ?

* - However , sometimes there is not a great difference between the Present Perfect Simple and the Present
Perfect Continuous , and either form can be used. ( especially in the spoken language )

e.g. Jack has lived in this house for two years.

Jack has been living in this house for two years.
 PAST PERFECT SIMPLE (M.M.C.P- vazusem, alergase..)

1. – expresses an action that took place in the past , before another action from the past.
( In limba romana se traduce cu “ mai mult ca perfectul “ : e.g. : vazuse ; plecase ; etc. )
e.g. The boy explained that he had already seen the film.

2. – it is also used to express the continuity of a past action up to a certain moment from the past.
e.g. By the time the rain started , we had dug the whole garden.

3. - with the adverbs just , already , hardly , barely , scarcely and no sooner , it is
used to show that an action finished with a little time before another past action.
e.g. Mary told us that her brother had just left.

F.A. SB. + HAD + VB - III ( past participle )

- ed e.g. Peter had already done his homework.

F.N. SB. + HAD NOT + past participle

Hadn’t e.g. Peter hadn’t done his homework yet.

F.I. HAD + SB. + past participle ?

e.g. Had Paul done his homework by the time you came home ?

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

1. – shows continuity of a past action up to a certain past moment , or just before it :

e.g. The pupils had been reading the lesson for five minutes when the school
master entered the classroom.

F.A. SB + HAD BEEN + VB - ing

e.g. We had been talking about this novel for half an hour when you entered the
classroom.

F.N. SB + HAD NOT / hadn’t + BEEN + VB - ing

e.g I would have told you the news if you hadn’t been sleeping for half an hour.

F.I. HAD + SB. + BEEN + VB. – ing ?

e.g. How long had Mrs. Brown been knitting when the telephone rang ?
 FUTURE TENSE SIMPLE

1. - Expresses a future action , a prediction based on what we believe or think. It is usually used with
“ I think “ , “ I believe “ , “ I expect “ , “ probably “ , etc.
e.g. I think I will go to the disco tonight.
2. - It is also used to make on – the – spot decisions.
e.g. A : The phone is ringing.
B : I’ll answer it.

F.A. SB. + SHALL / WILL + VB .

( I , WE ) e.g. I / we shall go on an interesting trip next week.
He / they will see an interesting film tomorrow.

F.N. SB. + SHALL NOT / WILL NOT + VB

( shan’t ) ( won’t )
e.g. I / we shall not go to Paris tomorrow.
It will not snow in the mountains.

F.I. SHALL / WILL + SB. + VB. ?

e.g. Shall I translate the lesson ?
Will you give me that book ?

FUTURE TENSE CONTINUOUS

USE :
1. – expresses a future activity or state that will begin before and will continue after acertain
moment in the future. E.g. This time tomorrow we shall be watching T.V.
2. – indicates that an activity or state will extend over a whole future period.
e.g. Lucy will be writing letters all day long.
3. – expresses events that are planned.
e.g. We shall be spending our next holiday in the mountains.

F.A. SB. + SHALL / WILL + BE + VB. – ing

e.g. This time next year we shall be travelling to L.A.

F.N. SB + SHALL NOT / WILL NOT + BE + VB. – ing

e.g. He won’t be waiting for you in the park at this time tomorrow.
 F.I. SHALL / WILL + SB. + BE + VB. – ing ?
e.g. Will he be walking tomorrow all day long ?
OTHER WAYS OF EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME

1. - see Present Tense Simple ( 5 )

2. – see Present Tense Continuous ( 2 )

3. – “ To be going to “ ( The near future )

a) – used for plans or intentions :

e.g. My uncle is going to buy a boat next year.
b) - used for predictios based on what we see or know :
e.g. Look at the dark clouds ! It is going to rain .
My sister is going to graduate from the university in May.

4. – “ To be about to “
- is used to express something that will take place in the immediate future :
e.g. Our guests are about to leave. ( sunt pe punctul de a pleca )
I am about to go to the seaside.

5. - “ To be to “
a) – expresses an official plan or arrangement :
e.g. The president is to arrive at ten o’clock.
She is to see her dentist tomorrow.

* b) – an action that was meant to happen : ( is another use of “ to be to “ , but this use doesn’t express futurity )
e.g. The famous tennis player began the match in which he was to break his arm.
 IF CLAUSE / THE CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
MAIN CLAUSE IF SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

TYPE I FUTURE IF PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE

( open / probable ( shall / will + vb. ) ( vb. / vb.-s )
condition ) -
pt.viitor e.g. Mary va cumpara cartea aceea daca o va gasi. –es
Mary will buy that book if she finds it.

TYPE II PRESENT IF PAST TENSE (* be were )

( rejected / improbable CONDITIONAL
hypothetical / unreal ( would + vb. ) ( vb – ed / vb II )
condition ) should
-pt.prezent e.g. Mary ar cumpara cartea aceea daca ar gasi-o.
Mary would buy that book if she found it.
​ *I would go there if I were you.
​

TYPE III PAST IF PAST PERFECT

( impossible CONDITIONAL
condition ) ( would + have + vb. –ed / III ) ( had + vb. – ed / III )
-pt.trecut should
e.g. Mary ar fi cumparat cartea aceea daca ar fi gasit-o.
Mary would have bought that book if she had found it.

Uneori “ if “ poate fi omis ( in cazurile II si III ). In asemenea situatii are loc o inversiune a vb. cu sb..
II e.g. If he were to find us here , he would be very surprised.(inversion possible only for to
be (were)- for other verbs SHOULD+sb+vb1 If I met him= Should I meet him)
Were he to find us here , he would be very surprised.
III e.g. If he had finished his composition,he would have read it to me.
Had he finished his composition , he would have read it to me.
!! De observat ca omisiunea lui “ if “ are loc doar in propozitiile conditionale de tipul II si III si ca
in toate cazurile propozitia conditionala trebuie sa preceada propozitia principala.
Propozitiile conditionale pot fi introduse si prin alte conjunctii , nu numai prin “ if “ : “ unless “ ,
“ but for “ , “ in case “ , “ on condition that” , “ so long as “ , “provided / providing that “ , suppose /
supposing that “.
** unless = if not e.g .She will not understand the film if she does not read the book as well.( f.n. )
(+vb af) She will not understand the film unless she reads the book as well. ( f.a. )
But for = if it were not for / if it had not been for
. e.g. If it weren’t for this rain I would go for a walk. = But for this rain I would go for a walk.
. If it hadn’t been for that courageos sailor the children would have drowned. = But for
that courageous sailor the children would have drowned.
 THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES
( Concordanta / corespondenta timpurilor )

1.- DIRECT OBJECT CLAUSE ( propozitia completiva directa )

MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

PRESENT Any tense required by the

PRESENT PERFECT meaning of the clause
FUTURE ( orice timp cerut de sensul
Propozitiei )

e.g. Mary explains / has explained / will explain that she goes / will go / has gone / went /
had gone to London.

PAST PERFECT ( anteriority)

( pentru a exprima o actiune anterioara celei
exprimate de Past Tense )
e.g. He said that he had seen that film.( vazuse )

PAST TENSE PAST TENSE SIMPLE ( simultaneity )

( pentru a exprima o actiune simultana )
e.g. I thought they were at home. ( ca erau acasa )

FUTURE IN THE PAST ( posteriority )

( would + vb.)
( pentru a exprima o actiune posterioara /
ulterioara celei exprimate de PastTense )
e.g. They promised that they would write that
exercise again.
 2. – TIME CLAUSE ( propozitia temporala )

Este introdusa prin adv. de timp cum ar fi : “when”, “ after “, “ before “, “ as soon as “, “ whenever“.
In a temporal clause it is never used Future Tense (*except Direct Clauses ?* ) . Instead of Future Tense
, the following tenses are used :

MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

I. FUTURE TENSE a) PRESENT TENSE ( simultaneity )

e.g Margaret will tell us the truth when she knows it. ( traducem cu vitorul )
( cand il va sti )

b) PRESENT PERFECT ( anteriority )

( pentru actuni anterioare celei exprimate de viitor )
e.g. The boy will translate the lesson after he has learnt the new words.
(Baiatul va traduce lectia dupa ce va fi invatat noile cuvinte = mai intai va invata cuvintele,
apoi va traduce lectia )

II. PAST TENSE a) PAST TENSE ( simultaneity )

FUTURE IN THE PAST
e.g . Mary visited us whenever she was free.
( Mary ne vizita ori de cate ori era libera.)
I promised mother I would buy that book when I found it.
( I-am promis mamei ca voi cumpara cartea cand o voi gasi. )

b) PAST PERFECT ( anteriority )

( pentru actiuni anterioare celei exprimate
de Past Tense sau Future in the Past )
e.g. The children went to bed after they had done their homework.
( Copiii s-au dus la culcare dupa ce si-au facut tema = mai intai si-au facut temele si apoi s-au
dus la culcare. )
e.g. We understood that they would come after they had finished their work.
( Noi am inteles ca vor veni dupa ce isi vor fi terminat treaba )

* In alte tipuri de propozitii subordonate vor fi folosite timpurile cerute de logica propozitiei fara nici o
alta constrangere : e.g. Last year Mary spoke English better than her sister does now.
( adverbial clause of comparison )
 MODAL VERBS

I. CAN / COULD ( = to be able to ):

1) – exprima abilitatea , capacitatea fizica sau mentala de a face ceva :
e.g. My sister can speak three foreign languages. ( poate sa vorbeasca )
2) – exprima permisiunea in engleza neoficiala ( informal English ) :
e.g. Can I borrow your umbrella ? ( informal )
May I borrow your umbrella ? ( formal )
3) – exprima posibilitatea cand anumite circumstante permit :
e.g. If my cousins come to my village we can swim. ( = There is a big river near the village )
If my cousins come to my village we may swim. ( = But we may also do other things , too:
we may play in the fields , we may feed the animals , we may go to the forest , etc. )
4) – exprima dubiul sau imposibilitatea :
e.g. Can Jane make such a mistake ? ( dubiul )
It’s only 7 o’clock ; they can’t be at school now. ( imposibilitatea )

II. MAY / MIGHT ( = to be allowed to / to be permitted to )

1) – exprima permisiunea formala :
e.g. May I open this window ? ( Yes , you may. / No , you may not )
2) - eprima posiblitatea . In acest caz “ may “ = perhaps / maybe / it’s possible
e.g. You may know her.
It may rain in the afternoon.

III. MUST
1) – exprima obligatia / comanda sau necesitatea ; in acest caz “ must “ = to have to
e.g. You must go to school today. ( obligatia / comanda )
They must write all the exercises if they want to understand this rule. ( necesitatea )
2) – exprima o deductie , o concluzie logica :
e.g. If she left home at seven o’clock , she must be at the airport now. ( ar trebui sa fie …)
3) – exprima probabilitatea ; in acest caz “ must “ = probably / it is probable
e.g. She must be at school now. ( Probabil ca este la scoala acum. )
 INDIRECT SPEECH / REPORTED SPEECH

What’s the difference between direct speech and indirect speech ?

In direct speech we give the exact words of the speaker , while in indirect speech we explain / report what
the speaker has said . But in order to report what the speaker has said we have to use some reporting
verbs such as : to say , to add , to tell , to explain , to promise ,to complain ,etc.

When we want to change direct speech into indirect speech , there occur some changes :
- 1. at the level of the tenses used
2.
- at the level of the pronouns (personal / possessive )
-3. at the level of the adverbs

1. At the level of the tenses used :

A. When the reporting verb is in the Present Tense or in the Present Perfect, no tense
change occurs in indirect speech.
Eg. : 1.“I shall buy this book tomorrow.” , Jane says.
Jane says that she will buy that book the next day.
2. “ Tom is proud of his son.” , Mary has said .
Mary has said that Tom is proud of his son.

B. But when the reporting verb is in the Past Tense , the following change of tenses
takes place :
D.S. I.S.

PRESENT-------------------------------------------PAST TENSE
“ I live in this house.” , the girl explained.
The girl explained that she lived in that house.

PAST TENSE
PRESENT PERFECT ---------------------------- PAST PERFECT
1. “ We saw this film in 1989.” , the children told me.
The children told me that they had seen that film in 1989.
2. “I have already visited New York .” , the tourist said.
The tourist said that he had already visited New York.

FUTURE---------------------------------------FUTURE IN THE PAST

( WOULD + VB. 1. )
“ We shall be late.”, they told me.
 They told me that they would be late.

* Would, could, might, should and must do not change .

Eg. : “ You should write your homework .” , she told me.
She told me that I should write my homework .

2. At the level of pronouns 3. and adverbs

I -------------- he / she
We ------------- they
My ------------- his / her
. Our------------- their
This ------------ that
These ---------- those
Here ------------ there
Now ------------ then
Today ----------- that day
Tonight -------------------------- that night
Tomorrow ----------------------- the next day
the following day
Yesterday -------------------------- the day before
the previous day
Ago --------------------------------- before
Next -------------------------------- the next
The day after tomorrow --------- in two days’ time
The day before yesterday ---------- two days before

REPORTING COMMANDS and REQUESTS

We make use of to infinitive, ( not ) to infinitive, and should .

1.“ Come in!”, she told me .
She told me to come in. ( to infinitive )
. 2.“ Don’t run in the street !”, mother said.
. Mother said not to run in the street. ( not to infinitive )
. 3.“ Let’s hurry now !”, he said .
He said that they should hurry. ( should + short infinitive )

* to infinitive = long infinitive (to go, to come,to play ) / short infinitive = ( go, come, play )

INDIRECT QUESTIONS

The inversion of the Direct Questions disappears . We have again the pattern of the Affirmative
Sentence ( S. + vb. ).

“Where do you live ?”, the policeman wanted to know. ( inversion )

The policeman wanted to know where I lived. ( S.+ vb. )

“ When will the boys come back ?”, Mary asked me .

 Mary asked me when the boys would come back .

“ Is your mother at home ?”, she asked .

She asked if my mother was at home.
PASSIVE VOICE ( DIATEZA PASIVA )

Spre deosebire de diateza activa unde subiectul indeplineste actiunea si altcineva o sufera,la
diateza pasiva subiectul gramatical sufera actiunea,iar autorul ( atunci cand este exprimat ) este
redat prin complementul de agent.
Eg. D.A. El a omorat acea pasare.
D.P. Acea pasare a fost omorata de el.

Cand transformam diateza activa in diateza pasiva au loc urmatoarele schimbari:

COMPLEMENT----------------------------SUBIECT
( active object ) ( passive subject )

VB. la D.A. ---------------------------- VB. la D.P.

Pr.T.S.------------------ am / is / are / + past participle( vb. 3/-ed)

Mother irons the blouse. The blouse is ironed by mother.
Pr.T.C.------------------am /is / are / + being + past participle
Mother is ironing the blouse. The blouse is being ironed by mother.
Pa.T.S.------------------ was / were + past participle Mother ironed the
blouse. The blouse was ironed by mother.
Pa.T.C.------------------ was / were + being + past participle
Mother was ironing the blouse. The blouse was being ironed by mother.
Pr.P.S.-------------------has / have + been + past participle
Mother has ironed the blouse. The blouse has been ironed by mother.
Pa.P.S.------------------ had + been + past participle
Mother had ironed the blouse. The blouse had been ironed by mother.
Future T.S.------------------- shall / will + be + past participle
Mother will iron the blouse. The blouse will be ironed by mother.

SUBIECT------------------------------------COMPLEMENT DE AGENT
(AGENT BY –PHRASE )
( active subject ) ( passive agent )
 Eg.: The children gave her flowers.
1 2
1. She was given flowers ( by the children ) .
2. Flowers were given to her ( by the children ) .

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

While the Indicative Mood presents the action expressed by the verb as being close to reality, the
Subjunctive mood is used to express either a possible action, or unreality, improbability, that is
something contrary to the fact. The Subjunctive may have either synthetical or analytical forms.
There are two kinds of Subjunctive:
- Synthetical Subjunctive and
- Analytical Subjunctive

Synthetical Subjunctive

In its turn Synthetical Subjunctive may be of three types:

1. Present - makes use of the short infinitive

a.- it appears in wishes or certain expressions :

eg. Long live the Queen !

God save us !
Heaven help us !
Come what may

b.- in subordinate clauses

1.-after the verbs : to suggest, to command , to recommend, to order, to insist, to demand, to require,
etc.

eg. I suggest that he be there at 9 o’clock .

2.- after the corresponding nouns : suggestion, order, recommendation, etc.

 eg. My suggestion is that he be here at 9 o’clock .

3.- after impersonal constructions : it is important, it is necessary, it is possible /impossible, it is

advisable / recommended / probable , etc.

eg. It is necessary that he be here .

2. - Past - past tense ( se traduce cu prezentul ) :

We use the past subjunctive in the following situations :

1. – if clause (type 2 ) : If I were you, I would do that.

2. – after the verb wish : I wish I had money .
3. – after “ it’s time “: It’s time we went home.
4. – after “ as if / as though “: He behaves as if he didn’t know me.
5. – after “even if / even though” : Even if I were tired, I would go on doing this .
6. – after “ would rather” ( when the two subjects are different ):
eg. I would rather you kept the secret.

3. – Past perfect – Past Perfect Tense ( se traduce cu trecutul ):

We use the Past Perfect Subjunctive in the following situations :

1. – if clause (type 3 ): If I had had money, I would have bought that painting.
2. –“ wish” : I wish I had had the time.( sa fi avut timp )
3. – “ it’s high time “: It’s high time he had already arrived here.
( sa fi ajuns deja )
4. – “ as if / as though “: He behaved as if he hadn’t met me before .
5. – “ even if / even though “: Even though I hadn’t written it, ……
6. – “would rather”: I would rather she had written to us.

ANALYTICAL SUBJUNCTIVE

We use it in case we have to deal with a modal verb such as “shall / should / may / might / would or
could + short infinitive.
 1. – shall + infinitive : a) in a main clause :
eg. Shall I help you ?( Do you want me to help you ? )
Shall I go with you ?

b) in a subordinate clause
eg. We have decided that you shall send me a letter.( you must)
2. – should + infinitive : a) in a main clause:
eg. Why should they come ? ( Why is it necessary for them to come? )
b) in a subordinate clause :

1. after verbs such as : to suggest, to order, to command, to

recommend, to insist, to urge, to require :
eg. I suggest that she should be here.

2.after the nouns: suggestion, recommendation, order, request.

eg. My suggestion is that he should be here.

3.after impersonal constructions : it is necessary / advisable /

recommended, etc.
eg. It is necessary that he should be here.

4. after “ lest / for fear that / in case”:

eg. I took a taxi lest / for fear that / in case (that) I should be late.

3. - may / might + infinitive :

a) in main clauses for a wish :
eg. May your dreams come true.
Oh, that they might be here.

b) after : “ it is possible / it is probable / it is likely “ :

eg. It is possible that they may come.

c ) after : “ that / in order that / so that “ ( to show purpose ) :

eg. I gave him some money so that / in order that he might buy the book.

d) after “ though / although / whatever / however / no matter “ ( in order to

show concession ):
eg. Whatever you may / might say, I don’t believe you.
No matter what you may / might do, I don’t love you.

4.- would + infinitive ( used after “ wish” to show a possible action ) :

eg. They wish we would pay them a visit.
 5.- could + infinitive ( an alternative for “ might / may + inf. “, but
expressing more certainty ): used to express purpose .
eg. She studied very hard, so that she could pass the exam .
( so that + should = never )