Name : Hassan Sajid

Roll No: 2k19-AV-21

Submitted To : Sir Pervaiz Khoso

BRUCELLOSIS

History
In 1886 David Bruce, a British army surgeon, isolated a coco-bacillus that he named
“Micrococcus melitensis” from the spleen of a man who had died of “Malta Fever”.This disease
was endemic, but confused with other diseases, especially malaria. The human disease was
associated with people who consumed goat milk and had other close contact with goats. The
organism soon was isolated from these animals. A similar microbe was isolated from the udder
of cows, and from swine. In about 1920 the genus was renamed Brucella and its species
became respectively Br. Melitensis, Br. Abortus, and Br. Suis. The disease caused by Brucella
Melitensis is known as brucellosis.

Introduction:
Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria. People can get the disease when they
are in contact with infected animals or animal products contaminated with the bacteria.
Animals that are most commonly infected include sheep, cattle, goats, pigs, and dogs, among
others.

Spread:
It is obligatory parasite that always require host cell to grow. It does not travel without diseased
animal.Its vector may be flies, insects, mosquitoes and small animal. Its means it is found in
rodents and diseased animals.

Transmission:
 Eating undercooked meat or consuming unpasteurized/raw dairy products
 Breathing in the bacteria that cause brucellosis (inhalation)
 Bacteria entering the body through skin wounds or mucous membranes
 People who hunt animals may also be at risk. When they are in contact with
infected animals, exposure to the bacteria may occur
 slaughterhouse and meat-packing employees have also been known to be
exposed to the bacteria and ultimately become infected.

Zoonosis/transmission cycle:
 It spread by milk, meat, milk products(unpasteurized milk, uncooked meat), hunted
wildlife.
 It takes hematogenous route, obligatory pathogen.
 It can grow in every cell of body.
 It infects lymph node of gravid uterus localize in female & testis in male . although
spread in whole body but destroyed there. In uterus and testis they are abundant as
there is present erythritol(4C alcohol). Brucella is erythritol loving and can grow in
artificial media as well. From gravid uterus brucella invade joints and grow.
 It is also present in reproductive secretion, milk, saliva, urine, fecal matter and found
in all of the reproductive and secretion.

Signs and Symptoms

Brucellosis can cause of range of signs and symptoms, some of which may present for
prolonged periods of time.Initial symptoms can include:

 fever
 sweats
 malaise
 anorexia
 headache
 pain in muscles, joint, and/or back
 fatigue

Some signs and symptoms may persist for longer periods of time. Others may never go away or
reoccur.These can include:
  recurrent fevers
 arthritis
 swelling of the testicle and scrotum area
 swelling of the heart (endocarditis)
 neurologic symptoms (in up to 5% of all cases)
 chronic fatigue
 depression
 swelling of the liver and/or spleen

Diagnosis
Tests will be performed to look for bacteria in samples of blood, bone marrow, or other body
fluids. In addition, a blood test can be performed to detect antibodies against the bacteria.
Diagnosis can be done by laboratory testing of blood or milk samples or by laboratory culture of
brucella abortus from the placenta, vaginal discharge or the milk of infected cows.

Prevention:
 Disinfect the farm properly with carbolic acid ,slaked lime, caustic soda.
 Placental membrane and foetus should be buried deep and cover it with slaked
lime .
 Don’t allow dogs ,cats to eat it otherwise abortion may occur.
 Incinerate the waste.
 All far equipment like milk machines and AI rods should be disinfected.
 Make quarantine cells, keep infected animals there for 40 days.

Treatment
The combination of rifampin, doxycycline, and streptomycin often is used.
Drugs that display clinical activity with low relapse rates include the following:
 Doxycycline.
 Gentamicin.
 Streptomycin.
 Rifampin.
 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ)