GRADE 10 MATHEMATICS

LESSON #2
LONG & SYNTHETIC DIVISION
REMAINDER THEOREM
FACTOR THEOREM
MR. ANTHONY CIELO CASTRO, M.SC., LPT
FACILITATOR
Lord, true source of light and wisdom,
give me a keen sense of understanding,
a retentive memory and a capacity to
grasp things correctly. Grant me the
grace to be accurate in my expositions
and the skill to express myself with
thoroughness and clarity. Be with me at
the start of my work, guide its progress
and bring it to completion. Grant this
through Christ our Lord, Amen.
 Good morning! J J J

GOOD MORNING! J J J
NEEDED MATERIALS

*NOTEBOOK
*BALL PEN
*BOOK
q perform division of polynomials using long
and synthetic division.
Division of Polynomials
ü By Long Division
ü By Synthetic Division
Reference: Math 10 for Innovative minds; pp. 51-59
 Dividing Polynomials by LONG DIVISION
Long division of polynomials is similar to
long division of whole numbers.
𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 ÷ 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 = 𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 +
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟
By checking :
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 = (𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟) + 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟

Division of Polynomials
RECALL : Divide the given numbers below.

184 ÷ 12

Division of Polynomials
 RECALL : Divide the given numbers below.
Quotient

184 ÷ 12 Divisor Dividend

Therefore, the quotient is

15 with the remainder of 4.
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 = (𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 , 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟) + 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 Remainder
𝟏𝟖𝟒 = 𝟏𝟓 2 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟒
Division of Polynomials
 DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS
Take note that when dividing polynomials, both must be in
STANDARD FORM.
Divide x2 + 3x – 2 by x + 1
x + 1 x 2 + 3x - 2

Division of Polynomials
 DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS
Take note that when dividing polynomials, both
must be in STANDARD FORM.
Divide x2 + 3x – 2 by x + 1
!"
x + 2 1. x x = = x
2 x2
Answer: (x + 2) +
x + 1 x 2 + 3x - 2
x #$%
2. x( x + 1) = x 2 + x
x2 + x
3. ( x 2 + 3 x) - ( x 2 + x) = 2 x
2x – 2
2x + 2 4. x 2 x =
2x
=2
By Checking:
x
–4 (x + 2) (x + 1) + (– 4) = x2 + 3x – 2
5. 2( x + 1) = 2 x + 2
remainder quotient divisor remainder dividend
6. ( 2 x - 2) - ( 2 x + 2) = -4

Division of Polynomials
 DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS
Take note that when dividing polynomials, terms of the polynomial must be
COMPLETE in its correct PLACEHOLDERS.
Divide 4x + 2x3 – 1 by 2x – 2
2 x - 2 2 x3 + 0 x 2 + 4 x - 1

Division of Polynomials
 DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS
Take note that when dividing polynomials, terms of the polynomial must be
COMPLETE in its correct PLACEHOLDERS.
Divide 4x + 2x3 – 1 by 2x – 2
x2 + x + 3
>>> Write the terms of the dividend in descending order.
2 x - 2 2 x3 + 0 x 2 + 4 x - 1
2x3 – 2x2 >>> Since there is no x2 term in the dividend, add 0x2 as
2x2 + 4x a placeholder.
2x2 – 2x
&
6x – 1
Answer: (x2 + x + 3) +
6x – 6 '# !'
5

Division of Polynomials
Divide the given polynomials below
using LONG DIVISION:

1. (x2 – 5x + 6) ÷ (x – 2)

Division of Polynomials
1. x2 – 5x + 6 ÷ x – 2
x – 3
x - 2 x 2 - 5x + 6
x2 – 2x
– 3x + 6 Answer: x – 3 with no remainder.
– 3x + 6
0

Division of Polynomials
 DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS

NOTE : When dividing polynomials by

SYNTHETIC DIVISION, list the numerical
coefficients of the dividend written in standard
form and equate the divisor to zero to get its
value. Remember also to put zero (0) for each
missing term in the dividend.
Division of Polynomials
 Dividing Polynomials by SYNTHETIC DIVISION
There is a shortcut for long division of polynomials when dividing by
divisors of the form x – k which is called SYNTHETIC DIVISION.

Division of Polynomials
 DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS
NOTE : When dividing polynomials by synthetic division, list the numerical coefficients
of the dividend written in STANDARD FORM and equate the divisor to zero to get its
value. Remember to put zero (0) for each missing term in the dividend.

Divide x2 + 3x – 2 by x + 1

Division of Polynomials
 DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS
NOTE : When dividing polynomials by synthetic division, list the numerical coefficients
of the dividend written in STANDARD FORM and equate the divisor to zero to get its
value. Remember to put zero (0) for each missing term in the dividend.

Divide x2 + 3x – 2 by x + 1 1x2 + 3x – 2 and x + 1 = 0

x = -1
-1 1 3 -2
-1 -2
1 2 -4 REMAINDER

x + 2
Division of Polynomials
 DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS
NOTE : When dividing polynomials by synthetic division, list the numerical coefficients
of the dividend written in STANDARD FORM and equate the divisor to zero to get its
value. Remember to put zero (0) for each missing term in the dividend.

Divide 4x + 2x3 – 1 by 2x – 2

Division of Polynomials
 DIVIDING POLYNOMIALS
NOTE : When dividing polynomials by synthetic division, list the numerical coefficients
of the dividend written in STANDARD FORM and equate the divisor to zero to get its
value. Remember to put zero (0) for each missing term in the dividend.
2x - 2 = 0
Divide 4x + 2x3 – 1 by 2x – 2 2x = 2
x =1
1 2 0 4 -1
2 2 6
2 2 6 5 REMAINDER

2x2 + 2x + 6
May be simplified as: x2 + x + 3
Division of Polynomials
 perform division of polynomials using long
and synthetic division.
q Solve for the remainder when polynomials
are divided using the Remainder Theorem.
q Determine whether a given binomial is a
factor of a polynomial.
Theorems on Polynomials
© Remainder Theorem
© Factor Theorem
© Rational Root Theorem
 REMAINDER THEOREM
If a polynomial P(x) is divided by x - a, the
remainder is the constant R(x). It means that
DIVIDEND = QUOTIENT * DIVISOR +
REMAINDER
𝑹(𝒙)
In symbol, 𝑷 𝒙 = 𝑸 𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝒂) + 𝒙 %𝒂
where : 𝑄 𝑥 is a polynomial with degree
one less than the degree of P(x)
RECALL : Divide x2 + 3x – 2 by x + 1
By Long Division By Synthetic Division
x + 2
x + 1 x 2 + 3x - 2
x2 + x
-1 1 3 -2
2x – 2
2x + 2
-1 -2
– 4 REMAINDER
1 2 -4 REMAINDER

Remainder Theorem
RECALL : Divide x2 + 3x – 2 by x + 1
By Long Division By Using the Remainder Theorem
x + 2 STEP 1: The divisor is equated x+1=0
x + 1 x 2 + 3x - 2 to zero to get its value. x = -1
x2 + x
STEP 2: Substitute the value
2x – 2 of the divisor to the dividend.
2x + 2
– 4 REMAINDER R(x) = x2 + 3x – 2
By Synthetic Division R(-1) = (-1)2 + 3(-1) – 2
-1 1 3 -2 R(-1) = 1 – 3 – 2
-1 -2 R(-1) = – 4 REMAINDER
1 2 -4 REMAINDER
Remainder Theorem
 RECALL : Divide 4x + 2x3 – 1 by 2x – 2
By Long Division By Synthetic Division
x2 + x + 3
2 x - 2 2 x3 + 0 x 2 + 4 x - 1 1 2 0 4 -1
2x3 – 2x2
2x2 + 4x
2 2 6
2x2 – 2x 2 2 6 5
6x – 1 REMAINDER
6x – 6
5 REMAINDER

Remainder Theorem
 RECALL : Divide 4x + 2x3 – 1 by 2x – 2
Using Long and Synthetic Division Methods, the obtained remainder is 5.

By Using the Remainder Theorem

2x - 2 = 0
STEP 1: The divisor is equated to zero to get its value.
x=1
STEP 2: Substitute the value of the divisor to the dividend. Unlike LONG and SYNTHETIC DIVISION,
Remainder Theorem DOES NOT require polynomials in standard form and complete place holder.

R(x) = 4x + 2x3 – 1
R(1) = 4(1) + 2(1)3 – 1
R(1) = 4 + 2 – 1
R(1) = 5 REMAINDER
Remainder Theorem
 EXAMPLE # 3
Find the remainder of the ff:
3. P(x) = – x – 10 + x2 ÷x–2

Remainder Theorem
Find the remainder of the ff:
3. P(x) = – x – 10 + x2 ÷ x – 2
P(2) = – x – 10 + x2 x–2 =0
P(2) = – 2 – 10 + (2)2 x=2
P(2) = – 2 – 10 + 4
P(2) = – 8

Remainder Theorem
 YOUR TURN! J J J

Find the remainder of the ff:

4. P(x) = 3x3 – 11x2 - 18x – 6 ÷ x – 5

Remainder Theorem
Find the remainder of the ff:
4. P(x) = 3x3 – 11x2 – 18x – 6 ÷ x – 5
x–5 =0
x=5
P(5) = 3x3 – 11x2 – 18x – 6
P(5) = 3(5)3 – 11(5)2 – 18(5) – 6
P(5) = 375 – 275 – 90 – 6
P(5) = 4

Remainder Theorem
HOMEWORK
Find the remainder of the ff:
1. P(x) = – 15x2 – 45x + 2x4 + 5x3 – 27 ÷ x + 1

2. P(x) = x4 – 6x3 + 8x2 + 5x + 13 ÷ x – 4

Remainder Theorem
q Solve for the remainder when polynomials are divided
using the Remainder Theorem.
q Determine whether a given binomial is a factor of a
polynomial.
 FACTOR THEOREM
If R(x) = 0, then x – a is a
factor of the polynomial P(x).
Conversely, if x – a is factor of
P(x), then R(x) = 0.
Factor Theorem
 Show that (x – 2) is a factor of x2 – 5x + 6.
By Using the Remainder Theorem
STEP 1: x –2=0
x=2
STEP 2: R(x)= x2 – 5x + 6
R(2) = (2)2 – 5(2) + 6
R(2) = 4 – 10 + 6
R(2) = 0 Since the remainder is 0, then (x - 2)
is a FACTOR of x2 – 5x + 6.
Factor Theorem
Determine whether the given binomial
is a factor the polynomial.
2. P(x) = (x3 + 5x2 – 12x – 36) ÷ (x – 3)

Factor Theorem
Determine whether the given binomial is a factor the polynomial.
2. P(x) = (x 3 + 5x 2 – 12x – 36) ÷ ( x – 3)
By Using the Remainder Theorem
STEP 1: x–3=0
x=3
STEP 2: R(3) = x3 + 5x2 – 12x – 36
R(3) = (3)3 + 5(3)2 – 12(3) – 36
R(3) = 27 + 45 – 36 – 36
R(3) = 0 Since the remainder is 0, then (x - 3)
is a FACTOR of x3 + 5x2 – 12x – 36.
Factor Theorem
 YOUR TURN! J J J
Determine whether the given binomial
is a factor the polynomial.
3. P(x) = (x 4 – x 3 + 2x – 2) ÷ (x – 2)

Factor Theorem
Determine whether the given binomial is a factor the polynomial.
2. P(x) = (x 4 – x 3 + 2x – 2) ÷ (x – 2)
By Using the Remainder Theorem
STEP 1: x–2=0
x=2
STEP 2: R(2) = x4 – x3 + 2x – 2
R(2) = (2)4 – (2)3 + 2(2) – 2
R(2) = 16 – 8 + 4 – 2
R(2) = 10 Since the remainder is 10, then (x - 2)
is a NOT FACTOR of x4 – x3 + 2x – 2.
Factor Theorem
HOMEWORK
Determine whether the given binomial
is a factor the polynomial.
1. P(x) = (2x3 – 15x2 – 2x + 120) ÷ (2x + 5)

Factor Theorem
q Solve for the remainder when polynomials are
divided using the Remainder Theorem.
q Determine whether a given binomial is a factor of
a polynomial.
ENRICHMENT
 Applications of Remainder and Factor Theorems

Find the value of k given the ff. conditions.

1. P(x) = 6x2 – 13x + k ÷ x – 2 ; R(x) = 0

2. P(x) = kx4 - 5x2 + 2x + 3 ÷ x + 1 ; R(x) = 1

Remainder and Factor Theorem

 Applications of Remainder and Factor Theorems
Find the value of k given the ff. conditions.
1. P(x) = 6x2 – 13x + k ÷ x – 2 ; R(x) = 0
x–2=0
x=2
0 = 6(2)2 – 13(2) + k
0 = 24 – 26 + k
0=–2+k
2=k
Remainder and Factor Theorem
 Applications of Remainder and Factor Theorems
Find the value of k given the ff. conditions.
2. P(x) = kx4 - 5x2 + 2x + 3 ÷ x + 1 ; R(x) = 1
x+1=0
x = -1
1 = k(-1)4 – 5(-1)2 + 2(-1) + 3
1=k–5–2+3
1=k–4
1+4=k
5=k
Remainder and Factor Theorem
 HOMEWORK
Applications of Remainder and Factor Theorems
Find the value of k given the ff. conditions.
1. P(x) = 6x3 + kx2 – 18x + 5 ÷ 3x – 5 ; R(x) = 0

2. P(x) = 3x3 + 5x2 + kx – 12 ÷ x + 3 ; R(x) = -3

Remainder and Factor Theorem

The easiest theorem is ________
because_____________________

The hardest theorem is ________

because_____________________

Theorems on Polynomials
Theorems on Polynomials
© Remainder Theorem
© Factor Theorem
© Rational Root Theorem
POLYNOMIALS
GRADE 10 MATHEMATICS
LESSON #3
REMAINDER THEOREM
FACTOR THEOREM
MR. ANTHONY CIELO CASTRO, M.SC., LPT
FACILITATOR