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Assessment muscle fatigue using statistical study and classification: A review

Conference Paper · November 2015

DOI: 10.1109/ICCSCE.2015.7482185

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 Assessment Muscle Fatigue using Statistical Study
& Classification: A Review
Mohamed Sarillee, M.Hariharan, Anas M.N., Omar M.I, Aishah M.N. and Q.W.Oung
Biomedical Electronic Engineering,
School of Mechatronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Campus Pauh Putra, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
sarilleelee@gmail.com
Abstract—Muscle fatigue is very common muscle condition has
been experienced. Different types of myograms have been used
to assess muscle fatigue and there are Electromyogram,
Mechanomyogram and Acoustic myogram. Each myogram has
its own advantages in assessing muscle fatigue. Therefore,
suitable features are needed to assess muscle fatigue. This
review discusses the on statistical analysis and classification
result of the myograms features that have been applied.
Towards the end of the paper, challenges and future trends are
discussed.
Index Terms— Muscle fatigue, EMG, MMG, AMG, Statistical
analysis
I. INTRODUCTION
Muscle fatigue is a very common muscle condition has
been experienced in daily activity. Muscle fatigue occurs
when the muscle could not maintain or perform expected
forces or power [1, 2]. Assessment muscle fatigue is
important in many fields such as sport sciences, clinical
analysis and ergonomics. Therefore, different method and
approach has been applied to assess muscle condition.
The various techniques that have been used to assess
the muscle condition are surface electromyography (sEMG),
isometric strength tests, muscle biopsy (laboratory tests) and
muscle imaging techniques. However, sEMG is commonly
has been applied to assess the muscle condition by
recording the muscle electrical activity which controls by
the nervous system. The muscle contains motor unit action
potential trains the action potential to adhesion motor unit in
the muscle [3]. The sEMG is generated by summing up the
action potential of the motor unit [4]. During fatigue the low
frequency components and amplitude of the EMG signal
increases due to recruitment of motor unit [5]. There are few
limitations using sEMG such as ability to monitor only a
few muscle sites, cross talk and electrode placement [6],
which encourage to use another sensor such as
accelerometer (vibration signal) and microphone (sound
signal).
Mechanomyogram (MMG) is mechanical micro
vibration of muscle contraction. MMG technique provides
information of muscle activities regarding muscle fiber
change between fast or slow muscle fiber. The amplitude of
the MMG is correlated with force production, even a small
change in force which reflected in the MMG amplitude [7,
8]. Therefore, small changes in force during muscle fatigue
were reflected in MMG amplitude, where the EMG
amplitude does not follow the force production [7]. The
advantages of MMG are, they easy and simple to
implement. Further, MMG do not contain power line
interference. They also have highest signal and noise ratio
[9, 10].
That contracting muscle generates sounds has been
known for nearly two centuries (Wollaston, 1810). The
sound or acoustic signal called as acoustic myogram (AMG)
is audible [11, 12]. The AMG is a low frequency signal, in
1810; William Hyde Wollaston discovered the frequency of
the sound is 25 Hz [11, 13]. The nature of AMG was related
to the pressure wave generated by the dimensional changes
of the activated fibers, to the lateral movement of the
muscle or to the molecular events of the contracting fibers.
It has been proven that its amplitude and its frequency
content are dependent on the contraction intensity.
Assessment muscle fatigue has been quiet challenging
for last two decades. The EMG signals have been used to
assess muscle fatigue by applying different types of signal
processing algorithm. In some studies, the MMG signals
have been used to analysis muscle fatigue along with the
EMG signals. The advantage of the MMG signals to reflect
the force production very useful feature in assessing muscle
fatigue. Furthermore, the researcher has been studying the
relation between EMG and MMG signal features by using a
statistical approach. In [11], AMG has been used to assess
the muscle, the researcher state that the root mean square
(RMS) of AMG reflected the load.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section II
describes about analysis has been used to assess muscle
fatigue. This follows by discussion in section III and last
section (section IV) explain about conclusion and future
work of the work.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Statistical
Statistical analysis converts numbers into meaningful
conclusions in accordance with the intentions of a survey.
There are two major classes of statistical analysis. The first
 Fig.1. The Statistical Flowchart
emphasizes reducing the data that have been hoarded in a
research field. The second emphasizes making inferences
from the accumulated information. There is a special
method/process to choose a statistical test (as shown in Fig.
1). There are two types of statistical test. The first is
differences (to find the signification between the variables),
where the second is a correlation (to find the relationship
between the 2 or more variables.
1) Differences
a) Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
The general idea of analysis of variances (ANOVA) is
to test for significant differences between means [14]. In
[84], parameter such as mean average voltage, median
frequency, new spectral, instantaneous mean frequency and
instantaneous frequency variance were extracted from the
EMG signal to detect muscle fatigue using one-way
ANOVA test. The test shows that, all 5 parameters are
significant differences between fatigue and non-fatigue
state, where the p value (probability) is less the 0.05 [15-
17].
Parameter such wavelet index ratio:
• between moment -1 at scale 5 and moment 5 at scale
1 muscle fatigue and MMG. It is shown that, there is no
• between moment -1 at maximum energy and moment
5 at scale 1
• between moment -1 at scale 5 and moment 2 at scale
2 length. Further, the difference in maximal force output
• of energies at scale 5 and 1
• between square waveform length at different scale
(scale 5 and 1)
were calculated from the EMG signal [18]. The extracted
parameters were tested and find out that the entire wavelet
indices are significant. The author also mentions that
wavelet indices are more significant than mean average
voltage and median frequency [16].
b) Student's t-Tests
The t-test is one of the tests based on the hypothesis is
used to determine the difference between the populations.
The test is only applicable for 2 groups by examining the
mean of the population. The p value (probability) of the test
determines from the t-statistic, t-distribution and degree of
freedom to define whether the population means differ. This
test is used when the variance of the population is unknown
and/or the population size is small [19].
The mean power frequency (MPF) and root mean
square (RMS) were extracted from fatigue and non-fatigue
EMG signals. The extracted parameters were tested and
shown that there are significant between fatigue and non-
fatigue condition [20].
In [21], t-test was conducted to EMG features (such as
mean power frequency and root mean square) for different
muscle. The authors conclude that, there is significant
variation between the muscles during exercise therefore, not
all the muscles were equally fatigued.
The t-test was carried out for studies of muscle length,
significant difference between the mean power frequency of
MMG and muscle length. However, there is a significant
difference between the mean rectified of MMG and muscle
following the fatiguing contraction approached significance
between the muscle lengths [22]
In [23], a study has been carried out to assess muscle
fatigue. The t-test result shows, no differences in median
power frequency between men and women, but there are
differences in root mean square between men and women.
Furthermore, there are differences between muscles [23-25].
c) Levene’s Test
Levene’s test is used to test when the populations have
equal variances. Equal variances among the populations
known as homogeneity of variances. This test is used to
verify whether the variances of the populations are same
[26].
In [18], the regression cannot be assumed equal because
the test shows significant over the residuals. The variances
of wavelet indexes are most similar among them and
different from the rest of the parameters. Fig.2 shows the
confidence intervals of the distribution of residual for each
parameter.
Fig.2.Levene’s test. 95% Bonferroni confidences intervals for variances of
the residual of the regressions of the parameters.
d) Friedman test
Friedman test is a non-parametric statistical alternative
to the one-way ANOVA with repeated measures. This test is
used to test different between populations by measuring the
summation and mean of ranks of columns. If the sum of the
ranks of columns has a significant difference between the
populations hence, the p value will be small [27, 28].
A study of muscle fatigue based evaluation of bicycle
design has been carried out and Friedman test was
performed. The test was performed on the mean power
frequency and root mean square of the EMG signal. Both
parameters show significant differences between suspension
bicycle and sport bicycle for right erector spinae [29].
e) Duncan's test
Duncan's test was developed in 1955 by David B.
Duncan. This test compares the sample means by computing
the least signification range (LSR). The LSR depends on the
number of sample means in the subset. If the range of the
subset exceeds the LSR then, the sample means have
significant difference [14].
Fig.3 shows the mean of square root of the absolute
value of the residuals for each surface EMG parameters and
the four different homogeneous subgroups formed by
Duncan’s test. The subgroups are formed by the parameters
whose regressions could be considered equivalents. The first
subgroup involves only the wavelet indices and in the
second and fourth subgroups wavelet indices are present too
[18].
Fig.3. Mean of SRARs and homogeneous subgroups formed by Duncan’s
test.
f) Bonferroni correction
The Bonferroni correction is a method for correcting
the critical p value when computing multiple comparisons
using any statistical test. To find the new corrected critical
p, divide the old critical p value by the number of
comparisons being made. Compare the p values were
computed from the statistical test using the old p critical
with new p critical to avoid false positive. If the computed p
value is less or equal with new critical p then, the
comparison is statistically significant [30, 31].
This analysis has been carried out on wavelet indices to
compare the differences among the parameter. According to
the p-values have been obtained, it shows no differences
among the parameter [18].
2) Correlation
a) Pearson Correlation
Pearson Correlation is a test to measure the linearity
strength between two variables with coefficient, r ranges
from -1 to +1. The r value is +1 means that there is a perfect
positive linear relationship between variables. The r value is
-1 means that there is a perfect negative linear relationship
between variables. When the r value is 0, it means there is
no relationship between variables [32].
Pearson correlation revealed that the EMG parameter
correlated with muscle power changes. The most correlated
parameter is the log-new spectral with a negative slope.
Where, the instantaneous mean frequency and median
frequency correlated with positive slope. The mean average
voltage correlated with negative slope [15, 18].
In the study of isokinetic work-to-surface EMG signal
energy ratios, mean power frequency and median power
frequency were extracted from EMG signals. The extracted
features was tested with Pearson correlation and it shows
that, mean power frequency and median power frequency
are significantly correlated with isokinetic work [33].
b) Kendall’s Rank Correlation
Kendall’s rank coefficient is a coefficient that
represents the degree of concordance between two ranked
data set. Degree of concordance is measured from the ratio
between different of concordant and discordant, and a total
of concordant and discordant [34].
In [35], the ratio between isokinetic work and the
energy of EMG has significantly correlated with the spectral
descriptors. The author was suggested that the ratio between
isokinetic work and the energy of EMG can be used to
indicate muscle fatigue conditions with time and how
efficient a muscle activity can be performed.
c) Intraclass Correlation Coefficients
The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) is a
measure of the reliability of measurements or ratings. The
purpose is to assess the inter-rater reliability and the ICC,
two or preferably more rater’s rate a number of study
subjects [36].
• A distinction is made between two work modes: (1)
each subject is scored by a different and random
selection of a pool of raters, and (2) each subject is
rated by the same raters.
• In the first example, the ICC is always a measured for
Absolute agreement; in the second model a selection
can be created between two types: Consistency when
systematic differences between raters are irrelevant,
and Absolute agreement, when systematic differences
are relevant.
ICC analysis has been performed for the spectral fatigue
index (new spectral), which calculated from the each set of
the exercise protocol. The analysis shows that, the spectral
fatigue index data averaged across repetition indicated
significant intersubject variability in the level of spectral
fatigue index changes within the tested subject population
[16].
d) Polynomial Regression Models
Polynomial regression is a form of linear regression in
which the relationship between the independent
variable x and the dependent variable Y is modeled as an nth
order polynomial. The basic a polynomial model function to
fit the n order/degree polynomial is:
Yˆ = b + b x + b x 2 + ... + b x n (1)
0 1 2 n
where Y caret is the predicted outcome value for the
polynomial model with regression coefficients b1 to bn for
each degree and Y intercept b0. The model is simply a
general linear regression model with n predictors raised to
the power of i where i = 1 to n. A second order (n=2)
polynomial forms a quadratic expression and a third order
(n=3) polynomial forms a cubic expression [37].
The 1st three order polynomial regressions (linear,
quadratic and cubic model) have been used, to find the
relationship between the mean amplitude of MMG, mean
amplitude of EMG, mean power frequency of MMG, mean
power frequency of EMG with peak torque. It shows that,
the mean amplitude of EMG and MMG fit with a linear
model. The mean power frequency of MMG and EMG is
not significantly related with peak torque [38, 39]
B. Classification
Any classification method uses a lot of features or
parameters to characterize each object, where these
characteristics should be relevant to the work at hand. We
consider here methods for supervised classification, having
in mind that a human expert both has determined into what
classes an object may be categorized and also has provided
a set of sample objects with known classes. This band of
known objects is called the training set because it is
practiced by the classification programs to determine how to
sort objects. There are two stages of building a classifier. In
the preparation phase, the training band is used to determine
how the parameters ought to be weighted and aggregated in
order to distinguish the several classes of targets [40].
Artificial neural network (ANN) was applied to
determine muscle conditions (fatigue/non-fatigue) using
sEMG. A network which contains more than two layers is
known as multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN).
The layers are: input layer, hidden layer and the output
layer. MLPNN is designed with Levenberg-Marquardt (L-
M) and gradient descent (GDA) training algorithms. A
matrix is form after applying Short Time Fourier Transform
(STFT), Smoothed-Pseudo-Wigner-Ville distribution
(SPWVD) and Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT). The
number of the vector has been reduced using independent
component analysis (ICA). Reduced vector was used as
input for MLPNN and obtain results as in TABLE 1 [41].
TABLE I: Classification performances for different time-frequency tool
[41]
L-M Algorithms GDA Algorithms
Pre-processing method
(%) (%)
STFT 88.5 87.5
SPWVD 90.0 89.0
CWT 91.0 89.0
Four different classifiers such as:
• k-nearest neighbor (KNN)
• Support vector machine (SVM)
• Linear discriminant analysis (LDA)
• Naïve Bayes (NB)
were used to determine muscle condition by using multiple
time window features. Eleven features were extracted from
sEMG signals. The features are mean absolute value with power frequency, root mean square and spectral fatigue
two windows (MAVS1 and MAVS2), three time domain index. It's because the nature EMG signals, where the low
features from the Hamming window (MHW1, MHW2 and frequency component and motor unit firing rate are
MHW3), three time domain features from the trapezoidal increased due to muscle fatigue. Wavelet indices of EMG
window (MTW1, MTW2 and MTW3) and three time signals are more significant than mean average voltage and
domain features from the Slepian window (MSW1, MSW2 median frequency and the features are significant over the
and MSW3). The classifications were conducted twice, first variances of residuals. All the common features of EMG
with all the features, and then with selected features by using somehow correlated with muscle power. The frequency
genetic algorithms (GA) and information gain (IG). TABLE features of EMG have significant correlated with isokinetic
2 shows the classification performances for each classifier work.
with all feature and selected feature using GA and IG [42]. The MMG and AMG, which reflex the mechanical
activity (force production in contraction). Based on the
TABLE II: Classification performances with MTW feature [42] statistical studies, the mean power frequency of MMG
Classifier Accuracy shows that there is no significant difference to muscle
NB 89 length, but the rectifier mean shows significant difference in
SVM 90 muscle length. The root mean square of AMG is highly
Full Feature
KNN 92 correlated with the force of contraction and the root mean
LDA 90 square also significant difference between male and female.
NB 86 The root mean square is significantly different between the
Feature selected using SVM 86 muscles.
GA (5 features) KNN 90 There are limited work have been carried out in term of
LDA 88 classification. A review was made with the limited work.
NB 88 Based the TABLE I, II and III, the maximum accuracy of
Feature selected using SVM 87 93% was obtained for multiple time window features after
IG (6 features) KNN 93 selecting the best feature set using KNN.
LDA 89

IV. CONCLUSIONS
TABLE III: Classification performance with time and frequency features
[42]
The discussion seen in the above section shows that the
Classifier Accuracy
three different myogram has been used to assess muscle
NB 82 condition. Different type statistical tests have been
Energy and SVM 81 performed to find the difference, correlation and reliability
Complexity KNN 75 of the features among the myograms. There is no a clear
LDA 88 understanding between the myograms and classification
NB 85 result. Therefore, a multimodal system with combination of
Frequency SVM 90 all three myogram should be developed to study correlation
Information KNN 86 of the myograms and the effect of the feature level fusion
LDA 88 with the classification result.
NB 71
SVM 64
Prediction model ACKNOWLEDGMENT
KNN 78
LDA 72 The work is supported by RAGS (RAGS No.
901800043).

III. DISCUSSION
In this review paper, we have reviewed the statistical
analysis and classification of 3 different myograms features
/ parameter. There myograms are EMG, MMG and AMG.
Each myogram represent different muscle activity such
EMG recorded electrical activity, where MMG and AMG
reflect the mechanical activity of the muscle. MMG and
AMG also reflect force production of muscle. A suitable
feature extraction method and features can reveal muscle
conditions.
The most common features have been extracted from
EMG signals to assess muscle fatigue conditions and
statistical significant are median power frequency, mean
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