AISSCE – 2023

CHEMISTRY (043)
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
TOPIC:DYEING OF FABRICS
NAME:WAIBHAV JHA
ROLL NO.: 20

BIODATA
NAME- WAIBHAV JHA

CLASS/SECTION- 12scA

NAME OF EXAM BOARD- AISSCE

ROLL NO.- 20

SUBJECT- CHEMISTRY

TOPIC- DYEING OF FABRICS

TEACHERS NAME- MR A.K. MAITI

SCHOOL- BIRLA HIGH SCHOOL

SESSION- 2022-2023

CONTENTS
SL.N0. TOPIC
1. CERTIFICATE
2. INTRODUCTION
3. TYPES OF DYES
4. CHARACTERISTICS OF
5. DYES.
OBJECTIVES AND
REUIREMENTS
6.
PROCEDURE
7.
OBSERVATIONS
8.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
9.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Waibhav Jha,

of Class XII Sc. A of Birla High School, Kolkata
has completed this project under my
supervision. He has taken interest and shown
utmost sincerity in completion of this project for
the AISSCE, 2023. He has successfully
completed the Project work in CHEMISTRY (043)
PRACTICAL up to my satisfaction.

------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------

Signature of the Subject Teacher Signature of the External Examiner Signature of the
Principal
 INTRODUCTION
Dyes are coloured substances which can adhere to
the surface of materials and are used to give colours
to paper, food stuffs and various other textiles such
as cotton, wool, synthetic fibres, silk, etc. Chemically
a dye contains:
1)Some group which is responsible for the colour of
the dye.
2)Some group which makes the dye stick to the fabric
by formation of some salt.
The dyed fabrics appear to be coloured because a
particular dye absorbs radiations of some specific
wavelengths from the visible spectrum of light. The
remaining radiations of light are reflected

TYPES OF DYES.
1. Acid dyes are water soluble anionic dyes that
are applied to fibers such as silk,wool,nylon and
modified acrylic fibres using neutral to acid dye
baths. Attachment to the fiber is attributed, at
least partly, to salt formation between anionic
groups in the dyes and cationic groups in the
fiber. Acid dyes are not substantive
to cellulosic fibers. Most synthetic food colors
fall in this category. Examples of acid dye are
Alizarine Pure Blue B, Acid red 88 etc.
2. Basic dyes are water-soluble cationic dyes that
are mainly applied to acrylic fibres, but find
some use for wool and silk. Usually acetic
acid is added to the dye bath to help the uptake
of the dye onto the fiber. Basic dyes are also
used in the coloration of paper.
3. Direct dyeing is normally carried out in a neutral
or slightly alkaline dye bath, at or near boiling
point, with the addition of either sodium
chloride (NaCl) or sodium sulfate(Na2SO4)
or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). Direct dyes are
used on cotton, paper, leather, wool, silk
and nylon. They are also used as pH
indicators and as biological stains.
4. Mordant dyes require a mordant, which
improves the fastness of the dye against
water, light and perspiration. The choice of
mordant is very important as different mordants
can change the final color significantly. Most
natural dyes are mordant dyes and there is
therefore a large literature base describing
 dyeing techniques. The most important mordant
dyes are the synthetic mordant dyes, or chrome
dyes, used for wool; these comprise some 30%
of dyes used for wool, and are especially useful
for black and navy shades. The
mordant, potassium dichromate, is applied as
an after-treatment. It is important to note that
many mordants, particularly those in the heavy
metal category, can be hazardous to health and
extreme care must be taken in using them.
5. Vat dyes are essentially insoluble in water and
incapable of dyeing fibres directly. However,
reduction in alkaline liquor produces the water-
soluble alkali metal salt of the dye, which, in
this leuco form, has an affinity for the textile
fibre. Subsequent oxidation reforms the original
insoluble dye. The color of denim is due to
indigo, the original vat dye.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A DYE:
1. It must have a suitable colour.
2. It must be capable of being fixed to the material.
 3. When fixed, it must be fast enough to
detergents, soaps, water, dry cleaning solvents,
light and dil. Acids.

OBJECTIVE AND THEORY:

To dye wool and cotton clothes with malachite green.
Requirements:
500 ml beakers, tripod stands, wire gauze, glass rod, spatula, wool
cloth, cotton cloth.

Sodium carbonate, tannic acid, tartaremetic and malachite green.

Procedure:
1. PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE SOLUTION-
Take about 0.5g of solid Na2CO3 and dissolve it in 250ml of
water.
2. PREPARATION OF TARTAREMETIC SOLUTION- Take
about 0.2g of tartaremetic and dissolve in 100ml of water by
stirring with the help of a glass rod.
3. PREPARATION OF TANNIC ACID SOLUTION- Take 100ml
of water and add about 1g of tannic acid to it. Heat the
solution.
4. PREPARATION OF DYE SOLUTION- Take about 0.1g of
malachite green dye and add to it 400ml of water. On warming
a clear solution of the dye results.
5. DYEING OF WOOL- Take about 200ml of dye solution and
dip it in the woolen cloth to be dyed. Boil the solution for
about 2 minutes. After that remove the cloth and wash it with
hot water 3-4 times, squeeze and keep it for drying.
6. DYEING OF COTTON- Cotton doesn’t absorb malachite
green readily. So it requires the use of mordant. For dyeing a
cotton cloth, dip it in NA2CO3 solution for about 10 minutes
and then rinse with water. Then put the water in hot tannic
acid solution for about 5 minutes. Now take out the cloth from
tannic acid solution and keep it in tartaremedic solution for
about 5 minutes. Remove the cloth and squeeze it with
spatula to remove the excess solution. Now place the cloth in
boiling solution of the dye for about 2 minutes. Remove and
 wash the dyed cloth thoroughly with water, squeeze and keep
it for drying.

OBSERVATION:
1. The colour of the wool cloth dyed directly by dipping in the
hot solution of malachite green is fast.
2. The colour of the cotton cloth dyed indirectly by using
mordant and then by dipping in the hot solution of malachite
green is fast to washing and of high intensity.

CONCLUSION:
The fabrics are dyed with malachite green according to desired
manner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks and
gratitude to my teacher MR. A. K. MAITI who gave
me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project in CHEMISTRY(O43) PRACTICAL on the
topic (dyeing of fabrics), which also helped me in
doing a lot of research and I came to know about
so many new things that I am really thankful to
him. Secondly, I would also like to thank
Laboratory Assistant and friends who helped me a
lot in finalizing this project within the stipulated
time.

--------------------------

WAIBHAV JHA
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Practical chemistry by Laxmi
publications.
2. Wikipedia
3. Google
4. Chemlab.com
5. Chemistry ncert book.
6. Fellow students and teachers.