Experiment no.

1
To determine the modulus of rigidity of the steel circular shaft

1) Objective:
Find the modulus of rigidity of the given material of circular shaft

2) Apparatus:
 Torsion of shaft apparatus
 Hangers
 Weights
 Vernier calipers
 Micrometer
 Steel ruler

3) Apparatus picture:

Figure 1:torsion testing apparatus

4) Theory:
5) Procedure:
1) Place the apparatus on a smooth horizontal surface.
2) Measure the effective length of the shaft using steel rule.
3) Measure the diameter of the shaft using micrometer. Measuring arms.
4) Adjust the Zeros at 1st and 2nd measuring arms.
5) Put a load of ten N in the hanger.
6) Measure the 1st and 2nd angle of twist of the shaft.
7) Take a set of six readings of increasing value of load and then take readings on
unloading
8) Calculate the "Modulus of Rigidity (G)" of the material of the shaft.

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 6) Observations and calculations:
Material used = Steel

 Effective length of the shaft(L):………..……….……………………. 0.0257m

 Diameter of the shaft (d): ………..……….………………….……….. 0.004m
 Diameter of torque pulley (D): ………..………………….………….126-6= 0.12m
 Radius of torque pulley (R): ………..………………………………….0.06m
 Polar Moment of Inertia of the shaft (J):…………..…………….25.13*10 -12 m4

Modulus
Load Torque Angle of twist(θ2-θ1) Measuring Arm
of
Sr. no. W WR θ(rad) Rigidity
  (N) (Nm) θ1 θ2 Average (N/m2)
1 0.5 3*10-2
3 1 2 15.3*106
2 1 6*10-2 4 1 2.5 24.5*106
3 1.5 9*10-2 5 1.5 3.25 27.8*106
4 2 12*10-2 7 2 4.5 27.2*106
5 2.5 15*10-2 8 3 5.5 27.9*106

7) Graph:
A graph is been plotted between angle of twist and torque

Graph
0.16 0.15

0.14
0.12
0.12
0.1 0.09
Troque

0.08
0.06
0.06
0.04 0.03

0.02
0
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

Angle(Rad)

Graph: angle (x-axis) and torque (y-axis)

2
8) Results:
9) Discussion:

10) References:

Experiment no.2
To determine the modulus of rigidity of the brass circular shaft

3
1) Objective:
Find the modulus of rigidity of the given material of circular shaft

2) Apparatus:
 Torsion of shaft apparatus
 Hangers
 Weights
 Vernier calipers
 Micrometer
 Steel ruler

3) Apparatus picture:

Figure 2torsion testing apparatus

4) Theory:

5) Procedure:
1) Place the apparatus on a smooth horizontal surface.
2) Measure the effective length of the shaft using steel rule.
3) Measure the diameter of the shaft using micrometer. Measuring arms.
4) Adjust the Zeros at 1st and 2nd measuring arms.
5) Put a load of ten N in the hanger.
6) Measure the 1st and 2nd angle of twist of the shaft.
7) Take a set of six readings of increasing value of load and then take readings on
unloading
8) Calculate the "Modulus of Rigidity (G)" of the material of the shaft.

4
 6) Observations and calculations:

 Effective length of shaft (L) = 242mm

 Diameter of shaft (d) = 4 mm
 Diameter of torque pulley (D) = 126mm
 Radius of torque pulley (R=D/2) = 60mm
 Polar Moment of Inertia
Of the shaft (J-πd4/32) = 25.13mm

Angle of Twist at 1st Angle of Twist at 2nd Modulus o

Torque Effectiv
No. of Load 1
measuring arm θ (rad) measuring arm θ1 (rad) f Rigidity=T
WR(N e angle
Obs. (N) Loadin Unloadi Averag Loadin Unloadi Averag L/J θ (N/m
m) = 2
g ng e g ng e )

1 0 0 0.2 0.3 0.25 0 0 0 0.25 122.7*106

2 2 63 0.45 0.65 0.55 0.1 0.15 0.125 0.42 146*106

3 4 126 0.8 1 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.7 131.4*106
4 6 189 1.1 1.25 1.175 0.25 0.3 0.275 0.9 136.3*106
5 8 252 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.1 139.4*106

7) Graph:
A graph is been plotted between angle of twist and torque

5
 Graph: angle (x-axis) and torque (y-axis)

8) Results:
9) Discussion:

10) References:

6
 Experiment no.3
To determine the modulus of elasticity of the metallic wire

1) Objective:
To draw the load-extension diagram of given metallic wire and hence determine the
modulus of elasticity

2) Apparatus:
 Young’s Modulus of elasticity apparatus
 Hangers
 Weights
 Meter rod
 Micrometer

3) Apparatus picture:

4) Theory:

7
5) Procedure:
 Put the initial load of 2 lb to remove wrinkles in wire Measure length of wire meter
rod
 Measure diameter of the using micrometer
 Adjust main scale so that arms of two scales coincide with each other.
 Put a load of 5 Ib in the hanger and measure extension Take a set of at least five
readings of increasing value of load and then take readings on unloading
 Check the zeros at no load
 Calculus the "Young's Modules of Elasticity ( E ) of the material of the shaft.

6) Observations and calculations:

effective extension P
Sr. No. modulus of
load P (N) loading unloading average δ elasticity= ¿)x¿)
2  0 3.6 3.6 3.6 0 0 
3  2 3.75 3.8 3..75 0.5  567.57
4  4 3.9 4 3.95 1.01  1146.49
5  6 4 4.25 4.05 0.67  760.54
6 8 4.25 4.4 4.3 1.8497 2099.67
7 10 4.4 4.4 4.4 2.27  2576.77

7) Graph:

Graph
12

10

8
Applied load

0
3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5
Extention

Graph: extension (x-axis) and applied load (y-axis)

8
8) Results:
9) Discussion:

10) References:

9
 Experiment no.4
To investigate the relationship between shear stress and shear strain for rubber and to
determine the modulus of rigidity of the material

1) Objective:
 To investigate the relationship between shear stress and shear strain for rubber
 determine the modulus of rigidity of the material

2) Apparatus:
 Modulus of rigidity of rubber apparatus
 Hangers
 Weights
 Steel rule
 Dial indicator

3) Apparatus picture:

Figure 3Modulus of righty of rubber apparatus

4) Theory:
5) Procedure:

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 1. set the dial indicator to the zero
2. measure the length width and thickness of rubber
3. now attach the weight hanger at the bottom of rubber
4. apply the weight gradually of 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 lbs.
5. take a set of four readings of increasing value of load and then take readings on
unloading
6. calculate the modulus of rigidity of rubber

6) Observations and Calculations:

 least count of scale of the apparatus…………………………………….0.01mm
 least count of steel rule…………………………………………………………1 mm
 length of rubber…………………………………………………………………….12 inch
 width of rubber………………………………………………………………………4 inch
 thickness of rubber………………………………………………………………..1 inch
 area of section……………………………………………………………………….12 × 1 = 12 inch2

No. Load Shear deformation-δs Shear Shear str Modulus

of stress ain of rigidit
Ob Ps τ = Ps /l.t y
s. (mm) γ = δs/w G= τ/ γ
(lbs.) Loading Unloading Average (Nm ) 2

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.5 0.002 0.003 0.0025 64.59 0.227 284.53
3 1 0.0041 0.005 0.00455 129.19 0.041 3150.97
4 1.5 0.0065 0.007 0.00675 193.79 0.061 3176.88
5 2 0.009 0.009 0.009 258.39 0.081 3190

7) Graph:

11
 GRAPH
12

10

8
LOAD(lb)

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Shear Strain

Graph: A graph between stress (load) on y axis and strain on y-axis

8) Results:
9) Discussion:

10) References:

Experiment no.5
To determine the modulus of elasticity of the copper wire

12
1) Objective:
To draw the load-extension diagram of copper wire and hence determine the
modulus of elasticity

2) Apparatus:
 Young’s Modulus of elasticity apparatus
 Hangers
 Weights
 Meter rod
 Micrometer

3) Apparatus picture:

4) Theory:
5) Procedure:
1) Put the initial load of 2 lb to remove
wrinkles in wire Measure length of wire
meter rod
2) Measure diameter of the using
micrometer
3) Adjust main scale so that arms of two
scales coincide with each other.
4) Put a load of 5 Ib in the hanger and
measure extension Take a set of at least five
readings of increasing value of load and then
take readings on unloading
5) Check the zeros at no load
6) Calculus the "Young's Modules of Elasticity ( E
) of the material of the shaft.

6) Observations and calculations:

Sr. No. effective extension modulus of

13
 P
load P (N) loading unloading average
δ elasticity= ¿)x¿)
2  0 3.6 3.6 3.6 0 0 
3  2 3.75 3.8 3..75 0.5  567.57
4  4 3.9 4 3.95 1.01  1146.49
5  6 4 4.25 4.05 0.67  760.54
6 8 4.25 4.4 4.3 1.8497 2099.67
7 10 4.4 4.4 4.4 2.27  2576.77

7) Graph:

load vs extension
12

10

8
Applied load

0
3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5
Extention

Graph: extension (x-axis) and applied load (y-axis)

8) Results:
9) Discussion:

10) References:

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 Experiment no.6
Finding stress-strain graph for mild steel by using tensometer.

1) Objective:
 To find stress-strain graph for brass by using tensometer apparatus

2) Apparatus:
 Tensometer apparatus
 Graph paper
 Vernier calipers
 Area reduction gauge
 Length reduction gauge

3) Apparatus picture:

15
 Figure 4Tensometer apparatus

4) Theory:
5) Procedure:
1) Measure the initial length of specimen with the help of length measure gauge
2) Measure the initial area of specimen with the help of area measuring gauge
3) Now place the specimen in between two jaws of tensometer
4) Now roll a graph paper on auto graphic drum
5) Adjust the mercury level to zero
6) Apply pulling force by rotating the paddle and start making points on graph with the help of
the needle present on cross arm
7) Apply force until the material breaks note all the pin points on graph and join them with the
pencil in order to obtain the stress strain graph for the specimen
8) After the material breaks note its percentage reduction in area and percentage increase in le
ngth

6) Observation and calculation:

Material……………………………………………………………………..…...mild steel

Load…………………………………………………………………...…………. 690Kg (UTS)

Gauge length………………………………………………………………….1.6cm

Initial Dia…………………………………………….………………………….0.6cm

Percentage elongation …………………………………………….………….14%

Percentage area reduction…………………………………………………. 25%

7) Graph:

16
 Figure 5graph for mild steel (stress of Y-axis and strain on X-axis)

8) Results:
9) Discussion:
10) References:

Experiment no.7
Finding stress-strain graph for brass by using tensometer.

1) Objective:
 To find stress-strain graph for brass by using tensometer apparatus

2) Apparatus:
 Tensometer apparatus
 Graph paper
 Vernier calipers
 Area reduction gauge
 Length reduction gauge

3) Apparatus picture:

17
 Figure 6Tensometer apparatus

4) Theory:
5) Procedure:
9) Measure the initial length of specimen with the help of length measure gauge
10) Measure the initial area of specimen with the help of area measuring gauge
11) Now place the specimen in between two jaws of tensometer
12) Now roll a graph paper on autographic drum
13) Adjust the mercury level to zero
14) Apply pulling force by rotating the paddle and start making points on graph with the help of
the needle present on cross arm
15) Apply force until the material breaks note all the pin points on graph and join them with the
pencil in order to obtain the stress strain graph for the specimen
16) After the material breaks note its percentage reduction in area and percentage increase in le
ngth

6) Observation and calculation:

Material……………………………………………………………………….... brass

Load ………………………………………………………………………………290Kg (UTS)

Gauge length……………………………………..………………………….1.5cm

Initial Dia……………………………………………………….………………….0.5cm

Percentage elongation…………………………………………………….6%

Percentage area reduction……………………….……………………..5%

7) Graph:

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 Figure 7graph for brass (stress of Y-axis and strain on X-axis)

8) Results:
9) Discussion:
10) References:

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