Subject: MT256L- Digital Logic Design

Semester: Fall 2023

Total Marks: 10

Lab Engineer: Engr. Hassan Nawaz

Submitted by:
Reg. ID Section
211260 A

Department of Mechatronics & Biomedical Engineering

Air University Islamabad

1
Experiment # 04
Objective:
Determination of the modulus of rigidity (elasticity in shear) for different materials.

Apparatus:

• WP-100 Apparatus for testing torsion and deflection

• 4 test bars made of Al, Cu, Brass and steel with L = 340mm
• Free clamping length = L = 280 mm
• Diameter of bar = d = 10mm Theory :
In materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined
as the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain.

where
= shear stress;
is the force which acts is the area on
which the force acts
is the transverse displacement is the
initial length

2
3
Torsion:

Equipment deformation: 0.09 mm

Formulae Used

L=length of a bar
=stear strain y=corrected display on dial gauge
d=diameter of the bar s=displacement of Dial Gauge from
center = 57.3mm G=Modulus of Rigidity.

Wp= Polar moment of resistance =196.35 mm (Wp=𝜋 ∗d3/16)

Mt= Torsion moment λ

4
=sector

Observations and calculations:

1-material of a bar : Aluminum(Al)

Load Display on Corrected Shearing Modulus of Avg

Applied(N) dial gauge display on λ in mm strain Rigidity in G(Gpa)
y(mm) dial gauge ( 𝜸) GPa
y’(mm) (KN/mm2)

1 0.11 8.7*10^-3 25.6*10^-6 19.6

2.5 0.22 19.99*10^-3 56.4*10^-6 22.6 21.8

5 0.43 37.5*10^-3 110.2*10^-6 23.1

2-material of a bar : Brass

Load Display on Corrected Shearing Modulus of Avg

Applied(N) dial gauge display on λ in mm strain Rigidity in G(Gpa)
y(mm) dial gauge ( 𝜸) GPa
y’(mm) (KN/mm2)

0.5 0.02 1.74*10^-3 51 50

2.5 0.29 25*10^-3 74 31 36

5 0.58 51*10^-3 150 27

5
3-material of a bar : Copper(Cu)

Load Display on Corrected Shearing Modulus of Avg

Applied(N) dial gauge display on λ in mm strain Rigidity in G(Gpa)
y(mm) dial gauge ( 𝜸) GPa
y’(mm) (KN/mm2)

0.5 0.03 2.61*10^-6 7.69*10^-6 33.21

2.5 0.121 1.05*10^-5 3.10*10^-5 41.01 31.3

5 0.24 2.09*10^-5 6.14*10^-8 41

4-material of a bar : Steel

Load Display on Corrected Shearing Modulus Avg

Applied(N) dial gauge display on λ in mm strain of G(Gpa)
y(mm) dial gauge ( 𝜸) Rigidity in
y’(mm) GPa
(KN/mm2)

0.5 0.02 1.75*10^-3 5.147*10^-3 24.77

2.5 0.24 0.20 0.037 17.20 22.02

5 0.44 0.0384 0.113 18.08

6
 Material Modulus of Original Difference % Error
Rigidity Modulus of
calculated(GPa) Rigidity (Gpa)
Aluminium 21.8 25-28 3.2 14.6

Brass 36 36-40 0 0

Copper 31.3 44-48 12.7 40.57

Steel 22.02 78-83 55.98 254

Conclusion:
In this lab we learned that how modulus of rigidity changes for
different material with change of loads and other condition. Sources of
Error:
• Human Error
• Syntax Error
• Instrumental Error