Geography Book 2

TABLE OF
CONTENTS
7b Livestock Farming 1
8 Power Resources 08
9 Industries 24
9b Tourism 44
10 Trade 55
11 Transport 65
12 Population 79
Aniq Hashmi
Geography Page 1 Book 2
Unit 7 B
“LIVESTOCK FARMING”
Livestock are the domestic animals kept to use on a farm and raised for milk, meat and other
products or sale and generate profit.
Livestock farming is rearing animals for earning money.
Oldest and most common occupation in Pakistan.
In rural setups, Livestock Farmers considered respectable.
Normally every village has “Shamilat” (a common grazing ground) where livestock are allowed to
graze.
IMPORTANCE OF LIVESTOCK FARMING

Source of Nutritious food (Milk, Meat, Butter, Ghee, Eggs).
Raw material for Domestic Industries for processing milk, meat and manufacturing leather goods.
Contributes 10 % to GDP (Gross Domestic Product) higher than crops.
Contributes to export of Livestock products like Leather is a source of Foreign Exchange.
Animals are used as draft power in farming process like for ploughing, irrigating (Persian wheel)
etc.
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Aniq Hashmi Geography Page 2 Book 2
TYPES OF LIVESTOCK FARMING
1. Subsistence livestock farming

2. Commercial livestock farming
Subsistence Commercial Subsistence Commercial Subsistence Commercial

livestock livestock livestock livestock livestock livestock
farming farming farming farming farming farming
INPUTS INPUTS PROCESSES PROCESSES OUTPUTS OUTPUTS

Natural Farms with Feeding Feeding Milk Milk
grazing fields animal sheds,
for fodder ponds and
fodder rooms
Water from Processed Natural Breeding Meat Meat
ponds and fodder Breeding
lakes
Open land Specialized Milking Milking by Wool Wool
labour manually suction
machines
Labour, Veterinary Slaughtering Extraction of Eggs Eggs
women and facilities Hides and Wool
children of
the family
Shortage and Shearing wool Preserving with For personal / For sale and
processing from sheep refrigerating family use earn money
facilities for facilities majorly
animal
products.
Packing ( in
some farms)
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Subsistence Livestock Farming:

Rearing of livestock for family use majorly not for earning.
There are three main types or ways in which Subsistence Livestock Farming is done.
TYPES OF SUBSITENCE LIVESTOCK FARMING

SPECIFICATIONS SEM-NOMADIC / NOMADIC SETTLED
TRANSHUMANCE /
PERIODIC
MOVEMENT/
SEASONAL
MOVEMENT
Seasonal movement / Continuous /

Nature of Movement Stayed at one place
periodic movement Constant
Everything available
Grasslands / pastures as
at their place
Reason of Movement areas are covered with Water and food
therefore stayed
snow during winters
there.
Arid regions (Thar
Northern mountains and Indus Plains (Punjab
and Kharan Desert),
Areas some part of Western and Sindh)
parts of Balochistan
mountains and valleys
and KPK
Specific Cattles Camels Buffaloes
Animals Sheep, Goats and Sheep, Goats and
Common Sheep, Goats and Poultry
Poultry Poultry
Commercial Livestock Farming:

Livestock rearing done for earning money.
It is practiced either on a Small scale by private owners or on large scale by Government owned or
Military farms.
Small-scale Commercial Livestock Farming:

Bulk of livestock farming products are still supplied by small-scale private owners.
Such dairy farms kept on vacant plots and often lacking appropriate drainage or water supplies.
Fodder has to be brought in from nearest crop growing area.
Valuable by-product, cattle and buffalo dung is collected and dried in circular cakes plastered on any
convenient wall and sold to the market to be used as manure or domestic fuel.
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Large-scale Commercial Livestock Farming:

Large-scale livestock farms such as Australian designed dairy farm for Islamabad and Karachi,
government dairy farm for Quetta and many other military farms.
To boost livestock production, scientific breeding methods such as cross breeding to increase fertility
rates and better nutritional diets are in use on many of the government farms.
Early weaving diets have also been introduced for rearing buffalo and cow calves to save milk for
human consumption.
To improve veterinary facilities, personnel’s are trained and new methods are used on selected farms.
Main Livestock Resources:

i- Cattle:
Most common farm animals.
Found approximately all over Pakistan.
Few in rugged mountains of Balochistan and arid areas (Thar Desert).
Important farm animals used for ploughing, irrigation (turning Persian Wheel) and transportation
to carry fodder and worker from one to another place.
Also supply meat and milk
Traditionally, a pair of bullock is a matter of pride and prestige for farmers.
CATTLE BREEDS
Bhagnari Dhani Red Sindhi Sahiwal Thari
Plains of Sindh and Northern Lower Sindh Punjab Tharparkar
Punjab Mountains
Draft power and
Draft power Provide milk
milk
ii- Buffaloes
Largest source of milk in Pakistan and produce 70% of the total milk supply.
Also the source of cheap meat.
Female buffaloes are only slaughtered when they stop producing milk or get old.
Sometimes they used as work animal.
Water loving animals therefore mostly found in canal irrigated areas of Punjab and Sindh or areas
with plenty of water.
As buffaloes are water loving, heat and cold sensitive therefore not found in extreme North,
Western highlands, rugged areas of Balochistan and desert areas of Pakistan.
Important breeds are Nilli bar, Ravi and Khundi.
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iii- Goats and Sheep:
Found almost all over Pakistan.

Reared for their wool and meat.
Mutton is preferred over beef thus it has great demand in Pakistan.
Goats are sure-footed, can survive in a variety of natural topographical and climatic environment.
They don’t need large grazing fields and can nibble thin grass resultant overgraze which lead to soil
erosion
Government of Pakistan discourages sure-footed goats as they overgraze.
Government of Pakistan encourages stall-fed goats as they kept in sheds, food, water etc. but are
not allowed to graze in open fields therefore prevent overgrazing and soil erosion.
iv- Poultry
Poultry products include chicken and eggs.

Demand for poultry products has greatly increased in recent years.
White meat (Chicken) is widely used as it is healthier, cheaper and easily available.
Commercial poultry found all over Pakistan especially in surrounding areas of large cities to meet
growing demands.
S. Gilgit
Livestock Sindh Punjab KPK Balochistan
No Baltistan
Bahawalpur,
Bahawalnagar,
9 Cattles Tharparkar Dir Lasbela -
Multan,
Rahimyar Khan
Bahawalpur,
Bahawalnagar,
Multan,
10 Buffaloes Hyderabad - - -
Rahimyar Khan,
Faisalabad,
Sialkot
Bahawalpur,
Kalat,
Tharparkar, Bahawalnagar,
11 Goats Dir Khuzdar, Skardu
Sanghar Multan,
Zhob
Rahimyar Khan
Bahawalpur,
S. Kalat,
12 Sheep - Bahawalnagar, Shighar
Wazirastan Khuzdar
Jhang
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Advantages and disadvantages of developing Livestock farming in

Pakistan:
Advantages Disadvantages
Sustainable e.g. animal reproduce. Loss of land and water for food crops.
Manure, dung used as natural fertilizer and as a Overgrazing cause soil erosion.
fuel for burning.
Increase export e.g. Leather products etc. Expensive as cows and buffaloes are high priced
and Cost of setting up, fodder and vets bills etc.
Use in processing Industries like milk and meat Low income and profit.
processing.
More food e.g. milk, meat, healthy food are in Some products not of export quality and banned
great demand. by Western countries.
Provide products like hides, horn, bones and wool Disease transfer to humans.
etc.
Source of employment and income. Disposal of waste, problems of cleanliness,
pollution (animal waste)
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Problems Faced By Livestock Farming and Their Possible Solution
Problems Solution
Few veterinary hospitals & vaccination Improvement in vaccination facilities to
facilities. Control diseases.
Increase in the number of veterinary
hospitals and Vets.
Education and training.
Programs to fatten cows for milk and meat.
Lack of grazing grounds lead to over grazing. Cultivation of fodder crops by reserving land
or turning agricultural land into grazing
fields.
Grazing un- irrigated fields cause Soil Provision of Irrigation facilities to prevent
erosion. soil erosion and support plant growth.
High prices of animal feed. Subsidiary
Insufficient marketing system leads to less Support price by Government to give
profit and low investment in Inputs. maximum profit to the farmer.
Gap in price of livestock products in Rural Strict monitoring and implementation of
and Urban areas, discourage rural people to Laws by Government to control prices.
practice livestock farming due to low profit
Inadequate storage facilities for meat. Provision of electricity and storing as well as
preserving facilities by Government
Insufficient breeding. Selective breeding and cross breeding for
Primitive breeding methods. better quality animals.
Improvement on livestock research farms.
Unhygienic conditions in animal husbandry Maintaining Hygienic condition during
lead to unhealthy animals. animal husbandry.
Mechanization.
Awareness programs by NGOs, Community
services and Government authorities.
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Unit :8
Power Resources
Renewable or Non-Renewable Energy
Renewable energy comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal
heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished).
A non-renewable resource is a natural resource which cannot be produced, grown, generated, or
used on a scale which can sustain its consumption rate. These resources often exist in a fixed
amount or are consumed much faster than nature can create them. Fossil fuels (such as coal,
petroleum and natural gas) and nuclear power (uranium) are examples.
Non-Renewable
i- Coal
Energy is generated from coal when it is burnt in power stations and the heat produced is used to
boil water and convert it into steam. This steam is then passed through turbines to generate
electricity. It must be noted that most of coal found in Pakistan is of inferior quality and contains
high ash and sulphur content.
Types of coal
Peat:
This is the lowest quality coal and contains only 10- 20% carbon. The rest is constituted of ashes
and gases (sulphur) it generates very little of energy and is mostly used in the brick. Klin industry to
bake red bricks. It is Brownish red in color and is extracted by open pit mining and is found close to
the surface.
Lignite:
This is also poor quality coal and contains 20- 30% of carbon. It also produces a small amount of
energy and used in the break kiln and locomotives cargo trains.
Bituminous:
This is average quality of coal and contains 50 -60% of carbon. It is used as the Steel Mills with the
mixing of anthracite to produce great amount of energy. It is also used in chemical fertilizers
cement, glass industry and in thermal power plants.
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Areas of Coal:
There are four important coal mining areas in Pakistan.
a. Makrowal- Gulla Khel and salt ranges coal fields.
b. Quetta coal field/ province.
c. Lower Sindh coal field.
Limitations:
The uses of coal are limited.

.The quality of coal is inferior.
Very thin seams are found in Pakistan.
Coal pollutes the environment and causes global warming.
Very few Industries use coal as a fuel.
The mining for good quality is risky as it is present at great depth.
Uses:
Coal is used to generate thermal electricity.
It is used in Steel Mills as a raw material.
It is used in glass, fertilizers, locomotive and cement industries.
Future Prospects of Coal :

Pakistan recently found more coal reserve which can increase billions of $ in the reserves of
Pakistan Therefore Pakistan is moving towards the use of coal in a more environmental friendly way
such as gasification of coal .
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ii- Oil:
Oil in its raw form is known as crude oil or petroleum, also called Black Gold because of the vast
number of materials or by 27 products that can be produced from it. It is found underneath the
surface of the earth extracted through drilling composed of organic component formed by the
decomposition of Marine life. Like coal, oil is also burnt to produce thermal energy but it is first
refined to separate useful by-products.
There are two main oil producing regions in Pakistan:
1. Lower Sindh.
2. Northern Region.
Lower Sindh oil field:

Produces more than 60% of the total petroleum output of the country. The important oil field in this
region is Khaskheli oil fields, Badin oil fields, Dhabi and Mazia.
Northern region:
In this region oil fields are located in the Potowar Ranges. The important fields are located in Khaur,
Joya Mir and Dhunnal.
Oil Refineries:
Crude oil cannot be used in its raw state. It has to proceed and refined into useful products like:
Petroleum.
Kerosene.
Diesel.
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Lubricant oil.
Jet fuel.
There are a number of oil refineries in Pakistan. The small Attock oil refinery in Rawalpindi is
refining 20% of Pakistan oil. The Pakistan oil refinery in Karachi is refining more than 60% of
Pakistan oil. A new refinery is built at Mahmood Court Multan. Another new refinery is also being
set up at Hub known as Pak Arab refinery.
Oil Drilling
Oil occurs in porous spaces of sedimentary rock and is derived mainly from the decomposition of
marine animals. It can be found many hundreds of meters underground or under the sea bed.
Oil drilling is a technical job that requires modern scientific equipment. Once the drilling site has
been selected a derrick or an oil rig is setup. The derrick is a large steel structure that holds the
pipes other equipment. The derrick is dismantled after the oil has been found. The rig is the
replaced by pipes and values which control the flow of oil. Then it is transported through pipes to
the refinery.
White pipeline is used to transport crude oil from Qasim port to areas of Punjab like Mehmood Kot
and Faisalabad.
iii- Natural Gas:

Natural Gas is a composition of Methane, Ethane, Butane and Propane, usually found near the oil
under the ground .It could also be considered as vapours of oil. Gas is also used in the same way as
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oil and coal are used to generate power. It also goes under processing before it is fed into power
stations, which means removing harmful substances like cyanide etc.
Regions:
There are four main natural gas regions in Pakistan:
1. East Central Balochistan.
2. Upper Sindh.
3. Lower Sindh.
4. Northern Region.
Main gas fields of Pakistan:
Sui
Pir Koh
Zin
Uch
Mari
Meyal
Kandhkot
Hyderabad
Khairpur
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Natural Gas Pipeline Network:
East Central Balochistan and Upper Sindh:

The main gas producing region in Pakistan is East Central Balochistan and Upper Sindh where the
Sui Gas Field is located. This gas field, located in the foot Hills of Mari Bugti Hills in Balochistan has
good quality gas with 90% Methane content in it.
Sui Gas field is directly providing gas in to Karachi via Sukkar and Hyderabad. Another pipeline goes
to Lahore via Rahim Yar Khan, Multan and Faisalabad. From Faisalabad one pipe Line goes to
Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Wah and Peshawar. Sui gas is also transported to Quetta.
The third largest gas field is Peer Koh located in the north of Sui gas field. It provides gas directly to
the fertilizer industries in Southern Punjab and some thermal power plants in Southern Punjab and
Northern Sindh. The gas contains 70% Methane content. Marri is the largest gas field in Sindh. It is
located in the South of Sui and Upper Sindh. It has 73% Methane content. It majorly provides gas to
the Fertilizer Industry at Dahaki, Meerpur Mathalo gas to some thermal and Machi Goth This gas
also provides gas to some thermal power stations of Northern Sindh; Larkana, Jacobabad, Sukkar
and Sanghar.
Lower Sindh:
Lower Sindh region is the second largest producer of gas in Pakistan. Khorwah, South Buzdar, Turk
and Bhatti etc. are some important gas fields in this area.
Northern Region:
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This region is the third largest producer of gas in Pakistan. Dhodahak, Meyal and Aadhi are some
important gas fields.
S. Minerals Uses Sindh Punjab KPK Balochis

No
1 Coal Used in Brick Kilns Jhimpir, Dandot Pidh Makarwal Sor Range,
and Cement Industry Sonda, Degari,
To make Coke and Lakhra Mach,
Coal Briquettes Khost,
To generate power in Harnai,
Thermal Power Sharig
2 Natural gas Domestic Uses Mari, Sui,

To generate power in Zin,
Thermal Power Pirkoh,
- -
As a raw material in Dhodhak
Fertilizer Industry
Used as Motor fuel
3 Mineral Oil / To generate Power in Thora, Dhurnal, Ziarat,
Petroleum Thermal Power Tando Dhulian, Khost,
As a Lubricant for Adam, Meyal, Sharing,
Machines Mazari, Adhi, Harnai
Used as Motor fuel Pasakhi Pindori
By-products of Oil
use in making of
Plastics, Synthetic
Rubber, Insecticides, -
Chemical products,
Wax, Furnace Oil etc
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iv- Nuclear or Uranium

It is one of the most powerful but also the most dangerous fuel in the world.
A kilogram of coal produces 24 million joules of energy; compare it with Uranium 500,000 million
joules per kg which can be used constructively to produce electricity.
Fission
It is breakdown of Uranium atoms into smaller atoms with release of massive amount of energy.
This energy is mainly in the form of heat and is used to heat water in other pipes through heat
exchange systems. This water absorbs heat and is converted to steam which then turns the turbine
to produce electricity.
Fusion
Energy is released when atoms are fused together. The energy is used to produce electricity.
Pakistan has three major Nuclear power plants
Karachi Nuclear power plant/ KANPP

Chasma Nuclear power plant 1 near Mianwali in Punjab
Chasma Nuclear power plant 2 near Khushab in punjab
China is assisting Pakistan in the development of further nuclear production facilities.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Power:

Pakistan energy reserves will be exhausted one day and this nuclear energy can help to
solve our problems.
The radioactive rays produced can causes Cancer and deform a fetus for generations. The
nuclear waste remains radioactive for years and disposal of nuclear waste is a difficult
process.
The process of industrialization can be speedy with the help of nuclear plants.
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The nuclear power plants are expensive to be built.

Nuclear power polluted the environment less as compared to force fossil fuels.
We have other new able renewable resources like wind and sunlight so why not developed this
Instead of nuclear.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES

ADVANTAGES:
They require low initial investment as compared to renewable sources, and are perfect for
urgent meeting demands as they require less time to build.
Electricity can be produced on large scale.
The technology exists and therefore there is no research cost.
Readily available in abundance in different parts of the world.
DISADVANTAGES:
These energy sources are non-renewable meaning that they will eventually run out and
can’t be depended upon in the long run.
They pollute the environment leading to acid rain or global warming. Acid rain kills trees and
aquatic life. Also, nuclear power produces wastes which remain radioactive for thousands of
years and need to be stored underground safely for that period of time.
Due to conflicts in fossil fuel rich Middle East, the price of these fossils fuels look set to rise,
so Pakistan won’t be able to import much oil to produce electricity in the future.
These projects however do require a lot of expensive maintenance and fuel, so are
expensive in the long run. Also, Independent Power Producers charge a higher rate for
electricity generation than state owned thermal stations.
Due to gas cuts in both industrial and power sector, it seems that relying heavily upon gas
thermal stations isn’t a feasible option in the long run.
Thermal Electricity/Power:
Thermal energy is generated by fossil fuels like; oil, gas and coal. In Pakistan most of the electricity
is provided by thermal power plants. It contributes 70% of the total energy production.
Most of thermal power plants are located in the industrial areas of Pakistan like; Karachi,
Hyderabad, Sukkar, Larkana, Rahim Yar Khan, Multan, Faisalabad, Quetta, Hub, Lahore, Sialkot,
Rawalpindi, Peshawar.
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They are well distributed all over the country because:

1) Thermal power plants can generate electricity throughout the year which is necessary for the
industries.
2) The plants do not require large space so there is no need of resettlement of people.
3) These plants can be built with low capital and there is no need to take help from other
countries and banks.
4) Thermal power plants do not require particular and relief feature and condition and compared
to hydro power plants.
Renewable Resources
Sunlight or Solar
Energy from the Sun can be utilized in the form of solar panels, which can generate electricity or
heat water in homes. For generating electricity, these panels are installed in either deserts or large
places of open and barren land. The panels absorb sunlight and use it to produce electricity free of
cost except for the maintenance cost. On the other hand, these black panels absorb radiation from
the sun and transfer it to the water to heat it.
Another way of generating electricity is to use mirrors in desert, which reflect sunlight on to a very
concentrated place on a tower (which contains water). The concentrated rays of sun heat the water
and convert it into steam thus rotating the turbines and generating electricity.
Hydroelectric Power:
This is the most important source of renewable energy in the world today. Pakistan produces 45% -
55% of electricity by HEP. Hydroelectric power stations use the force of running water to turn
turbines, which turn the generator in a magnetic field, thus generating electricity. Conditions for a
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potential hydroelectric power site include:
Site Requirement
A deep valley which can carry more water leading to more force at which turbines are
turned. Also, a deep valley means that the water has more time to speed up and gather
momentum before it hits the turbines
A narrow valley to make sure that construction cost of dam for concrete etc. remains low
and project is feasible due to the technical difficulties in building a wider dam wall.
Large reservoir to store any un-required surge of water which might have been wasted
during rainy seasons. If this water is stored in the reservoir then it can be used in future
months to generate electricity
The dam must not be located at or near a fault line. These areas are prone to earthquakes,
which can fatally lead to dam failures, sudden flash floods and tragic loss of life
Impermeable layers of soil to prevent seepage and making sure that the reservoir of dam
doesn’t lose water too quickly.
River basin that is fed by glaciers. The glaciers melt and provide water. Also, the drainage
basin must be large and be under influence of the monsoons etc.
River must pass through forested areas so that river carries low amount of silt. Trees roots
bind the soil together and prevent flash floods (which erode more land) as they slow down
the descent of rainfall. If this silt starts accumulating behind a dam wall it can cause some
serious problems and reduce life of dams either by reducing their capacity or blocking
spillways etc.
The average temperatures of the surrounding areas should be low, to keep the rate of
evapo-transpiration to a minimum.
The dam must be located in a low populated area so the rehabilitation cost of citizens who
are displaced is low.
HEP DAMS
Major/multipurpose dams in Pakistan

- Mangla Dam on River Jhelum
- Tarbela Dam on river Indus
- Warsak Dam on River Kabul
Small dams in Pakistan
- Gomal zam Dam on Gomal river in KPK
- Hub Dam on Hub river in Balochistan
- Khanpur dam on the Haro River in KPK
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- Mirani Dam on the Dasht river in Balochistan
Geothermal:
Geothermal power is used in countries where favorable topographical conditions where
underground lava exists like in New Zealand and Iceland such as geysers etc. Conditions like these
exist in some places in Azad Kashmir like near Kotli etc.
Two big pipes are dug into the surface. These pipes reach hot rocks in the earth’s crust. These rocks
are heated up by the magma beneath them. From one pipe cold water is sent below and from
other pipe hot steam or water is received. Through a heat exchanger system this heat is transferred
to water in another pipe network. Here the water absorbs heat and becomes steam which is fed
into turbines to generate electricity.
Biomass:
It is the energy generated in form of electricity or heat from plants/organic waste matter etc.
Dead leaves, branches, stumps etc. are burnt directly to produce heat. In some countries garbage
burning plants have been set up, which burn garbage and use the heat produced to turn water into
steam. This steam then turns turbines, which produce electricity.
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Biogas:
One good use of biomass is in production of biogas. In a biogas plant, animal dung is fed into a
closed container deprived of oxygen. Bacteria and other micro-organisms then digest it and
produce methane as a result. This methane is used either for cooking or for producing electricity
Advantages of Biogas:
Cheap source of energy.
Raw material is easily available.
The biogas plants require less space and capital to be built.
Disadvantages of Biogas:
Methane is a Greenhouse gas which causes pollution and global warming.
A large amount of cow dung produces less amount energy.
Biogas plants cannot produce Methane on large scale. They cannot produce continuous gas
to the industries. They cannot surface the needs of large areas.
They lead to a shortage of cow dung as fertilizer. Cow dung is an important Fertilizer in the
rural areas.
Wind:
Wind energy is based on simple principles. A turbine is attached to a blade. This blade is mounted
on a tower which is placed in a windy area such as on hillsides, near coast or off-shore. The force of
wind, turns blade and thus turns the turbine; producing electricity.
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Tidal Power:
Tidal power uses same principles as wind except being installed on seabed and using force of tides
to turn the blades. Currently it is very expensive to mount these turbines on seabed as the
electricity produced is low.
Wave Power:
A type of energy which is produced by movement of waves. A generator converts this mechanical
energy into useful electricity. The point absorber consists of a series of long unit (producing
mechanical energy), floating on the surface of the water following the movements of the wave. It is
this movement that is harnessed and converted to electricity.
HOW A TURBINE AND A GRID SYSTEM WORKS (COAL, GAS, WIND AND
HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATIONS):
A fluid (gas or water) moves past the blade of the turbine. The blade reacts to the flow of fluid and
moves the rotor, which then turns a generator. This generator moves within a magnetic field, when
it moves in a magnetic field a current is produced.
The current produced has its voltage raised by a transformer. Then electricity is transmitted to the
nearest grid station through overhanging power lines and electricity pylons (high voltage results in
lesser loss of electricity). From here it is sent to the local grid stations by overhanging wires or
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE SOURCES: ADVANTAGES:
As their name suggests, they are renewable meaning that unlike non-renewable energy they
will never run out.
Renewable are mostly clean and have little lasting impact on environment.
They require investment once only and maintenance thereafter, no need to buy fuel like
fossil fuels etc. So they are cheaper in the long run.
They can be used in remote areas (wind power in mountainous areas), where other power
resources can’t be used due to difficulty of transporting furnace oil etc. Also, these areas
may be far away from the national grid.
The supply of fossil fuels is very unstable due to conflicts in the Middle East, thus to have
secure energy supplies in the future, Pakistan should develop renewable energy.
DISADVANTAGES:
Solar energy is not much efficient, about 20%, when converting light energy from the sun
into electricity; also it requires regular maintenance to remove dust which can cut efficiency
by 3/4th. Also, the panels must tilt with time of day and location of sun to maintain
maximum efficiency.
Some dangerous substances like cadmium are used to make solar panels and raise questions
about how they will be dealt in future when their lifetime will expire.
Wind turbines produce an audible sound which locals hate and it also spoils the scenery.
Also, not many places have many windy days.
Geo-thermal isn’t available at all places in the world and only few favorable places exist.
Also, it leads to Carbon Dioxide emissions which lead to global warming; melting of polar ice
caps and floods in low lying areas.
Less water is available downstream due to dams, thus affecting fisheries as mangroves don’t
get enough fresh water. Agriculture may also be affected due to lack of water for plant
growth.
Biomass produces limited amount of energy and is unfeasible to sustain current power
demands.
Wind and solar power aren’t available at all times i.e. during windless days or cloudy days or
nights.
All of the renewable sources require large amounts of capital to produce single megawatt of
electricity as compared to fossil fuels.
In Hydel Projects immense costs are incurred due to:
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Large scale planning and research costs, which involves dam design etc.
Evacuation procedures along with resettlement of people affected by the reservoir of the
dam.
Building roads (for access to site) and tunnels (to channel water into the turbines).
Laying down power lines and connecting them to the grid system.
Hiring professionals (engineers etc.) and workers and accommodating them on site.
Buying expensive heavy machinery and maintaining it.
Buying raw materials like cement and steel in exceptionally large quantities.
Hydro-electric causes massive displacement of people and loss of livelihood. Forests are
flooded and killed; the trees then decay and produce methane, leading to global warming.
Rural Electrification:
Rural electrification has many social and economic advantages.
1) Tube wells can be installed for irrigation. This will help to control water logging and salinity. It
also helps to increase agriculture production.
2) Small scale industries can be developed to provide employment in the rural areas, increase the
production and meet the demand of industrial goods, to increase GDP which turn strengthens
to economy.
3) Helps to decrease rural urban migration as the standard of living of rural population is raised.
Electrical appliances can be used to make life easier.
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Unit :9 A
“Industries”
secondary industry
industry that converts the raw materials provided by primary industry into commodities and products
for the consumer; manufacturing industry.
It is concerned with the whole process of production of manufactured goods. Secondary sector workers
form the major building block of industries
Finished goods
Finished goods are goods that have completed the manufacturing process, but have not yet been sold.
Countries that mainly export raw materials are poorer, while countries that convert them into finished
goods are richer
Processed Goods :
Goods-in-process relates to partially completed goods that are somewhere in the

manufacturing process and not yet ready for sale.
Value added goods:
Raw material or semi manufactured goods which can be converted to manufactured goods by
adding labour energy and others (Economics of scale) are called value added goods. These goods
require less Input and produce more profit.
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Consumer goods:
The goods which are directly consumed by consumer are satisfied the consumer needs are called
consumer goods like shoes, fans, pens with readymade garments etc.
Capital goods:
The goods which help to produce the consumer goods are called the capital goods. These are also
known as manufacturing goods and include machinery etc.
Manufactured goods:
Fully proceed goods include both consumer and capital goods. These are manufactured goods.
Semi- manufacturers goods:
Under proceed goods which require further processing to become manufactured goods. Example
include cotton yarn, leather sheets, tea, flour etc.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF INDUSTRY
COTTAGE:
This is a type of industry where 1-5 employees are involved (family members) and fixed assets do not
exceed from Rs 1-2 lakh (0.1-0.2 million). They include potter making, furniture, carpet making,
embroidery etc. They are labor intensive with little use of machinery. Local skills along with locally
available raw materials are utilized
SMALL SCALE
These are industries which employ 10-50 workers. Their fixed assets don’t exceed 10 million rupees.
They are labor intensive with limited use of machinery. Some of the raw materials may be brought from
nearby cities
LARGE SCALE
These are industries which employ more than 300 workers (large number of workers) and their fixed
assets exceed 100 million rupees (high capital input). They use many machines and the products are
produced in large amounts. Land requirements are big too
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Small Scale Industry
(i) These industries employ less number of persons and capital.
(ii) Most of the work is done by manpower, small machines and tools.
(iii) Raw materials used are less and the production is consequently less.
(iv) They are scattered in rural and urban areas and are in the private sector
Large Scale Industry
(i) These industries employ a larger number of persons and capital.
(ii) The work is done mostly by larger machines and laborers.
(iii) Raw materials and used is large and there is mass production.
(iv) They are located in urban centres and are in the public sector or run by big industrialists, e.g.,
Cotton textiles, Jute textiles.
Advantages of setting up a Large Scale Industry
Employment opportunities for many thousands can be generated, which increases their
standard of living and contributes more to the GDP
Things like steel can be produced locally in large quantities, which is cheaper than imported
steel for locals. This can help fuel industrialization (building factories, dam, railways etc)
Exports can be increased, which increases foreign exchange reserves. They are used to pay off
foreign loans, if a country defaults in these payments it could risk a trade embargo from the
countries it owes money to
Foreign dependence on certain goods like iron and steel can be dramatically reduced; allowing
for greater independence in foreign affairs. This is because your country would not be
influenced by the demands of another country
Disadvantages of setting up a Large Scale Industry
Air pollution may occur due to exhaust from chimneys and also traffic congestion near the
factory may also be of concern. Traffic may consist of trucks brining in raw materials or taking
out products and bringing them to markets
Water pollution may also occur if raw untreated waste is dumped. This will mean that the
sewage enters the water table and possibly the human food chain and can cause things like
cancer
Roads may be damaged as they are used more than their capacity with trucks carrying heavy
loads most of the time
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Also, lands may be cleared to make new roads and industrial centres. This will result in
deforestation and soil erosion
If industries are set up excessively in urban areas then it may cause rural-urban migration (as
government will be diverting funds from development of rural areas towards maintenance of
urban areas
Industrial process
Inputs Process Output
Capital Ginning Processed

Entrepreneurs Spinning Goods
Weaving Manufactured
Land
Goods
Availability of raw Polishing and
Finished Goods
material Dying Consumer
Power Printing Goods
Labour Smelting
Moulding
printing
REQUIREMENTS FOR SETTING UP AN INDUSTRY
Physical Factors
LOCATION
Site requirements
Land must be cheap. This will mean that cost of setting up industry will be low and will
encourage investors to invest
Land must be abundant so if the owners want to expand their existing businesses they
can easily do s
The land must be well drained so during times of heavy rainfall the factory isn’t flooded
and production isn’t stopped
Transport Infrastructure
Bulky, cheap and quick transport of both raw materials and product is available. This will
mean that the per unit cost of making a product and transporting it (to the market) are
low. This gives the company a pricing edge over its competitors. This will increase the
profits of a company
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Market access
A large demand for goods produced is present nearby. Nearness to the market reduces
the cost of transport. If a large market is present, then the company can make bigger
profits due to economies of scale
The demand is stable and not volatile, so it doesn’t vary throughout the year. This
means that the company will have sales throughout the year and will have money
throughout the year to pay its creditors/ contractors
Raw materials
Stable supply of raw material is present; so the company can order supplies if it faces
high demand. This will improve the company’s image of a reliable source of products
and will help improve sales
Large amount of cheap raw material is available near to the factory. Nearness reduces
chances of accidents and reduces cost of transport. This will mean that per unit cost of
product is low, giving the company a pricing edge over its competitors. This will increase
the profits of a company
Labour
A large pool of skilled and unskilled labour is required, which needs little or no further training.
This reduces induction costs and time; leading to smoother operations
An educated labour force can easily use machines by reading instructions. Also, they use their
skills to suggest improvements to work practices. They have the necessary skills, which they
have learnt from polytechnic institutes.
Wage costs are low so that per unit cost of making a product is low, giving the company a pricing
edge over its competitors. This will increase the profits of a company
Skilled labour is required to install and operate machines, do managerial work etc. Unskilled
labour is required for driving trucks (transporting raw materials and products) etc
Power
Cheap source of power is available, which means that the per unit cost of making a product is
low, giving the company a pricing edge over its competitors. This will increase the profits of a
company.
The sources of power must be reliable so machines aren’t damaged due to sudden spike in
voltage etc
Capital
Cheap (interest free loans are the best) sources of capital are available from either the state or
private banks. This will allow the business to invest in fixed assets etc. The timeframe for making
payments must be wide, so giving a business some breathing space. Loans must be easy to get
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with no strict conditions for getting a loan, so people are encouraged to invest in their
businesses
These assets require a lot of capital to set up, but their benefits are long lasting. They include
land, telecommunications, power/gas/water supply (cleaning, cooling, drinking etc) and
machinery (cheaper than labour, more accurate, quick and sturdy)
Communication
Cheap communication services must be available. These link the customer and the producer,
which is essential to the success of a business
Government Policy
Does the government provide any subsidies etc which are beneficial to an industry? Explained
later under “GOVERNMENT POLICIES”
Large scale Industries of Pakistan
Sugar Cane Industry
Sugarcane is one of the cash crops in Pakistan. Pakistan’s sugarcane production is 5th largest in the
world
Sugar is made from sugarcane. At the time of harvest, the cane is cut and tied in bundles and is quickly
transported to sugar mills. This is so, as the sugarcane after being cut starts losing its sugar content and
weight.
At the plant, it is first weighed and the farmer is paid accordingly. Then the cane is washed and rocks etc
are removed. Then it is passed through rollers to extract the juice. The fibrous thing left behind is known
as bagasse
Bagasse is used to make disposable food containers, replacing materials such as Styrofoam, which is
regarded as polluting. Bagasse is also used to make paper and is also made into cattle feed whereby it is
mixed with molasses
Molasses Used to manufacture various types of acids for the chemical industry. Molasses (black liquid) is
also used for making yeast and spirits
Location:
Located near the sugar cane fields. Located in Punjab followed by sindh and KPK they have to be located
near the field because;
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It is a bulky item and transportation is expensive.

It starts losing its sugar content as it harvested and crashed as soon as possible
The majority of the sugar produced is for local consumption and little is exported
CEMENT INDUSTRY (Large Scale)
Raw materials for making cement are limestone, clay and sand. All of these after quarrying/mining are
sent to the cement factories. These factories are located near to limestone sources as to limestone is
bulky and expensive to carry over long distances. This increases the per unit cost of production so profits
are lowered. Also, accidents can occur as heavy trolleys are difficult to manoeuvre and they also damage
the road infrastructure, so to minimize this damage, cement factories are located near limestone
sources
Majority of cement produced is for local consumption, although exports are gradually increasing.
Cement is used to make factory walls, build walls of dams, line canals, build homes etc. Furthermore,
structures made from cement and bricks are much more robust than structures made from wood etc.
Cement is produced in large amounts in Pakistan because the raw materials required for cement making
are found in Pakistan in abundance at a cheap price
There are many favorable factors for the development of cement industries locally.
o Available of raw material (lime stone and Gypsum).

o Good domestic market with high demand from the construction industry.
o Natural gas is used as cheap fuel.
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Cotton Textile Industry

After picking, the seed cotton is sent to ginning mills, here it is dried to reduce moisture and the
dust etc is removed
Then, the lint is separated from the seed by rotating saws, which don’t allow the seeds to go
through them. The lint is packed into bales, while the seeds are sent to Vegetable and Ghee
industries
Samples are taken from lint to assess its quality in terms of fibre length, consistency of length,
colour etc; all of these factors determine the price of the bale
The bales are sent to textile mills, where fibres from different bales are twisted and turned
(spinning) together by computer controlled machines to achieve uniform thickness of fibre
etc.This produces yarn
Then different yarns are interlaced to make cloth (weaving) which is also automated. The cloth
is then cleaned, immersed in chemicals to enhance finishing (this will come later) and increase
its price. Loose threads are also removed
The cloth is then sent for dyeing, where a uniform colour scheme is applied to a length of cloth.
After this it is sent for printing, where a series of design schemes are applied onto the cloth
Location:
Cotton textile mills are Pakistan largest industry. They are located in three cities of Pakistan for different
reason. Example: KARACHI FAISALABAD HYDERABAD
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Importance of cotton textile mills for Pakistan:
o Provides employment to 50% of the industrial labour force.

o It has great export potential and textile products are generating nearly 60% of the exports.
o Contributes about 7% to the GDP.
o They are providing comfortable fabric which is a need of the hot and humid climate.
o Cotton textile mills are also supporting cottage industries by providing cotton seeds or making
canola oil.
Problem of cotton textile mills:
o Sometime there is a shortage of raw materials are the attack of leaf curl viruses Torrential
rainfall at the time of packing cotton bolls and floods.
o There is a fixed quota the export of cotton from Western countries.
o There is strong competition in the international market especially south from South Korea,
Egypt, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Thailand.
o In Pakistan there is no proper institution which teaches better techniques for better quality
crops.
o There is lack of institutional finance for modernization.
Iron Steel Industry
The iron and steel industry requires 5 major components; coke (very pure carbon, which is a very
processed form of coal), limestone, iron ore and fuel (mostly coal).
Water (in huge amounts as an input) is used to cool the steel. Manganese (not Magnesium) and
Chromite are used to make stainless steel
Pakistan Steel Millls
o Provides raw material to the engineering and construction Industries.

o Products of the Steel Mills include pig iron, Coke, cast billets, gairanized products and raw
material.
o It is located at Pipri near Karachi. It benefit from the port facility in Karachi by importing raw
material.
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o Energy is available through the Pipri thermal power station, Korangi thermal power station and
Karachi nuclear power plant.
o Skilled and unskilled labour is easily available.
o Well connected to all the cities (important) of Pakistan
Products of Steel Mill
Billets
Hot and Cold rolled coils/sheets
Galvanized rolled sheets
Blooms,
Ingots
Slabs
These products are at times exported to countries like China, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Romania, and
Bangladesh. Although raw materials for making iron and steel are mostly imported
Fertilizer Industry
The fertilizer industry basically requires two materials, nitrogen and hydrogen. Phosphorous, Potash etc
may also be required
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Location
Located in the provinces of Punjab KPK and sindh.
o In Pakistan the main raw material for manufacture of fertilizer is natural gas.
o As Pakistan is an agro based country in required fertilizers in large amounts so a large domestic
market is available.
o Mostly nitrogen fertilizers are manufactured as Pakistan soil is deficient in nitrogen material and
organic matters.
o The industries are located mainly located in the provinces were agriculture is practiced
Fertilizers are imported from Middle East to fulfil the majority of the demand for fertilizer in Pakistan.
Most of the factories are located in Punjab to meet the demands of growing population there. Also, a
gas pipeline network exists in Punjab.
In recent years, Pakistan has tried to reduce its fertilizers import so it could reduce its import bill. As a
result, Pakistan will have more money to spend on things like education, health etc. Also, local
production results in cheaper fertilizers as costs of transport are far lower and that employment is
generated in local factories
Small Scale/Cottage Industries of Pakistan
BRICK INDUSTRY (Small Scale)
To make bricks, raw clay along with 30% sand and water (amount varying due to choice) is put into steel
molds. They are compressed and then put into a brick kiln at around 900 . The fuel is in Pakistan coal.
Most of coal produced in Pakistan is used this way. A series of chemical reactions take place thus
changing the chemical structure of the mud and makes it hard
Majority of bricks made are used locally for construction, canal lining etc
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SPORTS GOODS INDUSTRY (Usually small scale but cottage industry too)
Sialkot is the major foci of sport goods production in the world. It accounts for around 40% of world
football production accounting for some $200 million exports annually
Raw materials for making footballs are leather, stitches, yarn and glue. Furthermore, things like bats,
hockey etc all are made. These require wood, nails and polish/paint quality of these instruments is
strictly monitored.
However, it must be remembered that due to the problem of child labour many European and American
sports brands have stopped orders to Sialkot and Pakistan in general. The problem has been further
compounded by the fact that due to load shedding, many businesses have failed to meet their orders
and thus their reputation has been tarnished. This has caused huge financial losses to the industry
Even though most of sports goods production is exported due to modest local demand and high
international demand
SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS INDUSTRY (Usually small scale but cottage industry too)
Sialkot also is famous for its surgical instruments, whose export in 2008-2009 was around $250 million.
These instruments are made mainly in small workshops which employ many thousands of people. The
quality of these instruments is strictly monitored
However, it must be noted that in western societies there has been a growing concern about the use of
child labour (unethical), exploited labour (low wage) and poor worker conditions (poor sanitary
conditions, hot environment) in which these instruments are made. This has forced some firms to stop
orders from contractors in Pakistan. The raw materials required for making surgical instruments are
titanium, iron, chromium and nickel
Most of production is exported due to modest local demand but demand from countries like UK and
Germany etc is high.
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Advantages of setting up a Cottage Industry
They provide large scale employment to the relatively poor people, who work in the industrial
sector. They can also employ rural artisans, women etc
Also, some farmers can increase their income by learning other skills like pottery, which is a
form of cottage industry
It helps decrease regional disparity as the income from these cottage industries is distributed
amongst a lot of people
These industries have few specific requirements (like large amount of capital etc), thus they can
be setup by anyone anywhere.
They are labour intensive and that they can accommodate to a large extent illiterate workers.
These workers can be easily trained in a matter of few weeks (unlike doctors etc)
These industries can produce a significant amount of consumer goods as well as some luxury
goods (carpets etc). These goods both compete with large scale industrial manufactured goods.
Thus they help reduce the price offered to the final consumer
Goods that are produced from these industries may also be exported like Pakistani carpets etc;
earning foreign exchange
Setting up of cottage industries utilizes savings thus they are put into circulation as investments,
which benefit many people. Also, it encourages small entrepreneurs to take risks etc thus it
develops their ability to invest efficiently
Traditional skills can be preserved and passed to the next generation, thus, maintaining cultural
identity
Eventually these cottage industries help reduce though not stop “Rural-Urban Migration”. Thus
the problems of large, overcrowded cities filled with jobless people can be reduced
Problems faced by Cottage Industries
Finance management is extremely important for people who set up these cottage industries as
their working capital is low. It means that they have less money at their immediate disposal to
buy raw materials etc. Financial management requires skill and some financial support from the
government
The goods produced usually do not meet specific quality requirements thus the first batch of
goods may be of excellent quality but the following one may be poor. This can result in sudden
fall of demand as customers are lost
Also, the marketing of goods is expensive and is a huge burden on the relatively poor cottage
industrialist
Producers in this sector often purchase goods in small quantities, thus they cannot benefit from
the economies of scale, which the big companies enjoy when they buy raw materials in bulk.
Thus, the cost of producing a single unit can be high
The raw materials available in that specific area might be of poor quality, leaving the cottage
industry with a dire choice of either using them or facing bankruptcy, as they are too ill-
equipped financially to buy raw materials from other areas
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These cottage industries are mostly labour intensive and have little or low reliance on expensive
machines. Machines used by large scale industries can produce variety of goods in a short
amount of time
On the other hand, a skilled cottage industry worker takes years to master the art of making a
specific object
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INDUSTRIAL ESTATES
These are future centres of industry, which are located near major cities. The government actually buys
the land and plans the estate. The government builds facilities like railways,
roads, electricity, communications etc. A residential area for families of workers is also planned along
with schools and hospitals etc. Access to a dry port may also be provided
Cheap loans are also provided for people to invest. For this very purpose the government invites people
to invest through advertisements etc. Investors then make 20 -30% payment of plots etc (getting control
of land in return). The government then starts construction of the industrial estate. This procedure can
take around 2-4 years
Advantages of Industrial Estates
The concentration of high pressure gas pipelines, sewage lines, water pipes etc; which satisfy
demands of industry reduces the overall cost of laying down infrastructure
Tax holidays and concessions are granted by the government which tremendously help
industries as they have more money to reinvest in their businesses.
.This also means that government can provide these benefits to businesses located in a not so
developed area.
This will provide employment and generally raise standard of living of people there.
separate areas are assigned for industries. These don’t overlap with residential areas, thus,
environmental impact of pollution from these industries is reduced
List of Industrial estates in Pakistan
Karachi
Lahore
Gujranwala
Jhelum
Gujrat
Hyderabad
Peshawar
Chakwal
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Special Industrial zones
They are similar to industrial estates but can be developed in any rural or remote area where
infrastructure facilities like water supply electricity and telephone service is not available. The interested
companies (Local or foreign) develop the facilities by themselves. Residencies for labour hospitals road
networks are also developed .
The government then provide almost same incentives given to Industrial estates like Tax exemption on
import , relaxation in duties ,tax holidays, and security
The government gives huge tax benefits to SEZ companies who invest there. For example a 5 year no tax
agreement can be granted Thus, employment and a better living standard for labour is guaranteed
List of SEZs in Pakistan
Pindi Bhattian, Punjab

Hyderabad, Punjab
Hattar, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
Nationalization of Industries
During the era of ZAB 1ST JANUARY 1972 10 basic industries were Nationalized giving a heavy economic
blow to private sector .The main aim was to increase the investment in order to enhance the growth
and production. However the performance of these industries further declined due to corruption and
overstaffing of government and mismanagement of resources . Foreign investments also decreased as a
result industries suffered a great loss.
Denationalization of Indutries
In 1977 seeing the poor growth of industries the government of Zia ul Haq reversed the policy of of
nationalization and gave assurance that no further industries will be Nationalized .The nationalized
industries were given back to former owners .
Privatization of (SOE)
State owned enterprises were privatized during 1991 era of Nawaz Shareef to achieve certain economic
objectives:
Modernization of private sector

Expansion of industries
Reduce burden on govt resources
Increase employment
Enhance rapid industrialization
Boost economy
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SECTORS OF INDUSTRY
FORMAL SECTOR
The people involved in this sector are employees of the government or a firm (not self-employed). They
have regular pays and working hours are fixed. Also, the business is legally registered and contributes to
the GDP. Goods of a specific quality are produced by skilled workers who operate machines. Quality of
the goods is monitored and maintained. A proper work area (a building is used). Services like pension
scheme/ health and insurance benefits may also be available
INFORMAL SECTOR
The people are self-employed workers. Their monthly income is variable. Working hours aren’t fixed.
The business isn’t registered with the government tax departments. Goods are sometimes not
consistent in terms of quality (sometimes good and sometimes bad). These workers are usually unskilled
(don’t used machinery) and thus can work on streets and in their homes as well (they utilize their
manual skills) etc. There are no pension schemes/ health and insurance benefits
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Industrial Pollution
Causes of Industrial Pollution
1. Lack of Policies to Control Pollution: Lack of effective policies and poor enforcement drive allowed
many industries to bypass laws made by pollution control board which resulted in mass scale pollution
that affected lives of many people.
2. Unplanned Industrial Growth: In most industrial townships, unplanned growth took place wherein
those companies flouted rules and norms and polluted the environment with both air and water
pollution.
3. Use of Outdated Technologies: Most industries still rely on old technologies to produce products that
generate large amount of waste. To avoid high cost and expenditure, many companies still make use of
traditional technologies to produce high end products.
4. Presence of Large Number of Small Scale Industries: Many small scale industries and factories that
don’t have enough capital and rely on government grants to run their day-to-day businesses often
escape environment regulations and release large amount of toxic gases in the atmosphere.
5. Inefficient Waste Disposal: Water pollution and soil pollution are often caused directly due to
inefficiency in disposal of waste. Long term exposure to polluted air and water causes chronic health
problems, making the issue of industrial pollution into a severe one. It also lowers the air quality in
surrounding areas which causes many respiratory disorders.
6. Leaching of Resources From Our Natural World: Industries do require large amount of raw material
to make them into finished products. This requires extraction of minerals from beneath the earth. The
extracted minerals can cause soil pollution when spilled on the earth. Leaks from vessels can cause oil
spills that may prove harmful for marine life.
Effects of Industrial Pollution
1. Water Pollution: The effects of industrial pollution are far reaching and liable to affect the eco-system
for many years to come. Most industries require large amounts of water for their work. When involved
in a series of processes, the water comes into contact with heavy metals, harmful chemicals, radioactive
waste and even organic sludge.
These are either dumped into open oceans or rivers. As a result, many of our water sources have high
amount of industrial waste in them which seriously impacts the health of our eco-system. The same
water is then used by farmers for irrigation purpose which affects the quality of food that is produced.
Water pollution has already rendered many ground water resources useless for humans and wildlife. It
can at best be recycled for further usage in industries.
2. Soil Pollution: Soil pollution is creating problems in agriculture and destroying local vegetation. It also
causes chronic health issues to the people that come in contact with such soil on a daily basis.
3. Air Pollution: Air pollution has led to a steep increase in various illnesses and it continues to affect us
on a daily basis. With so many small, mid and large scale industries coming up, air pollution has taken
toll on the health of the people and the environment.
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4. Wildlife Extinction: By and large, the issue of industrial pollution shows us that it causes natural
rhythms and patterns to fail, meaning that the wildlife is getting affected in a severe manner. Habitats
are being lost, species are becoming extinct and it is harder for the environment to recover from each
natural disaster. Major industrial accidents like oil spills, fires, leak of radioactive material and damage
to property are harder to clean-up as they have a higher impact in a shorter span of time.
5. Global Warming: With the rise in industrial pollution, global warming has been increasing at a steady
pace. Smoke and greenhouse gases are being released by industries into the air which causes increase in
global warming. Melting of glaciers, extinction of polar beers, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes are few of the
effects of global warming.
Sustainable Industries
It refers to the development of industries in such a way that industrial goods are not only present for
present generations but will also continue to meet needs of future generations while protecting the
environment.This can be achieved by
Depending on Renewable power resources

Sustainable agriculture practices for agro –based industries
Training of Labour
Safe working conditions
Efficient use of technology
Recycling techniques
Safe disposal of waste
Controlled industrial growth
Minimizing causes of Pollution
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Unit: 9B
“Tourism”
Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan:
Many people visit these areas because of the cool climate that persists there in the
summer months.
Beautiful scenery includes mountain tops, valleys and above all conifer and alpine
forests.
Fast flowing rivers make narrow gorges and spectacular waterfalls.
Jeep rides and hiking also provide entertainment to tourists.
Presence of small scale cottage industry is also very helpful in growth of industries here
with production of small carpets, wood engravings (tourists buy these) etc.
Lake Saiful Mulook
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HinduKash Ranges
Skardu
Nanga Parbat Basecamp
Atabad Lake Hunza
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Punjab:
It is known for its cultural heritage with sites like Harappa and Taxila both encompassing
Indus Valley and Gandhara civilizations respectively.
The Mughal Empire built the Lahore Fort and Shalimar Gardens which are now
recognized as World Heritage Sites. The Walled City of Lahore and Badshahi Mosque are
also important tourist destinations.
The Derawar Fort is a large fort built in the Cholistan Desert, which is also the site for
the annual Cholistan Jeep Rally.
The Khewra Salt Mines is another major tourist attraction as its one of the oldest mines
in South Asia.
The city of Nankana Sahib is birthplace of the founder of Sikhism. The Gurdwara is
visited by a number of pilgrims ever year to mark Guru Nanak Dev birthday.
Multan is another major tourist destination in Punjab. It is known for its mausoleums of
saints and Sufi Peers.
Lahore Fort
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Salt Range
Gurdwara Nankana Sahib
Monument of Islamabad
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Sindh:
Mohenjo-Daro near the city of Larkana was one of the largest city-settlements in South
Asia and is an official UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Some of the most notable lakes in Sindh include: Keenjhar Lake, Manchar Lake
The Kirthar National Park is also a protected reserve for several wildlife species within
the region.
The Great Rann of Kutch is a protected wetland site in the province. There are two
wildlife sanctuaries in the province.
The Sukkar Barrage is another famous icon in the province. It was built to alleviate
famines caused by lack of rain.
Karachi is home to the tomb (Mazar-e-Quaid) of founder of country, Mohammad Ali

Jinnah. It has many famous beaches like Clifton Beach, French Beach, Sandspit Beach
and Manora Island.
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Mohenjo-Daro
Rann of Katch
Harappa
Mohata palace karachi
Kirthar National Park

Cholistan Desert
Charna Island
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Balochistan:
Balochistan is home to one of the oldest Neolithic (7000 BC to c. 2500 BC) sites in
archaeology. Mehrgarh and Nausharo, was an ancient city linked to the Indus Valley
Civilization.
There are a number of sites of interest including the protected Hazarganji-Chiltan

National Park, Hanna Lake.
The Quaid-e-Azam Residency is another major site in Balochistan in the city of Ziarat.
Ziarat is also famous for the juniper forests which are the oldest and largest in the
world.
Sibi is an important historical city in Balochistan. The annual Sibi Festival marks the
famous Horse and Cattle Show.
There are a number of mountain passes within Balochistan. The Bolan Pass has been
the main entrance to the provincial city of Quetta. There are several others including
Lak Pass, Khojak Pass and Harnai Pass.
The Balochistan coastline extends from the Sindh province to the Iranian border
measuring a total distance of over 750km. Along the Makran Coastal Highway. There
are several rock formations as well such as; Kund Malir and the Hingol National Park.
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Mehgar
h Makran
Coast
Quid e Azam residence
Sibbi festival Balochistan
Jhal Magsi jeep Rally

Hingol National Park
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Advantages of Tourism:
Employment opportunities are generated for locals. The income can be used by them
to buy increased amount of goods raising their standard of living.
The infrastructure of that area like sanitation, water, education, healthcare, electricity
all is developed by the government to attract tourists. This infrastructure is used by
locals as well as tourists.
The development of these facilities can lower the infant mortality and the death rate
in rural areas.
The money generated may also be spent on maintaining tourist and cultural sites for
the future as tourism is a sustainable industry.
The local people might themselves want to maintain their incomes by re-planting
forests, so scenic beauty is maintained. This helps improve the environment.
Tourism helps in generating foreign exchange; this can be used to pay off debt. This
results in Pakistan having more money to spend on things like education, health etc.
Helps in better understanding of different cultures thus improving relations between

people of different nationalities.
Disadvantages of Tourism:
Firstly the environment suffers a lot if the number of tourists exceeds the capacity of
the place. For example, in Murree the rapid urbanization and growth of tourism has
meant that many forests have been cut to make way for rising hotels etc.This has led to
increased deforestation and soil erosion etc. so these areas are quickly losing their
beauty for which the tourists come.
The sanitation systems also bear the strain; much of the sewage is dumped raw into
the rivers. The water quality decreases and kills the fish. Fishing here is an important
source of income for the local people.
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Capital is required for advertising sites in Pakistan and to introduce them either on
different channels or online etc. Sometimes it is better to spend it somewhere else like
on education, health sector.
People may be put off by the security situation in the nearby areas, even if the tourist
site may be well protected and secure.
How to Increase Tourism in Pakistan:

Government should provide better infrastructure facilities in the tourist attraction
places.
Government should link all the tourist places with roads or railway line in order to
encourage domestic as well as foreign tourism.
Government should provide proper security in the tourist attraction places for all the
tourists.
Government should reduce the air fare for tourist in Pakistan in order to increase
tourism.
Government should allocate separate budget for the development of tourist attraction
places.
Government should provide good accommodation, food supply and hospital and try to
save cultural heritages and natural beauty of these areas. There should be strict and
Force full implementation to restrict deforestation and increase of forestation.
In this area era of globalization marketing is very important for the promotion of tourist
industry. PTDC (Pakistan tourist Development Corporation) should publicize the tourist
attraction places of Pakistan in the world.
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Unit:10
Important Terminologies:
Trade:
Exchange of goods/services between countries.
Exports:
Goods/Services sold by a country to another country for a foreign exchange.
Imports: Goods/services purchased by a country in return of foreign exchange to fulfill

domestic needs.
Balance of Payment BOP : Difference between the earnings from export and
expenditures from imports involves both goods and services
Value of Export (goods/services) – Value of Imports (Goods/services) = BOP
Ex $ 100 - $1000 = $-900
Balance of Trade BOT: Difference between monitory value of exports (goods only)
and monitory value of imports (goods only).
Value of Export (Goods)-Value of Imports (Goods) =BOT
GDP: Total monitory value of all goods and services produced within the country.
GNP: Total monitory value of all goods and services produced by the citizens of
Pakistan anywhere in the world and sent as remittances to Pakistan.
Exchange Rates: It is the Value of a currency in comparison to another currency

(usually $) Ex: $1 =PKR140.
Exchange Rate Depreciation: When the value of currency falls (benefit for exporter).
Exchange Rate Appreciation: When the value of currency rise (benefit for importer).
Trading Blocs: Agreement between countries leading to free trade or less trade
barriers between its members.
Ex: ECO, WTO, EU, SAARC.
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TDAP: Trade and development authority of Pakistan formerly known as EPB which
promotes trade and export products and services of Pakistan around the globe.
Barriers of Trade:
Terrifs: Tax on Imports (custom duty).
Embargo: Ban on trade with a particular country.
Quotas: Limit on the quantity of goods traded.
Export Processing Zone: Contains Industrial Units which manufacture the products
with export potential in Pakistan.
Export Promotion Bureau :It organize and regulate Export activities, create
awareness, identify market, bring investments to Pakistan
TRADE:
Trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders. It has two
types; domestic and international. International trade contributes significantly to gross
domestic product (GDP) of many countries.
Benefits of Trade:
Specialization of production.
Promotes Industrialization.
Rise in GNP.
Economies of Scale produced.
Utilization of Domestic Resources.
Increase Employment.
Transfer of I.T
Value added goods produced
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATIONAL (DOMESTIC) AND INTERNATIONAL
TRADE:
International trade takes place between two different countries as opposed to domestic trade
(which takes place inside the country). In international trade there are different currencies,
weight systems, type of transport used and higher quantity of goods are traded to achieve
economies of scale, as opposed to domestic trade
IMPORT AND EXPORT:
Imports are goods and services which one country buys from another, so foreign exchange
leaves the country. Meanwhile, exports are goods and services which one country sells to
another thus earning foreign exchange.
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REASONS FOR BARRIERS OF TRADE:

Import bans, in which certain goods are banned from being imported or exported like
state secrets.
General or product-specific quotas, this mean that once a certain number of goods or
certain value of goods enter/leave the country and a threshold is reached, further
import or export is prohibited.
Rules of Origin and Delivery, in which a good must only originate from a specific list of
countries or exported to specific countries otherwise it wouldn’t be imported or
exported.
Quality conditions imposed by the importing country on the exporting countries, which
means that a good must be produced with certain quality standards like hygiene, no
child labour etc. otherwise it wouldn’t be imported.
Import licenses, in which importer must seek government license before they import
certain goods like ammunition.
Export subsidies, in which the government actually reduces taxes on exporters. This
makes it easy to export and send goods to other countries. But the problem is that other
countries don’t want their local production to suffer a loss in market share to cheaper
foreign goods, as customers will buy cheaper foreign goods then. This means little sale
of domestically produced goods leading to low profits, shutting down of factories and
thus unemployment.
Intellectual property laws (patents, copyrights). This means that certain goods can’t be
traded without permission from the company/person to whom the intellectual property
belongs like designs of complex building, researches etc.
Lengthy customs procedures in which an exporter’s goods will face lengthy checks thus
he won’t be able to deliver his goods to the customer on time and will result in loss as
he won’t be paid.
Taxes like import tariffs which make it harder and expensive to import goods. Along with
export tariffs which make it expensive to export as to prevent export of goods which are
already deficient in the local market but have high international demand.
BALANCE OF TRADE AND BALANCE OF PAYMENTS:

Balance of trade is the difference between visible imports and visible exports. A negative
balance of trade means more goods are imported than exported.
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Balance of payments is the difference between (visible and invisible imports) and (visible and
invisible exports). Invisible imports/exports are services like professional Pakistanis who work in
the Middle East. They are an invisible export as they will be sending money back to Pakistan in
the form of remittances, which increase the foreign exchange of Pakistan.
Methods to correct BOP:
Increase export.
Restrict Imports.
Curtail imports related to tertiary sector.
Produce variety of goods.
Produce value added products.
How Exports can be increased:
Production of value added products.
Develop cottage small scale industry.
Increase variety of items.
Strict quality control.
Export processing zones establishment.
Major Exports:
Primary commodities (raw cotton ,fruits, vegetables, leather, fish)
Processed goods (cotton, yarn)
Manufactured goods ( garments ,carpets ,sports goods, surgical items ,leather products)
Major Imports:
Wheat, oil, sugar, pulses, machinery, petroleum, textile, fertilizers, metals, miscellaneous.
PROBLEMS OF TRADE FOR PAKISTAN:
Pakistan has a developing economy but it faces major hurdles which include:
Dependence of major exports on a few commodities. Most of Pakistan’s exports are

agro-based and when yields are low due to floods etc. (or attacks by leaf curl virus on
cotton crop) exports plummet. Exports therefore need to be diversified so as to ensure
consistent value of exports per annum.
Power cuts are back breaking to industries as they halt production, thus orders can’t be
fulfilled leading to loss of market share in other countries. Foreign customers as well as
local customers are lost.
Less people willing to invest in Pakistan due to economic and social instability which
means that there is less influx of technology or foreign reserves in the country.
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Devaluation of the currency makes importing of machines etc. difficult. This hampers
further the modernization of industry.
The problem of child labour has led to decrease in orders from Europe and USA for
sports goods and surgical instruments.
Import tariffs by EU countries on Pakistani textiles to protect their own cotton industry
means that Pakistani cotton is expensive to buy there. Exports are not very profitable
thus exports have decreased.
Remittances haven’t increased a lot in the last 2-3 years meaning that it is difficult to
find foreign exchange to pay for increased imports.
Fish related industry is also suffering due to lack of quality control procedures during
processing of fish, which means it can’t be exported to the West.
Fruit related industry can’t export fruits too far off places due to poor methods of
preservation used. Most of the fruit becomes unfit for human consumption and is thus
wasted.
EFFECTS OF NEGATIVE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ON ECONOMY:
A negative balance of payments means that Pakistan needs to urgently raise money to pay for
its excess imports. This means that big loans must be taken out from IMF and World Bank. Since
these loans come with high interest rates, the government needs to raise taxes to pay them
back. This means that prices of goods increase in the local market. People’s real income
decrease as they are able to buy fewer goods. This results in low demand for locally produced
goods, which lowers profits for industries and results in loss. Workers need to be laid off to
reduce costs. This increases unemployment and increases social disorder thus hampering
foreign investment
People are unwilling to invest and move their businesses out of the country, which means that
no modernization of influx of new ideas occurs. Production is lowered and cost of production
increases, this makes locally produced goods uncompetitive in foreign markets leading to slump
in exports and ultimately default on loan payments. This means that you can have your
country’s foreign assets and funds frozen and an embargo placed on your goods in international
markets.
Furthermore, money is diverted from projects which aim to improve healthcare, education etc.
The living standards of people fall and there is general discontent within the general
population.
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TRADE ROUTES:
i- SEA :
Europe and USA:
For Europe and the USA shipping vessels start from ports in the Arabian Sea. From there they
move South into the Indian Ocean and then pass West into the Straits if Yemen into the Red
Sea. They cross the Red Sea and pass into the Mediterranean Sea via Suez Canal. They move
Westwards through the Mediterranean and into the Atlantic Ocean via the Straits of Gibraltar.
East Asia:
Far East Asia (China and Japan), ships start from the Arabian Sea and move South towards the
Indian Ocean. From there they move East around Sri Lanka and move East. They move through
Straits of Malacca thus emerging into the South China Sea. Then they move north towards
either China or move a bit further east towards Japan in the Pacific Ocean.
Persian Gulf:
For Persian Gulf, ships start from the Arabian Sea and move West immediately towards Straits
of Hormuz and enter into the Persian Gulf. From there on they move either to UAE or a bit
further West towards Saudi Arabia.
ii- LAND:
China:
Karakoram Highway connects China and Pakistan across the Karakoram mountain range,
through the Khunjerab Pass; at an altitude of 15,397 ft. it connects Punjab to Kashghar.
Afghanistan:
Pakistan is connected to Afghanistan by Chaman pass in Balochistan and Khyber Pass in Khyber-
Pakhtunkhwa. The terrain in mountainous which makes difficulty to travel.
India:
Pakistan connects to India via land route in in Punjab Kashmir and Sindh however, the trade is
limited due to political conditions.
Iran:
RCD highway was developed in 1970’s to connect Iran and Turkey. However very less trade has
been done through this road since it’s not properly developed.
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SEA PORTS OF PAKISTAN:

Pakistan has 3 main deep sea ports:
i- Port of Karachi:
The Port of Karachi is country’s largest and busiest seaport, handling about 60% of the nation's
cargo (25 million tons per annum). It has 30 berths and 2 wharfs (explained at the end of
chapter).
ii- Port Bin Qasim:
It is country’s 2nd busiest seaport. In 1970’s it was decided that the country’s first steel mill will
be built near Karachi. A purpose built specialized port facility was also decided to be established
for bulk handling of the massive imports of raw materials for steel production by the Pakistan
Steel Mill at Pipri.
iii- Gwadar Port:

Gwadar is located on the southwestern coast of Pakistan, close to the important Straits of
Hormuz, through which more than 13 million barrels of oil passes per day. It is strategically
located between three increasingly important regions of the world. The oil-rich Middle East,
heavily populated South Asia and the economically emerging and resource-rich Central Asia. It
is Pakistan’s 3rd busiest seaport.
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Importance of Gwadar Port:

The construction of the Gwadar deep-sea port is just one component of a larger development
plan which includes building a network of roads connecting Gwadar with the rest of Pakistan,
such as the 650 km Coastal Highway to Karachi and the Gwadar-Turbat road (188 km). This
network of roads connects with China through the Indus Highway. Pakistan, China, Kazakhistan,
Kyrgizstan and Uzbekistan are developing extensive road and rail links from Central Asia and the
Chinese province of Xinjiang to the Arabian Sea coast.
The Pakistani Government has initiated several projects with major financial and technical
assistance from China to develop Gwadar's strategic location as a goods transit and trade point.
The primary project is the construction of a deep-sea port at Gwadar to enable high-volume
cargo movement to and fro the landlocked Central Asian states. The new port will also
encompass conversion facilities to allow for the movement of natural gas as a part of plans for a
termination point for the Turkmenistan Afghanistan-Pakistan natural gas pipeline. The
secondary project is a coastal highway connecting Gwadar to Karachi, whose $200 million cost
will be completely financed by the Chinese. Gwadar will serve as a port of entry for oil and gas
to be transported by land to the Western regions of China.
Pakistan Export Trend:

Gradually shifting from raw materials to manufactured and processed goods because raw
material gives less foreign exchange but a manufactured or processed good produces as much
as 5 times more foreign exchange than raw material.
Pakistan Import Trend:

Gradually shifting from manufactured goods to raw material as Pakistan is now able to buy
cheaper raw material and process of manufacture it into High value good; for instance: Pakistan
buys crude oil from Saudi Arabia and refines it in the country to extract materials out of it.
Trading Partners of Pakistan: (imports/exports of Pakistan):
USA:
Imports: machinery (agricultural, mining etc.), wheat, vegetable oil.
Exports: carpets, rugs, surgical instruments, sports goods.
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Imports: machinery, electrical appliances.

Exports: carpets, rugs, surgical instruments, sports goods, cotton cloth.
UK:
Imports: machinery, electrical appliances, fertilizer.
Exports: carpets, rugs, surgical instruments, sports goods, raw cotton, fruits.
SAUDIA, UAE:
Imports: mineral oil, petroleum.
Exports: spices, rice, readymade garments.
JAPAN:
Imports: Machinery, Electrical Appliances.
Exports: Fish + Fish products.
SRI LANKA:
Imports: Tea.
Exports: Fish +Fish Products, Military Hardware.
Only positive balance of trade of Pakistan is with Sri Lanka.
Functions of Export Processing Zone:

It Contains Industrial Units which manufacture the products with export potential in Pakistan.
Boost industrialization.
Increase export by developing export goods manufacturing facilities.
Increase Employment.
Transfer of Latest Technology.
Improves meant of transport.
Link industry to raw material source.
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Functions of Export promotion Bureau:
It organizes and regulates Export activities, creates awareness, identify market, brings
investments to Pakistan.
Create awareness among manufacturers about potential export.

Exploring and identifying marketing opportunities abroad.
Assist Pakistan investors to secure entries in the international market.
Market Pakistani Export items internationally.
Bring foreign investments to Pakistan.
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Unit:11
“Transport”
Road Networks
Land Transport:
Road Network of Pakistan:
Pakistan has a total of 259,000 km of roads out of which around 66% are paved(Metaled) while the
remaining 34% are unpaved (Non Metaled).
In Pakistan roads can be divided into two categories:
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1. Metallic Roads PUCCA Road
2. Nonmetallic Roads KUCHA Road
Metallic Roads:
These are is smooth and level roads mainly found in the urban areas of Pakistan. These roads provides
comfortable journey. They are fast efficient and used for the transportation of manufactured goods and
passengers.
Metallic roads can be divided into 5 types:
a) Street Roads: Connect the streets of all areas of the district.
b) District Roads: Connect all districts to CBD i.e. Central business district.
c) National Highways: National Highways pass from cities and correct the CBD of a city to the
CBD of other cities like Shara-e-Faisal, GT Road.
d) Super Highways: Superhighways cannot connect one City to another without passing from
the cities like the motorways Indus Highway it connect Karachi to Lahore via Hyderabad, Nawab
Shah, Larkana Rahim Yar Khan, Multan and Faisalabad. The road which connect Lahore to
Peshawar via Islamabad is called the GT (Grand Trunk) Road.
e) Motorways: A motorways is a fast and efficient link between two cities. These Run parallel to
the super Highway but much faster and wider than the superhighway motorway provide a
number of facilities like mosques, hotels, motels, workshops, public washrooms, Police Stations,
fuel stations, clinics etc.
Advantages of Motorways:
We can take a number of benefits from motorways:
1. Road transport is more quick and efficient.
2. Industrial Estates could be established on its routes.
3. It would promote industrial growth by supplying raw material to the industries and
manufactured goods to the market.
4. Industrial extension would open up employment opportunities for the people.
5. The motorways could be further connected to the Central Asian countries Afghanistan This
would increase foreign trade.
6. Many new settlements could be established.
The motorway is divided into 5 sections:
1. Islamabad to Lahore.
2. Islamabad to Peshawar.
3. Pindi Bhattiyan to Faisalabad.
4. Karachi to Hyderabad.
5. Karachi to Gwadar also known as Makran Coastal Highway.
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Names of Highways/Motorways:
Makran Coastal highway: Karachi – Gwadar.
N5 (national Highway):- Karachi-Hyderabad-Multan-Faisalabad-Lahore-Islamabad-Peshawar.
GTR (grand trunk road):- Lahore-Islamabad-Peshawar.
Karakoram Highway (through Khunjerab pass):- Tibet (China) to Pakistan.
Indus Highway (N-55):- Karachi – Peshawar.
Non- metallic Roads:

These muddy roads are automatically made by continuous running of heavy vehicles, carts and
passengers. These are bumpy roads providing uncomfortable journey.
These roads are usually found in the rural areas for the transportation of raw material and passengers.
These roads are also called seasonal roads as torrential, floods or sand storms can easily destroy these
roads.
Reasons for Distribution:

The road network of Punjab is the densest followed by Sindh and then of Balochistan. This is
because there is a lot of population in Punjab and industries which needs to be connected.
Balochistan has a rugged terrain along with a low population, which makes road building
difficult and uneconomical (as they will be used by very few people).
In Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, the road network connects different valleys like of Peshawar with
other areas. Like Balochistan, the rough terrain has limited the density of the road network.
The main pattern of road network in Sindh is South-North, because roads follow banks of River
Indus and that there’s only one river in Sindh. Also, on East we have more or less an inhospitable
area of the Thar Desert.
Importance of Road Network:

It is the most versatile form of network, meaning it can serve a lot of areas which rail and air
systems can’t serve because laying out rail and air networks costs a lot of capital.
Provides door to door service.
Most of the goods transported inside Pakistan are on the road network, including commodities
like oil from pipelines to city areas and to gas stations.
It can serve areas 24/7, there is no waiting for the rail carriage to arrive etc. goods can be
transported any time.
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It is cheap over short distances as compared to air or rail network.
It has little documentation involved which is complex in rail and air transport.
There is little time wasted during uploading and receiving of goods, which is a common hassle in
rail and air transport due to innumerable checks for safety and for weighting the goods etc.
Limitations of Road Network:

It is expensive and time consuming over long distances.
It can only carry goods in limited quantity as compared to air and especially rail transport.
It is also affected by traffic jams.
Like rail network it may not be able to serve some areas like the Northern Mountains which air
transport can only serve. This is because of the harshness of the terrain, which makes it
expensive to construct roads. Landslides are a common problem too.
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Air Transport
Distribution of Air Routes:

Most of the air routes follow the South North direction with less following East West direction.
Most of the air routes run across the Indus Plains.
Karachi has the most flights in the country. Lahore, Faisalabad, Multan, Quetta and Peshawar
are also major foci. All these are international airports along with the newly built airport at
Sialkot.
Some minor routes branch from major airports, like Bannu is only accessible by air from
Peshawar.
There are few flights in the North of country and also in West Balochistan where low population
and extremes of climate limit the number of passengers and flights.
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Reasons for Distribution:

There are many flights from Karachi and other major cities because they have an international
airport. They not only serve domestic commuters but also international commuters.
The airports are located in heavily populated areas where there are a greater percentage of
people who are rich enough to afford air transport.
These cities have good transport infrastructure so they are easy to access and thus are
preferred over other distant airports.
Areas like Karachi and Lahore etc. are located in plain areas, for an international airport a long
runway is necessary. Thus, to accommodate large planes runway construction is impossible in
steep sided hills of Northern Mountains.
Areas like Quetta, Peshawar, Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad are administrative capitals, where
important offices of government are located, which need to be connected.
Importance of Air Transport:

It is quick and cheap over long distances; it can serve other continents which is impossible by
road and rail.
It is suitable for high value and light weight goods like computers both for import and export etc.
It can serve areas which are cut off to rail and road networks like Skardu.
It is mostly used by tourists coming to Pakistan and is also important for dispersing vital food
and medical supplies during for example earthquakes etc.
Requirements for an Airport:

Cheap, flat and abundant land is required for making the most important part of airport that is
the runway.
A lot of capital is required for the construction of lounges, parking facilities, control tower etc.
Facilities like water supply, electricity, sanitation along with security are necessary.
Trained officers of customs and traffic controllers are also required.
Good transport infrastructure like road and rail network is vital for success.
Nearby population which can use the airport is also a pre-requisite. It’s of no use to build an
airport far away from population for example in a desert.
Airports should be closed to densely populated area in order to get more passengers traffic.
Airports should be closed to industrial areas in order to get cargo traffic.
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There should be cheap labour available for the maintenance of the airport.
High security protocols are required.
Railways
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Rail Network of Pakistan:

Pakistan has a rail network of around 7,791 km.
Around 7,479km (96%) is broad gauge with 293km (0.04%) of it being electrified.
While the remaining 4% is narrow gauge
In Pakistan Railway lines can be divided in to 3 types.
1. Narrow Gauge: It is only 2 feet 6 inches wide railway line, it connect a mind to the industry.
2. Meter Gauge: It is 3 feet 3 inches wide railway line, mostly found near the borders and used
for the transportation of Army and Army equipment from one station to another.
3. Broad Gauge: These are 5 feet 3 inches wide Railway lines used for the transportation of
goods and passengers. These tracks are found in the plain areas and connect one City other
cities. These tracks are faster than narrow or meter gauge.
Distribution of Rail Network:

Sindh:
The rail network in Sindh starts from Karachi where broad gauge double lines lead to
Hyderabad, and then follow the bank of Indus into Northern Sindh towards Rohri.
A broad gauge single line branches from Hyderabad and heads onto Khokrapar and then into
India. Also, many broad gauge single lines connect small cities in Sindh which are west of Indus
including Dadu and Larkana etc.
Balochistan:
From Rohri in Sindh, a broad gauge single line branches and heads to Quetta in Balochistan.
From Quetta a broad gauge double line leads to Afghanistan through Chaman, while another
single line leads to Iran via Dalbandin and Taftan. Density of rail network is very low.
Punjab:
From Rohri the double broad gauge continues till Lodhran.
From Khanewal to Raiwind and ultimately Lahore a broad gauge double line (electrified) runs.
From Lahore a broad gauge double line then runs through Wagah into India.
The pattern of railways across the most of Punjab is across the doabs and across the banks of
Eastern tributaries of River Indus. Broad gauge single line are the most common.
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Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa:
From Rawalpindi a broad gauge double line operates till Attock, after which all major cities of
Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa are served by broad gauge single line or narrow gauge single line. Density
of rail network is low.
Railway routes crossing the international boundary:

On eastern side, two routes lead to India:
i) Lahore to Dehli via Wagah.

ii) Khokrapar to India via Khokrapar.
On western side:
iii) Only one route leads to Iran. Quetta to Zahidan in Iran via Kuh-I -Taftan –Iran.
iv) On the extreme north to China, no rail link.
v) At Dargai in NWFP, rail link stops and does not go further.
Importance of Rail Transport:

Rail transport is cheap over long distances inside a country.
It is also quick for long distances within a country.
It can carry the goods in bulk, which is impossible with road transport and to a limited extent
with air.
It is suitable for low value, high weight cargo.
It is not affected much by traffic.
It is vital for success of dry ports and for deep sea port of Gwadar, unless Makran coast is
provided with a modern rail link the prospects of Gwadar developing are bleak.
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Limitations of Rail Transport:

The maintenance of railway tracks is a very costly process, involving much labour and capital.
It is expensive to send small amounts of goods over a short distance.
Railways operate by a fixed schedule so rail transport isn’t flexible nor it is door to door.
A lot of time is wasted during unloading and uploading of cargo, during which it can be either
stolen or lost as different trains operate on different gauges.
The rail infrastructure in Pakistan is very old and unreliable prone to accidents which kill many
hundreds of people annually.
Problem of Railway Industry:

Lack of investment.
Worn out rail and Sleeper.
Operational inefficiencies in timing.
Over staffing and corruption.
Uneconomic stations.
A poor reservation system.
The presence of single track on a short segment of the main double line which has severely
affected the running of more one train at a time.
Slow speed of trains due to poor tracking.
Reasons for Poor road and railway network in mountainous North and Balochistan:
Uneven and rugged topography.
Lack of industries.
Lack of agriculture facilities.
Low density of population.
Lack of budget.
Serve climate condition, snowfall, hales etc.
High attitude and steep slopes.
Heavy machines used to build roads cannot be sent there.
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Roads Railways
1 It is highly flexible mode of transport It is less flexible
2 Roads can take sharp turns Cannot take sharp turns required large area
for turning
3 Roads provide door to door service Cannot provide door to door service
4 Building and maintenance is easy and Building and maintenance is expensive and
cheap difficult.
5 Short term investment. Long terms investment.
6 The cost and maintenance of road The cost and maintenance of railway vehicles
vehicles is cheap. is high.
7 Provide fast and comfortable Journey for long distance.
transportation for short distances.
8 It is expensive for the transportation of Usually used to carry heavy and bulky goods.
heavy bulky items.
9 Road vehicles can carry goods then Cannot carry goods more then there capacity.
there capacity.
10 Vehicles cannot continue their journey Can function during heavy fog and rainfall.
fog and rainfall.
DRY PORTS:
They are inland ports, which are basically terminals inland and are directly connected to ports by either
rail or road networks. They can be export or import orientated. Provide ease to traders living in
continental areas.
Features of a dry port are:

Facilities for storage, preservation and consolidation of goods.
Refrigeration facilities.
Loading area with lifts and cranes etc.
Custom clearance services.
Connection with road and railway infrastructure.
Importance of Dry Ports:

Dry ports have custom clearance services.
Time is saved this way and goods can be exported easily and on schedule.
Storage space is saved at the port area.
Taxes can be collected at the dry port.
Containerization means that there is less of a chance to damage to goods or that they may get
stolen.
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Less storage space is required at the sea port, thus freeing up land for extension of port.
Refrigeration facilities are present so perishable items can be stored and need not to be
delivered directly to the port immediately.
Transport charges are reduced as now goods are transported in bulk and this lowers the cost to
importer/exporter.
At present, there are six dry ports running under the management of Pakistan Railways:
Lahore Dry Port Established in 1973.
Karachi Dry Port Established in 1974.
Quetta Dry Port Established in 1984.
Peshawar Dry Port Established in 1986.
Multan Dry Port Established in 1988.
Rawalpindi Dry Port Established in 1990.
Private Dry Ports:

Sialkot Dry Port Established in 1986. Busiest dry port in Pakistan. First private dry port in Asia.
Faisalabad Dry Port Established in 1994.
Pak-China Sust Dry Port.
NLC Dry Port at Thokar Niaz Beg Lahore.
NLC Dry Port at Quetta.
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Water Transport
SEA PORTS OF PAKISTAN:
Pakistan has 3 main deep sea ports:
Port of Karachi: The Port of Karachi is country’s largest and busiest seaport, handling about 60% of
the nation's cargo (25 million tons per annum). It has 30 berths and 2 wharfs (explained at the end of
chapter).
Bin Qasim Port: It is country’s 2nd busiest seaport. In the 1970’s it was decided that the country’s first
steel mill be built near Karachi. A purpose built specialized port facility was also decided to be
established for bulk handling of the massive imports of raw materials for steel production by the
Pakistan Steel Mill at Pipri.
In addition to the future economic demands and strategic needs, this port was also meant to relieve
congestion at the only seaport the “Karachi Port”. Port Bin Qasim was located here because of the
abundant flat land that was available and because it has sheltered a harbour (which limits the deposition
of sand and silt, if that happens expensive dredging may be required to re-deepen the waterways again).
Gwadar Port:
It is located in the Makran coast in the south of Balochistan. The idea construct a deep water sea port at
Gwadar was to decrease the pressure on Kimari port and to increase trading with America, South Africa,
UAE and European countries. It will also land lock country like Afghanistan and Central Asian States by
providing credit facilities.
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Economic importance:
The port will facilitate export of its large fruit crops. In addition its mineral output is to be
explored by the Chinese who are to provide financial assistance for this.
If the ports of Kimari and Bin Qasim are affected by a prolonged strike or buy a natural calamity
then Gwadar can become a substitute Port.
Gwadar can serve as an enter port for Central Asian and Afghanistan goods to pass through its
territory. This can generate revenue for the both countries by collection large sums as transit
fee.
Central Asian republics could also open warehouse in Gawader for the export of their goods and
for strong imported goods for letter transport has increasing Pakistan favour revenue.
Afghanistan could also store its good for export and do so in an area far less crowded and costly
than at Karachi port.
Gawader as a flourishing port should help in the development of a number of ancillary industries
in the region, port from the industries spawned by the fish Harbor there.
Gawadar port is world third largest deep sea port.
It could anchor around 2000 large vessels.
It reduces the time of Chinese product to reach the gulf from 93 days to only 3 days.
Eminent part of One Belt Road Project.
This cargo shipping terminal has a single large wharf (whole paved structure with containers) with
multiple (3 visible) berths (places where ships dock for loading and unloading of cargo) Terminal
Hinterland.
River Transport:
The inland waterways along the rivers are not developed but in the Northern areas people are using
river transport for the transportation of logs from Northern areas to Southern areas.
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Unit :12
“Population”
Important definitions
1) Birth rate: The number of babies born per 1000 people in the population per year
2) Death rate: The number of people die per 1000 people population per year.
3) Dependency ratio: The ratio of the number of dependants ti the number of working population in the
country.
4) Infant Mortality Rate: The number of Infants under five year old who die per 1000 live births per year.
5) Life expectancy: The number of years that a person expected to live at birth.
6) Natural increase: The difference between the number of births and number of deaths.
7) Net migration: The number of people coming into the country less the number of leaving it.
8) Population growth: The result of natural increase and net migration.
9) Gender ratio: The number of males :Number of Females in total population.
10) Population distribution: The way in which people are spread over an area.
11) Population density: The number of people living in a unit area of land e.g a Square km.
12) Over population: A situation where there are too many people for the resources of the country to
support.
13) Under population: A situation where there are too few people fully exploit the resources of a
country.
14) Census: A survey of population or a selected group to find out e.g Size, ages and occupations at a
given period of time.
15) Developing countries: The poorer countries in which many economic developments continue to take
place and which are likely to be in debt to the world bank and foreign countries for loans necessary for
these developments.
16) Economic Development: The ways in which a country creates its wealth.
17) Urbanization: The increase in the proportions of a country population that lives in its urban areas.
18) Internal migration: The movement of people with in the country.
19) Planned migration: The movement of people that is encouraged and organized by a government.
20) Rural-Urban migtation: The movement of people from the rural areas of a country to its urban areas.
21) De-population: The reduction or decline of population in a geographical area.
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22) Emigrant: A person who has left his her country and settled in another country.
23) Immigrant: A person who comes to live in a foreign country.
24) Open unemployment: Persons above fifteen years of age looking for employment but currently
employed.
25) Underemployment: When a persons is employed but paidbelow his or her qualifications and
experience
26) Disguise unemployment: When the number of people employed or more than actively required 10
workers needed and a form and 15 are being employed, the extra 5 will come under disguise
unemployment.
REASONS OF HIGH BIRTH RATE IN PAKISTAN

1) The practice of early marriages.
2) Joint family system
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3) Polygamy (more than one marriage)
4) Tradition of large families is regarded a power.
5) Belief in God is the sustainer.
6) Drop in death rate.
7) Lack of education awarness.
8) Children work on farms bring more money.
9) More children needed to work on substance small scale farms.
10) Desire for sons.
11) Illegal immigration
REASONS OF DECLINE IN DEATH RATE IN PAKISTAN
1) Education on health matters.
2) Women better educated on infant care. Welfare centers for mothers and children.
3) Availability of more food through Cash crop farming.
4) Better transport to reach to medical centres.
5) Mobile Clinics.
6) Free treatment in government hospitals.
7) Improved personal hygiene.
8) Improve facilites for the care of old people.
9) Awareness through media for the safety measures and health care.
10) Foreign aid given by international organizations for health programmes in Pakistan.
11) Increases in the availability of medicines and life saving drugs.
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Population Pyramids of Pakistan
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Trends of change in Population Pyramids

In the 1990’s there existed a very high birth rate, which accounts for the wide base of the pyramid. The
following trend shows that the birth rate will continue to decrease
The number of people who are in the independent group (14-65) will continue to increase throughout
the 50 year period
Furthermore there will be a rise too in the dependent group (65 and above), because most middle aged
people at present would then become old aged and would require attention from the independent
group
Overall the shape of the chart will become less and less paramedical, with the pinnacle still at the top
but the wide base now moving up into the center positions
Problems due to Overpopulation
Natural habitats are lost as people find alternative means of earning (due to shortage of job
opportunities) such as cutting wood and selling it, which destroys ecosystems of many animals.
This may cause a decline in tourist industry
With increasing population, the country’s expenditure on agriculture increases (to grow more
food) leaving fewer finances to account for Pakistan’s industrial and tertiary sector
development
Illiteracy rises because education spending decreases thus resulting in a shortage of schools as
funds are deviated towards basic necessities
Living standard of the old population falls as pensions and welfare benefits decrease and other
facilities such as hospitals, old homes (to take care of elderly) become scarcer
life expectancy falls as people are more vulnerable to diseases due to degrading health services
Unemployment rises and some children are forced to take up low value jobs by giving up their
education to support their families (child labour)
Pollution may also increase as increased human, industrial waste etc is produced, which exceeds
the capacity of waste treatment plants
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The country begins to import goods when the demand is not met locally, hence foreign
exchange decreases
Crime rate rises as unemployed look to make ends meet
Inflation rises because of the high difference between high demand and low production. So the
goods becomes more expensive
The working population has to carry more burden of the dependant population in various forms
such as taxes etc
Poverty forces people to live In temporary houses and this leads to formation of slums
Uneven distribution of wealth occurs
Government may have to employ more people than required (overstaffing) to reduce
unemployment.
Traffic increases which leads to other issues such as people more roadside accidents (and
deaths) and road jams
Methods to control and cater Population Growth
Educating people about the problems of a large population and pointing out the benefits of
having a smaller family through schemes like Sabz Sittara ,Chabi k teeky.
Increased government expenditure in education and hence building more schools to increase
literacy among people
Promoting new businesses to set up so that the rate of job creation surpasses the population
growth rate.
Setting up family planning institutions and leading in them in a way that its aim doesn’t come in
contrary to the religious beliefs of the people
Advertising the burden upon the economy due to the high rate of population for awareness
Providing benefits to smaller families like tax reliefs etc. This encourages people to have more
children
Reducing the influx of refugees coming from other countries like Afghanistan
Marketing of contraceptives and family planning schemes
Setting up Family planning units in rural areas
Discouraging of child labor by government
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MIGRATION
Rural-Urban
It is the migration of mostly young and middle aged people (16-40) from rural areas to urban areas for a
better livelihood .
Factors resulting in rural to urban migration
Rural Push factors
Lack of employment opportunities in rural areas and hope of better employment in cities
Limited educational facilities motivates people to move as better institutions are more likely to
be in the urban areas
Droughts may damage the farmlands leaving it unsuitable for farming purposes
Water logging and salinity also damages the farmland
No law and order may result in improper carriage of justice
Standard of living maybe poor and better standard of living maybe expected in the urban areas
Less access to highly qualified doctors and hospitals
Shortage of clean water for sanitation and drinking
Traditional lifestyle maybe unacceptable to the new generations
Lack of shopping opportunities
Limited access to electricity and gas supplies
Urban pull factors
Better chances of getting employed

Chances for getting more highly paid jobs as compared to the rural areas
Better educational institutions
Bright lights are a source of attraction for people in rural areas
More culturally free
Better law and order
People in urban areas are usually assured of supplies of food and hence are more reliable
Recreational and entertainment facilities such as parks, malls etc
Better infrastructure and easy access to different locations
Easy availability of hospitals and qualified doctors
Easy access to gas, electricity, telephones and other means of communication
Consequences of rural to urban migration
Burden upon economy in terms of increased demand for electricity, water, gas, communication
etc as the urban population increases
Increased pollution (air, water and noise pollution)
Traffic issues such as jams and accidents etc
Increase in the crime rate and violence as the people emigrating maybe illiterate (so face
difficulty to find jobs) and unemployment may force them to indulge in such activities
Poverty of immigrants may result in formation of temporary locations or slums
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This results in lower agricultural production in rural areas as men are required for planting,
growing and harvesting the crop
Emigrant: A person who has left his/ her country and settled in another country.by leaving the
nationality of native country.
Reasons for emigration from Pakistan

Better education opportunities abroad
Expectations of getting a job
Chances for higher wages
Political stability and insecure environment of Pakistan may motivate people to shift
Terrorism activities in Pakistan develops insecurities among people about fate of their children
To indulge in a less culturally bound manner of life
Medical reasons as some diseases are likely to be better treated abroad
Also some people may wish to support families in Pakistan by earning better abroad
Unemployment
Unemployment: When people are willing and able to work but cannot find a job.
Disguise unemployment: When the number of people employed or more than actively required 10
workers needed and a form and 15 are being employed, the extra 5 will come under disguise
unemployment.
Under employment: When a persons is employed but paid below his or her qualifications and
experience
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Lack of investments in Pakistan due to political instability hence, foreign businesses don’t exist
and no extra jobs are created
High rate of population growth is another important factor as there are limited jobs available
There is a mismatch in the demand and supply of labour in form of skills, gender, age etc
required by the employer. The employer may not candidates for the post
Some of the people migrating from rural to urban areas in hope of employment may remain
unemployed due to illiteracy etc
With improvements in technology and capital intensive (machinery based) means of production
fewer labour is needed and workers are laid off to reduce costs
With mechanized farming becoming popular such as tractors etc few people are required on the
farm
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Population Density
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Factors Affecting Increase and decrease in Population Density
Topography Flat plains with well drained, soft, deep and alluvium rich soils are perfect for
human settlements. Ideal for construction of residencies, industries, markets and carry out
commercial activities
Climatic Areas which does not have extremes of climate (temperature, rain, storm etc) are
usually heavily populated Like Karachi. This is because suitable temperatures and rainfall are
necessary for crop growth, which is necessary for human sustenance. High temperatures cause
high rates of evapo-transpiration, which makes growing crops very difficult. Less people live in
the deserts, where they constantly have to move to find food and water.
Infrastructure People prefer living in those areas where facilities like gas, electricity and water
supply are available. They add to the standard of living. Also industries can be set up easily with
little capital costs (as infrastructure is already present), which employ many thousands of people
and provide a permanent source of income. Road and rails make the transport of raw materials,
products and people (including labour force), quicker and cheaper.
Political International and local investors are always worried about the safety of their
investments. An unstable political situation may lead to fears of social unrest (looting, disruption
of supplies and failure to meet deadlines for orders). In this case the investor fears that he may
not be able to get his returns and thus. abandons further investments and withdraws what he
already has invested.
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TABLE OF

IMPORTANCE OF LIVESTOCK FARMING

TYPES OF LIVESTOCK FARMING

1. Subsistence livestock farming

Subsistence Commercial Subsistence Commercial Subsistence Commercial

INPUTS INPUTS PROCESSES PROCESSES OUTPUTS OUTPUTS

Subsistence Livestock Farming:

TYPES OF SUBSITENCE LIVESTOCK FARMING

Seasonal movement / Continuous /

Commercial Livestock Farming:

Small-scale Commercial Livestock Farming:

Large-scale Commercial Livestock Farming:

Main Livestock Resources:

iii- Goats and Sheep:

Found almost all over Pakistan.

Poultry products include chicken and eggs.

Advantages and disadvantages of developing Livestock farming in

Problems Faced By Livestock Farming and Their Possible Solution

The uses of coal are limited.

Future Prospects of Coal :

Lower Sindh oil field:

iii- Natural Gas:

Main gas fields of Pakistan:

Natural Gas Pipeline Network:

East Central Balochistan and Upper Sindh:

S. Minerals Uses Sindh Punjab KPK Balochis

2 Natural gas Domestic Uses Mari, Sui,

iv- Nuclear or Uranium

Pakistan has three major Nuclear power plants

Karachi Nuclear power plant/ KANPP

China is assisting Pakistan in the development of further nuclear production facilities.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Power:

The nuclear power plants are expensive to be built.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES

They are well distributed all over the country because:

potential hydroelectric power site include:

Major/multipurpose dams in Pakistan

- Mirani Dam on the Dasht river in Balochistan

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE SOURCES: ADVANTAGES:

Goods-in-process relates to partially completed goods that are somewhere in the

Value added goods:

Semi- manufacturers goods:

Small Scale Industry

(i) These industries employ less number of persons and capital.

Large Scale Industry

(i) These industries employ a larger number of persons and capital.

(ii) The work is done mostly by larger machines and laborers.

Advantages of setting up a Large Scale Industry

Disadvantages of setting up a Large Scale Industry

Capital Ginning Processed

REQUIREMENTS FOR SETTING UP AN INDUSTRY

Large scale Industries of Pakistan

Sugar Cane Industry

It is a bulky item and transportation is expensive.

CEMENT INDUSTRY (Large Scale)

o Available of raw material (lime stone and Gypsum).

Cotton Textile Industry

Importance of cotton textile mills for Pakistan:

o Provides employment to 50% of the industrial labour force.

Problem of cotton textile mills:

Iron Steel Industry

Pakistan Steel Millls

o Provides raw material to the engineering and construction Industries.

Products of Steel Mill