IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES

SHAH WALIULLAH
BIOGRAPHY
BORN IN DELHI IN 1703. FATHER: SHAH ABDUL RAHIM FOUNDED MADRASSA RAHIMYA AND ALSO
HELPED TO COMPILED FATAWA-I-ALAMGIRI A BOOK OF ISLAMIC LEGAL TEXT UNDER THE DIRECT
SUPERVISION OF EMPEROR AURANGZEB ALAMGIR. EDUCATION FROM MADRASSA RAHIMYA FOR 12
YEARS.
IN 1724 HE WENT TO ARABIA, HE WAS GREATLY INFLUENCED BY THE TEACHING OF ABU TAHIR BIN
IBRAHIM A WELL-KNOWN SCHOLAR OF HIS TIME. HE RETURNED TO DELHI IN 1732.
BELIEFS
•ONE OF HIS MAJOR BELIEVE WAS THAT THE TERRIBLE CONDITIONS OF MUSLIMS HAS OCCURRED
BECAUSE OF INCOMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF QURAN. SO, IT WAS NECESSARY TO MAKE THEM ACCESSIBLE.
•SECONDLY, HE REALIZED THAT REFORMS CANNOT COME FROM WEAK LEADERSHIP OF DEHLI, THEY
HAVE TO COME FROM COMMUNITY ITSELF.
•SHAH WALI ULLAH DID NOT LIKED THE DIVISION OF SHIA AND SUNNI. HE WANTED TO SEE THEM
UNITED, AND FOCUS ON MAJOR PRINCIPLES OF ISLAM.
•FOURTHLY, HE KNEW THAT MUSLIMS SHOULD FOCUS ON MORAL AND SPIRITUAL PRINCIPLES OF ISLAM
WORKINGS
•IN BATTLE OF PANIPAT, HE WAS THE ONE TO PERSUADE AHMED SHAH ABDALI TO HELP IN BATTLE,
WHICH WAS WON. HOWEVER, IT WAS NOT ENOUGH TO UNITE MUSLIMS
•HE WROTE 51 ISLAMIC BOOKS IN PERSIAN AND ARABIC
•TRANSLATED QURAN INTO PERSIAN, LATER HI TWO SONS (SHAH RAFI, SHAH ABDUL QADIR)
TRANSLATED IT
INTO URDU TO MAKE IT FURTHER ACCESSIBLE
•DEEP/HIGH KNOWLEDGE SCHOLAR, SHAH WALI ULLAH WAS ROLE MODEL FOR MUSLIMS
•TRIED HIS BEST TO HEAL SHIA, SUNNI DIFFERENCE
IMPORTANCE
•MADRASSA RAHIMYA PLAYED A VITAL ROLE LATER FOR THE REVIVAL OF TRUE ISLAM
•FIRST TO FIND OUT THE CAUSE OF DECLINE AS INCOMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF ISLAM
•TRANSLATION OF QURAN MADE IT ACCESSIBLE FOR HUGE POPULATION
•HE BELIEVED IN UNITY AS KEY TO SUCCESS
•MANY FUTURE LEADERS WERE GREATLY INFLUENCED BY HIM
SYEDAHMED SHAHEED BARAILVI
BIOGRAPHY
 BORN NEAR LUCKNOW IN THE TOWN OF RAE BARELI. FAITHFUL FOLLOWER OF SHAH ABDUL AZIZ.
IN 1806 HE ENROLLED IN MADRASSA OF SHAH WALI ULLAH (MADRASSA-I-RAHIMIYA). HE GRADUATED
FROM MADRASSA & JOINED A PATHAN MILITARY FORCE LED BY AMIR KHAN. HE LEARNT ABOUT
EUROPEAN WEAPONRY INCLUDING USE OF ARTILLERY.
•IN 1821 HE WENT FOR HAJI & RETURNED TO DELHI IN 1823 WITH A CLEAR VISION OF JIHAD HE SOON
FOUNDED THE “JIHAD MOVEMENT” WHICH WAS AIMED AT NOTHING LESS THAN THE REJUVENATION &
RESTORATION OF MUSLIM POWER.
BELIEFS
•SYED AHMED WAS MORE A MAN OF ACTION, WHO WAS RIGHT AND PERFECT AS A LEADER
•HE IDENTIFIED THE EVILS MUST BE ENDED TO IMPROVE CORRUPTED MUSLIMS SOCIETY
•BRITISH ENSURED THAT MUSLIMS HAVE VERY LITTLE POWER, AND SIKHS IN PUNJAB WERE DOMINANT.
•SYED AHMED WANTED TO RESTORE MUGHALS POWER AND OVERTHROW SIKHS FROM PUNJAB, SO HE
FOUND ‘JIHAD MOVEMENT’.
WORKINGS
•HE WENT ON HAJ IN 1821, BEFORE THAT HE CIRCULATED HIS WORDS; WHEN HE WAS BACK ON 1823,
HE WAS READY TO TAKE ACTION
•HE SOON FOUND THE CAUSE, THE SIKHS TYNNARIES IN PUNJAB. MUSLIMS WERE NOT ALLOWED TO DO
THEIR RELIGIOUS PRACTICES.
•JIHAD MOVEMENT WAS LAUNCHED FROM PESHAWAR HEADQUARTERS.
•TO ENLIST MEN FOR THIS ACTION; HE WENT TO RAJASTHAN, BALUCHISTAN, SINDH AND
AFGHANISTAN.HOWEVER, AFGHANS WERE NOT QUITE READY.
•1826, HE SENT A MESSAGE TO RANJIT SINGH (SIKH RULER IN PUNJAB, THAT ALLOW MUSLIMS TO
WORSHIP THEIR ALLAH (GOD) OR FACE THE MUJAHEDEEN.
•THIS LEAD TO THE FIRST ATTACK ON OKARA ON 21ST DEC, 1826. SHAHEED AHMED BARAILVI LED A
FORCE OF 80,000. HOWEVER, THE MAJOR PROBLEM WAS THAT THESE PEOPLES WERE FROM DIFFERENT
COMMUNITIES. SO, THEY WERE EXPLOITED BY SIKHS CALLING THEM UN-ISLAMIC.
•SOON, MUSLIMS AGREED THAT SHAHEED AHMED BARAILVI SHOULD BECOME IMAM, BECAUSE HIS
WORDS HAVE INFLUENCE ON MUSLIMS.
•AFTER THE VICTORY OF OKARA ATTACK, HE WAS PREPARING FOR ATTACK ON ATTOCK, HOWEVER, HE
FACED ANOTHER ARMY OF 35,000 SIKHS. WHAT HE DIDN’T KNEW WAS THAT A MAN OF HIS ARMY YAR
MUHAMMAD KHAN WAS BRIBED. FIRST, HIS SERVANTS TRIED TO POISON SHAHEED AHMED BARAILVI.
AND THEN IN BATTLEFIELD YAR MUHAMMAD DESERTED IN BATTLEFIELD CREATING CONFUSION AND
CHAOS IN RANKS, WHICH LED TO DEFEAT OF SHAHEED AHMED BARAILVI. SO THEY MOVED TO PANJTAR
NEAR KASHMIR
•ALTHOUGH YAR MUHAMMAD WAS KILLED HIS BROTHER SULTAN MUHAMMAD WAGED THE WAR
AGAINST SHAHEED AHMED BARAILVI.
•THERE WAS NO OPTION BUT TO MOVE, SO SHAHEED AHMED BARAILVI ALONG WITH FORCES
DISAPPEARED AND HIDED INTO HAZARA, PROTECTED BY MOUNTAINS. BUT LOCAL PEOPLES TOLD THE
WAY IN, WHICH LED TO BATTLE OF BALAKOT (1831)
•BATTLE OF BALAKOT: MUJAHEDEEN FOUGHT BRAVELY BUT THEY WERE HEAVILY OUTNUMBERED. IT
WAS A SURPRISE TO THEM, THE HUGE ARMY OF SIKHS. ALONG WITH SHAHEED AHMED BARAILVI AND
BRAVE COMMANDER SHAH ISMAIL 600 MUJAHEDEEN WERE KILLED.
IMPORTANCE
•JIHAD MOVEMENT WAS ABLE TO UNITE MUSLIMS
•ONE OF FIRST MOVEMENT TO GET AWAY FROM FOREIGN RULERS
•IT INDICATED FREEDOM OF WORSHIP
•BATTLE OF BALAKOT, DECLINE OF JIHAD MOVEMENT, WHICH WAS LATER ENDED BY BRITISH
•IT DEFINED CULTURE AND RELIGION
•REGARDED MOSTLY AS FORE-RUNNERS OF PAKISTAN MOVEMENT
HAJI SHARIATULLAH
BIOGRAPHY
EVER SINCE THE LOSS OF INDEPENDENCE, THE MUSLIMS OF INDIA WERE NOT ONLY HOVERING IN THE
DOMAIN OF UNCERTAINLY BUT ALSO MANY UN-ISLAMIC IDEAS WERE TAKING PLACE IN THE MINDS OF
MUSLIMS. IT WAS AT THAT TIME THAT SOME MUSLIM THINKERS THOUGHT THAT UNLESS THE MUSLIM
WERE BROUGHT BACK TO THE TEACHINGS OF THE QURAN & HADES, WOULD NOT BE POSSIBLE TO SAVE
MUSLIMS FROM THEIR RUIN. THIS SHOWS THAT GROWTH OR RELIGION & NATIONAL MOVEMENTS IN
THE SUBCONTINENT WAS NOT A SPONTANEOUS ACT. ALL THESE MOVEMENTS STARTED NOT ONLY IN
ONE PART OF INDO-PAKISTAN BUT THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY. ONE OF THE MOVEMENTS STARTED
BY HAJI SHARIATULLAH IN BENGAL WAS FARAIZI MOVEMENT’.
HAJI SHARIATULLAH WAS BORN IN THE DISTRICT OF FARIDPUR IN THE YEAR 1781. AFTER RECEIVING HIS
EARLY EDUCATION IN HIS VILLAGE HE GOT AN OPPORTUNITY TO PERFORM HAJI AT THE AGE OF 18 HE
STAYED THERE IN HEJAZ FOR 20 YEARS & STUDIED RELIGION & ARABIC. HE RETURNED TO BENGAL IN
1806. DURING HIS STAY IN ARABIA HE WAS GREATLY IMPRESSED BY DOCTRINES OF SHEIKH
MOHAMMAD ABDUL WAHAB WHO HAD INITIATED THE WAHABI MOVEMENT IN ARABIA.
BELIEFS
•MISERABLE CONDITIONS OF MUSLIMS HAS LED THE COUNTRY BEING DAR-UL-HARB (AREA WHERE
NON- MUSLIMS RULE). HE BELIEVED IN SUCH AREAS FRIDAY AND EID PRAYER SHOULD NOT BE OFFERED.
•HE BELIEVED THAT MUSLIMS COMMUNITY IS NO LONGER CLOSE ENOUGH TO ISLAM. HE WANTED
THEM TO RETURN TO ORIGINAL PURITY OF ISLAM, WHICH IN OBSERVATION WAS CALLED FARAIZ
•IT SUPPORTED THE IDEA OF JIHAD AGAINST THE NON-MUSLIMS WHO WERE UNDERMINING THE TRUE
PRINCIPLES OF ISLAM
WORKINGS
•MUSLIMS WERE NEAR POVERTY AND THEY WERE GIVEN LESS OPPORTUNITIES FOR JOBS. HE WANTED
TO RESTORE THEIR PRIDE
•HAJI SHARIAT ULLAH URGED FROM HIS FOLLOWERS TO ADOPT ‘TAUBA’ AS A MANIFESTATION OF
REPENTANCE FOR ALL THE PAST SINS & A PLEDGE TO LEAD A RIGHTEOUS & GOD-FEARING LIFE IN
FUTURE. HIS FOLLOWERS AS ALREADY MENTIONED WERE KNOWN AS FARAIZI. HIS MOVEMENT
BROUGHT THE MUSLIM PEASANTS TOGETHER AGAINST THE CRUEL TREATMENT BY THE HINDUS
ZAMINDARS.
•HAJI SAHIB WAS GREATLY OPPOSED BY THE HINDUS WHO WERE DISTURBED BY THE UNITY OF THE
MUSLIM PEASANTS. THEY STARTED HARASSING HIM BY PUTTING UP FALSE CASES AGAINST HIM.
ULTIMATELY HE WAS FORCED TO LEAVE DHAKA. HE THUS RETURNED TO HIS BIRTHPLACE IN FARIDPUR
DISTRICT & CONTINUED HIS RELIGIOUS PREACHING & FIGHTING AGAINST THE NON-ISLAMIC FORCES.
•HE DIED IN 1840
•HIS WORKINGS WAS LATER CARRIED OUT BY HIS SON, MOHSIN-UD-DIN:

HE DIVIDED EAST BENGAL INTO AREAS CALLED CIRCLES, EACH HAD THEIR OWN KHALIFA, WHO WAS
RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR WEALTH

 HELPED TO OPPOSE HIGH TAXES, HE WAS OPPOSED, BUT HE WENT FURTHER AND DECLARED A JIHAD.
HE WAS ARRESTED AND AFTER HIS DEATH IN 1860, FARAIZI MOVEMENT DECLINED.
IMPORTANCE
•IT ENCOURAGED DE-MORALIZED MUSLIMS
•BROUGHT A SPIRITUAL REVIVAL AND HINDU INFLUENCES OF ISLAMIC PRACTICES WERE REMOVED.
O     IT WAS POLITICALLY AND ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT. MUSLIMS ROSE AGAINST THEIR HARSH
TREATMENTS AND IT IS CALLED TO BE SEEDING PAKISTAN MOVEMENTS
SIR SYED AHMED KHAN
EDUCATIONAL SERVICES
BELIEVED THAT MUSLIMS COULD NOT ACHIEVE THIS GOAL WITHOUT EDUCATION. HE SET UP A PERSIAN
SCHOOL AT MURADABAD IN 1859 (WAS UPGRADED TO THE COLLEGE IN 1875 AND TO UNIVERSITY LEVEL
AFTER HIS DEATH). THE EDUCATED MUSLIMS OF THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY WERE THE PRODUCT
OF THIS INSTITUTION.
ALIGARH MOVEMENT
1. TO BUILD CONFIDENCE BETWEEN THE BRITISH AND THE MUSLIMS.
2. TO PERSUADE THE MUSLIMS TO GET SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE AND LEARN ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
3. TO HOLD BACK THE MUSLIMS FROM THE COLLECTIVE POLITICS.
EFFECTS: HIS MAIN FOCUS WAS ON ALIGARH TO ACHIEVE HIS GOALS. ESTABLISHED MOHAMMAD AN
ANGLO ORIENTAL SCHOOL. IT WAS A SYMBOL OF A BROAD MOVEMENT AFFECTING EVERY PHASE OF
MUSLIM LIFE. THE ACTIONS TAKEN BY SIR SYED AHMED KHAN FOR THE EDUCATIONAL UPLIFT OF THE
MUSLIMS LEFT A FAR-REACHING IMPACT ON THE POLITICAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND RELIGIOUS
ASPECTS OF THE MUSLIMS. THE ALIGARH MOVEMENT SHOWED NEW WAYS TO PRESS AND OPENED THE
DOORS OF ECONOMIC PROSPERITY FOR THE MUSLIMS OF THE SUB-CONTINENT.
URDU-HINDI CONTROVERSY
IN 1867, HINDUS DEMANDED THAT HINDI SHOULD BE MADE ON OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF INDIA IN PLACE
OF URDU. THE HINDUS WERE AGAINST URDU BECAUSE IT WAS THE LANGUAGE OF THE MUSLIMS.
SIR SYED FELT SORRY AND HE WAS NOW CONVINCED THAT THE HINDUS WOULD NEVER BE FRIEND WITH
THE MUSLIMS.
HOW DID SIR SYED AHMED KHAN TRY TO IMPROVE BRITISH-MUSLIM RELATIONS?
•MUSLIMS WERE IN POOR CONDITION WITHOUT ANY JOBS AND WERE GIVEN HARSH TREATMENT.
•HE WROTE THE LOYAL MOHAMMADENS OF INDIA TO HIGHLIGHT THE WORK OF THOSE WHO KEPT
LOYAL TO BRITISH
•HE WROTE THE PAMPHLET, “THE CAUSES OF INDIAN REVOLT,” WHICH HIGHLIGHTED THE WRONG
STEPS OF BRITISH AND THE CAUSES OF WAR.
•HE WROTE “TABYAN-UL-KALAM” IN WHICH HE BROUGHT DOWN THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE TWO
RELIGIONS IN ONE PLACE.
•HE GAVE MESSAGE TO MUSLIMS THAT THEY SHOULD ADOPT GOOD HABITS OF BRITISH BUT DISCARD
THEIR BAD ONES AND SHOULD COOPERATE WITH THEM TO GET BENEFITS.
•HE STARTED A SMALL MOVEMENT IN ALIGARH.
•HE WAS THUS ABLE TO FORM THE MAO COLLEGE.
•THROUGH THIS MOVEMENT HE TRIED TO EDUCATE MUSLIMS ABOUT SCIENCE AND ENGLISH
LANGUAGE SO THAT COMMUNICATION WITH BRITISH BECOMES EASY.
•HE TRIED TO EDUCATE MUSLIMS IN THE EUROPEAN STYLE.
TWO NATION THEORY
INTRODUCTION: THE TWO NATION THEORY IN ITS SIMPLEST WAY MEANS THE DISSIMILARITIES
BETWEEN THE TWO MAJOR COMMUNITIES, HINDUS AND MUSLIM OF THE SUB CONTINENT. THESE
DIFFERENCES OF OUTLOOK, IN FACT, WERE GREATLY INSTRUMENTAL IN GIVING RISE TO TWO DISTINCT
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES WHICH WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PARTITION OF INDIA INTO TWO
INDEPENDENT STATES. THE REASONS FOR THIS WERE
1.RELIGIOUS DIFFERENCES
2.HINDU NATIONALISM
3.CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
4.ECONOMIC DIFFERENCES
5.EDUCATIONAL DIFFERENCES
6.HINDI-URDU CONTROVERSY
7.CONGRESS ATTITUDE
ALLAMA MUHAMMAD IQBAL
BIOGRAPHY
BORN ON 1877 IN SIALKOT. HE GOT HIS ‘DOCTORATE IN PHILOSOPHY’ IN MUNICH UNIVERSITY.
MASTERS FROM GOVT. COLLEGE, LAHORE. HE PRACTICED LAW IN ENGLAND AND PHILOSOPHY IN
CAMBRIDGE. HE WAS A POET TAKING INSPIRATIONS FROM QURAN. 1938, HE WAS BURIED IN BADSHAHI
MOSQUE.
BELIEFS
•HE WAS TOTALLY AGAINST BRITISH, SO HE WAS OPPOSED. HE THOUGHT THAT BRITISH AND HINDUS
WERE EQUALLY AGAINST MUSLIMS.
•HE BELIEVED IN SOVEREIGN HOMELAND.
•HE WAS THE FIRST TO DREAM OF A SEPARATE PLACE FOR MUSLIMS WHERE THEY CAN LIVE WITH PURE
ISLAMIC VALUES
CONTRIBUTIONS
•NO DOUBT HE WAS A GREAT POET. HIS POETRY WAS NOT ONLY HOPEFUL BUT ENCOURAGING. HE
EARNED BRITISH AWARDS FOR HIS POETRY. IT WAS CALLED AS ‘SOMETHING AWAKEN MUSLIMS’. HE
WAS ALSO CALLED ‘THE PHILOSOPHER POET.
•ALLAMA IQBAL SOMETIMES IS CALLED ‘ARCHITECT OF PAKISTAN’
•1926, HE WAS ELECTED MEMBER FOR PUNJAB ASSEMBLY.
•1927, HE WAS ELECTED AS GENERAL SECRETARY
•1930, ALLAHABAD ADDRESS
CHAUDHRY REHMAT ALI
BIOGRAPHY
 HE WAS BORN IN HOSHIYARPUR, PUNJAB IN 1879. TOOK HIS BASIC EDUCATION FROM JALANDHAR
AND B.A FROM GOVT. COLLEGE. HE JOINED ISLAMIA COLLEGE LAHORE IN 1918. HE WAS LIVING AND
PRACTICING LAW IN LAHORE. AFTER WIN OF THE CASE ‘NAWABS OF MAZARI’ HE WENT TO CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY. IN 1930 HE WENT TO ENGLAND WHERE EARNED THE DEGREES OF M.A. JINNAH AND BAR
AT LAW FROM CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY AND DUBLIN UNIVERSITY.

NOW OR NEVER
HE SUGGESTED FOR THE SEPARATE HOMELAND LONG BEFORE ANYONE THOUGHT OF PARTITION. HE
SUGGESTED THE NAME PAKISTAN FOR THE NEW NATION. HIS VIEWS WERE DIFFERENT FROM JINNAH
AND IQBAL AT THAT TIME.
1933, CHAUDHRY REHMAT ALI FOUNDED THE ‘PAKISTAN MOVEMENT’. HE ISSUED PAMPHLET ‘NOW OR
NEVER’ IN THAT PAMPHLET HE STATED MUSLIMS SHOULD HAVE THEIR OWN HOMELAND CALLED
‘PAKISTAN’. MUSLIM STATES COMPRISING THE PUNJAB. N.W.F.P, KASHMIR, SINDH, BALUCHISTAN.
‘PAKISTAN’ STANDS FOR, P FOR PUNJAB, A FOR AFGHANIA, K FOR KASHMIR, S FOR SINDH AND TAN FOR
BALOCHISTAN.
CONTRIBUTION IN PAKISTAN MOVEMENT
•IN 1930 ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE WERE HELD IN LONDON TO DISCUSS POSSIBLE POLITICAL
AGREEMENT BETWEEN HINDUS, MUSLIMS AND BRITISH. CHAUDHRY REHMAT ALI MET THE MUSLIM’S
LEADERS INCLUDING M.A. JINNAH AND TRIED TO CONVINCE THEM TO GIVE THE IDEA OF INDIAN
FEDERATION AND FOCUS THEIR ENERGIES TO FORM A SEPARATE HOMELAND FOR THE MUSLIMS. BUT
AT THIS STAGE M.A. JINNAH AND OTHER LEADERS WERE UNCONVINCED SO THE PROPOSALS OF
CHAUDHRY REHMAT ALI WAS REJECTED
•HE WAS RIGHTLY AWARDED WHEN IN 1940 ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE ADOPTED HIS CENTRAL
DEMAND FOR A SEPARATE HOMELAND AND NAME ‘PAKISTAN’. HE WAS ONE OF THOSE LEADERS WHO
LIVED TO SEE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PAKISTAN. BUT HE DID NOT AGREE WITH THE FINAL MAP OF
PAKISTAN. HIS CONTRIBUTION ALSO NEVER APPRECIATED OFFICIALLY. HE VISITED PAKISTAN IN 1948
AND LIVE IN LAHORE FOR SOME TIME AND LEFT FOR ENGLAND. HE DIED IN CAMBRIDGE ON 3RD FEB,
1951.
MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH
•IN 1906 JINNAH BECAME THE MEMBER OF IMPERIAL LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL AND CONGRESS. IN 1913 HE
JOINED ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE.
•1916, JINNAH WAS ONE OF THE LEADING FIGURE IN INDIAN POLITICS. HE WAS RESPECTED & ADMIRED
BY BOTH HINDUS AND MUSLIMS & CALLED AS THE ‘AMBASSADOR OF HINDU MUSLIM UNITY’. IN 1916
LUCKNOW PACT WAS SIGNED BETWEEN MUSLIMS LEAGUE & CONGRESS MAINLY BECAUSE OF THE
EFFORTS OF M.A. JINNAH.
•JINNAH RESIGNED FROM THE IMPERIAL LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL IN 1919 IN PROTEST AT THE PASSING OF
‘ROWLATT ACT’. BECAUSE OF THE RISING INFLUENCE OF GANDHI, CONGRESS DECIDED TO BACK OUT OF
THE SEPARATE ELECTORATE ACCEPTED IN 1916 & CALLING OF THE NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT IN
1920. IN 1920 JINNAH RESIGNED FROM CONGRESS PROTESTING AGAINST THE POLICIES OF GANDHI.
•IN 1927 SIMON COMMISSION ARRIVES IN INDIA SINCE THE COMMISSION HAD NO INDIAN MEMBER SO
THE
•MUSLIMS LEAGUE (ML) UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF M.A. JINNAH DECIDED TO BOYCOTT IT. IN 1928
WHEN NEHRU REPORT WAS PASSED JINNAH TRIED TO REACH A COMPROMISE ON THE ISSUE OF
SEPARATE ELECTORATE BUT INC REFUSED TO ACCEPT THE PROPOSALS OF JINNAH. AFTER THAT JINNAH
ABOUNDED THE EFFORTS OF HINDU MUSLIM RECONCILIATION. 1929, HIS FAMOUS FOUR POINTS
SHOWED UP!
•IN 1931 & 32 JINNAH ATTENDED THE 1ST & 2ND SESSION OF THE RTC IN LONDON, WHERE HE FIRMLY
TALKED ABOUT THE PROTECTION OF MINORITY’S RIGHT IN INDIA. HE STAYED IN ENGLAND BUT AFTER
NUMEROUS REQUESTS OF ALLAMA IQBAL & LIAQUAT ALI KHAN HE RETURNED AS MUSLIMS LEAGUE
PRESIDENT (ELECTED).
•IN THE PROVINCIAL ELECTION OF 1936-37 MUSLIMS LEAGUE DID NOT PERFORM WELL AS IT HAD
HOPED. SO IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE ELECTIONS OF 1936-37 THE MUSLIMS LEAGUE LAUNCHED THE
PROGRAM OF MASS CONTACT UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF M.A. JINNAH. THE LABOR BORN FRUIT AND
MUSLIM LEAGUE MEMBERSHIP ROSE FROM TEN THOUSAND TO HUNDRED THOUSAND.
•WITH THE OUTBREAK OF 2ND WORLD WAR, CONGRESS DIRECTED ITS MINISTER TO RESIGN FROM
THEIR POSTS. FOLLOWING THE RESIGNATION OF CONGRESS’S MINISTER QUAID ASKED ALL MUSLIMS TO
CELEBRATE ‘THE DAY OF DELIVERANCE’ IN DEC 1939.
•ON 23RD MARCH 1940, A HISTORIC SESSION OF AIML WAS HELD UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF QUAID-E-
AZAM. DURING THE SESSION A RESOLUTION WAS PASSED DEMANDING THE ESTABLISHMENT TO
SEPARATE SOVEREIGN & INDEPENDENT STATE FOR THE MUSLIMS OF INDIA.
IN ELECTIONS 1945-46, THE SUCCESS OF ML WAS BY EFFORTS OF JINNAH. NOW ML DEMANDS WERE
MAKING SOME GROUND… AND FINALLY UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF QUAID AND PAKISTAN CAME IN TO
EXISTENCE IN 14TH AUGUST 1947. IT WAS M.A JINNAH WHO LED THE PAKISTAN MOVEMENT
HARMLESSLY
QUAID-E-AZAM AS GOVERNOR GENERAL
ON 14TH AUGUST 1947, QUAID-E-AZAM MOHAMMAD ALI JINNAH BECAME THE 1ST GOVERNOR
GENERAL.
•FORMATION OF FEDERAL CABINET
•AMENDMENT IN GOVT. ACT OF INDIA 1935
•KARACHI WAS MADE CAPITAL
•ELECTED CHIEF MINISTER AND GOVERNOR
•ESTABLISHED ADMINISTRATIVE HEAD QUARTERS
•GAVE ATTENTION TO FOREIGN AFFAIRS
•MEMBERSHIP OF UNO
•IMPLEMENTATION OF EDUCATIONAL POLICIES
•DIED DUE TO TUBERCULOSIS
 DECLINE OF MUGHAL EMPIRE

THE MUGHAL EMPIRE REACHED ITS GREATEST EXTENT IN THE TIME OF AURANGZEB ALAMGIR, BUT IT
COLLAPSED WITH DRAMATIC SUDDENNESS WITHIN A FEW DECADES AFTER HIS DEATH. THE MUGHAL
EMPIRE OWES ITS DECLINE AND ULTIMATE DOWNFALL TO A COMBINATION OF
FACTORS; FIRSTLY AURANGZEB’S
RELIGIOUS POLICY IS REGARDED AS A CAUSE FOR THE DECLINE OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE AS IT LED TO
DISUNITY AMONG THE INDIAN PEOPLE.

ANOTHER REASON WAS UNWORTHY AND INCOMPETENT SUCCESSORS OF AURANGZEB. THE

CHARACTER OF MUGHAL KINGS HAD DETERIORATED OVER A PERIOD OF TIME. THE SUCCESSIVE RULERS
AFTER AURANGZEB WERE WEAK AND LACKED THE CHARACTER, MOTIVATION AND COMMITMENT TO
RULE THE EMPIRE STRONGLY. THEY HAD BECOME EASE LOVING AND COWARDLY. THEY TOTALLY
DISREGARDED THEIR STATE DUTIES AND WERE UNABLE TO DETAIN THE DECLINING EMPIRE FROM ITS
FALL. THESE LATER MUGHAL RULERS WERE ABSOLUTELY INCOMPETENT AND WEAK. THEY WERE
PROVEN NEITHER GOOD GENERALS NOR GOOD STATESMEN WHO COULD CONTROL OR ADMINISTER
THE LARGE EMPIRE WHICH COVERED NEARLY THE WHOLE OF THE SUBCONTINENT DURING
AURANGZEB’S RULE. THE LATER RULERS WERE ALSO PLEASURE LOVING AND WERE RENOWNED
FOR LIVING AN EXTRAVAGANT LIFESTYLE WITH LITTLE THOUGHT TO THE EFFECT IT HAD ON THE
ECONOMY OF THE EMPIRE. THEY ALSO LACKED COURAGE, DETERMINATION AND TRAINING. MONEY
WAS SPENT LAVISHLY ON FINE BUILDINGS, JEWELLERY, FINE CLOTHES AND FOOD. NO INFRASTRUCTURE
WAS CREATED FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF ADMINISTRATION, INDUSTRY OR AGRICULTURE.

THE ABSENCE OF ANY DEFINITE LAW OF SUCCESSION WAS ANOTHER IMPORTANT FACTOR.

LOCAL AND FOREIGN INVASIONS ON DELHI ALSO MADE THE MUGHALS WEAK. MARATHAS WERE THE
MAJOR OPPONENTS OF MUGHALS. THEY WERE FROM CENTRAL AND SOUTH INDIA. AURANGZEB
FOUGHT WITH THEM BUT COULD NOT CONTROL THEM. UNTIL 1750, THEY HAD BECOME A MAJOR
THREAT FOR THE MUGHALS. HOWEVER, MARATHAS WERE DEFEATED IN 1761 IN THE BATTLE OF
PANIPAT AND POWERLESS MUGHALS GOT SOME MORE TIME TO RULE INDIA. BESIDES MARATHAS, TWO
MORE INVASIONS TOOK PLACE FROM AFGHANISTAN AND PERSIA. IN 1738, PERSIAN GENERAL NADIR
SHAH INVADED DELHI AND LOOTED THEIR WEALTH. BETWEEN 1747 AND 1769, AFGHAN GENERAL
AHMED SHAH INVADED INDIA TENTIMES. EVEN IN PUNJAB, SIKHS WERE ALSO A MAJOR THREAT FOR
THE MUGHALS. ALL THESE INVASIONS MADE THE MUGHALS VIRTUALLY  BANKRUPT  AND  THEY  LOST 
THEIR  POWER  COMPLETELY. MUGHAL KINGDOM WAS REDUCED TO AN AREA 300 MILES LONG AND
100 MILES WIDE NEAR DELHI WITHIN 100 YEARS AFTER THE DEATH OF AURANGZEB.

THE RISE OF THE BRITISH POWER WAS THE MAIN REASON OF THE DECLINE OF THE MUGHALS. THE
BRITISH TOOK FULL ADVANTAGE OF THE WEAKNESS OF THE MUGHALS AND GRADUALLY INCREASED
THEIR POWER. THE BRITISH EXPANDED THE TERRITORY UNDER THEIR CONTROL WITH THE HELP OF
THEIR SUPERIOR ADMINISTRATION AND ORGANIZATION. A SERIES OF BATTLES AND ANNEXATIONS,
THROUGH STEPS LIKE ‘SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE’ AND ‘DOCTRINE OF LAPSE’ AND EFFECTIVE
ADMINISTRATION THE BRITISH GRADUALLY ASSUMED CONTROL OVER A VAST TERRITORY IN THE
SUBCONTINENT. THEY ALSO HAD CLEAR MILITARY ADVANTAGE BECAUSE OF INDUSTRIAL
DEVELOPMENT IN ENGLAND (1750-1850). THE BRITISH HAD BETTER WEAPONS, SUPERIOR WAR
TECHNIQUES AND A WELL-TRAINED AND DISCIPLINED ARMY. THE BRITISH POSSESSED A
STRONG NAVAL FORCE .THE RESULT WAS THAT BY 1803 THE BRITISH TOOK OVER DELHI AND PLACED
SHAH ALAM UNDER BRITISH PROTECTION WITH A PENSION.

WHY DID BRITISH ARRIVE IN INDIA

THE MAIN PROSPECTS WHICH ATTRACTED BRITAIN WAS CERTAINLY TRADE AND FOR THAT THE BRITISH
EAST INDIA COMPANY WAS FOUNDED IN 1600 WITH THE PERMISSION TO TRADE WITH INDIA. THE
FIRST BRITISH SHIP ANCHORED NEAR SURAT IN 1608. THEY WERE ALSO GRANTED PERMISSION BY THE
MUGHALS TO TRADE IN 1612. THE BRITISH ESTABLISHED THEIR HEADQUARTERS IN BOMBAY IN 1674
AND AT CALCUTTA IN 1690. MAIN TRADING ITEMS WERE COTTON AND SILK TEXTILES, SPICES, TEA,
INDIGO, PRECIOUS STONES AND SALT PETER.
S.M BURK (FAMOUS HISTORIAN) BELIEVED THAT ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT REASONS FOR BRITISH
ARRIVAL WAS THE SPREADING OF CHRISTIANITY .CHURCHES AND CHAPELS WERE ESTABLISHED ALL
OVER INDIA AND CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES ALSO BEGAN WITH THEIR ARRIVAL.
THE PORTUGUESE AND THE DUTCH WERE ALREADY IN THE FIELD. BUT THEY TURNED THEIR ATTENTION
TO EAST INDIES AND DIDN’T ALLOW EIC TO COME OVER THERE. THAT ALSO PROVOKED COMPANY TO
COME HERE IN INDIA. THE FRENCH ALSO CAME BUT THEY WERE ELIMINATED AFTER THEIR DEFEAT BY
THE BRITISH IN 3 BATTLES.
THEREFORE IT WAS TRADE AND HIGH PROFIT THAT ALLOWED THE EIC TO KEEP ON COMING INDIA
WHICH WAS LATER ALSO KNOWN AS THE GOLDEN SPARROW ON ACCOUNT OF ITS NATURAL RESOURCES
AND WEALTH. IT WAS FOUND THAT 10 % OF THE INCOME OF BRITISH GOVERNMENT WAS OBTAINED
FROM TAXES ON TRADE WITH INDIA.
ANOTHER REASON WHICH PROVOKED BRITAIN TO COME TOWARDS INDIA WAS THE RUSSIAN
EXPANSION IN CENTRAL ASIA. IT WORRIED THE BRITISH SO MUCH THAT THEY ALSO HAD TO MAKE
MOVES TO SECURE AFGHANISTAN. ALTHOUGH THE BRITISH FIRST MAJOR ADVENTURE IN AFGHANISTAN
IN 1839 FAILED MISERABLY, BUT IN 1858, AFTER THE FAILURE OF THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 1857, THE
BRITISH ASSUMED FULL AND PROPER CONTROL OF WHOLE OF INDIA.

INDIAN RESISTANCE 1750-1850

THE BRITISH WERE ALMOST COMPLETELY SUCCESSFUL IN TAKING CONTROL OF LANDS IN THE S.C
BETWEEN 1750 AND 1856. THE BRITISH HAD COME TO INDIA FOR TRADE AND TO INCREASE AND
ENSURE THEIR TRADE THEY FOUND IT NECESSARY TO HAVE POLITICAL CONTROL OF LANDS IN THE SUB-
CONTINENT. THE FIRST OPPORTUNITY CAME IN 1757 WHEN BATTLE OF PLASSEY TOOK PLACE. IN THIS
BATTLE THE FORCES OF THE EAST INDIA COMPANY UNDER ROBERT CLIVE MET THE ARMY OF SIRAJ-UD-
DOULA, THE NAWABS OF BENGAL. CLIVE HAD 800 EUROPEANS AND 2200 INDIANS WHEREAS SIRAJ-UD-
DOULA IN HIS ENTRENCHED CAMP AT PLASSEY WAS SAID TO HAVE ABOUT 50,000 MEN WITH A TRAIN
OF HEAVY ARTILLERY. UNFORTUNATELY MIR JAFAR, MET WITH CLIVE, AND THE GREATER NUMBER OF
THE NAWABS SOLDIERS WERE BRIBED TO THROW AWAY THEIR WEAPONS, SURRENDER PREMATURELY,
AND EVEN TURN THEIR ARMS AGAINST THEIR OWN ARMY. SIRAJ-UD-DOULA WAS DEFEATED. BATTLE OF
PLASSEY MARKED THE FIRST MAJOR MILITARY SUCCESS FOR BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY.

IT WAS FOLLOWED BY BATTLE OF BUXAR. MIR KASIM THE NAWAB OF BENGAL TOOK HELP FROM
NAWAB SHUJA-UD– DAULAH AND THE EMPEROR SHAH ALAM II. BUT THE ENGLISH UNDER THE GENERAL
MAJOR HECTOR MUNRO AT BUXAR DEFEATED THE COMBINED ARMY ON 22 OCTOBER, 1764. MIR KASIM
FLED AND DIED IN 1777. AFTER WINNING THE BATTLE OF BUXAR, THE BRITISH HAD EARNED THE RIGHT
TO COLLECT LAND REVENUE IN BENGAL, BIHAR AND ORISSA. THIS DEVELOPMENT SET THE
FOUNDATIONS OF BRITISH POLITICAL RULE IN INDIA. AFTER THE VICTORY OF

THE ENGLISH IN BUXAR, ROBERT CLIVE WAS APPOINTED THE GOVERNOR AND COMMANDER IN CHIEF
OF THE ENGLISH ARMY IN BENGAL IN 1765. HE IS CLAIMED AS THE FOUNDER OF THE BRITISH POLITICAL
DOMINION IN INDIA. ROBERT CLIVE ALSO BROUGHT REFORMS IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE
COMPANY AND THE ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY.

THE BRITISH WANTED FULL CONTROL OF SOUTH INDIA TO ENSURE THEIR SPICE TRADE. LORD WELLESLEY
BECAME THE GOVERNOR GENERAL OF INDIA IN 1798. TIPU SULTAN TRIED TO SECURE AN ALLIANCE
WITH THE FRENCH AGAINST THE ENGLISH IN INDIA. WELLESLEY QUESTIONED TIPU’S RELATIONSHIP
WITH THE FRENCH AND ATTACKED MYSORE IN 1799. THE FOURTH ANGLO-MYSORE WAR WAS OF SHORT
DURATION AND DECISIVE AND ENDED WITH TIPU’S DEATH ON MAY 4, 1799 WHO WAS KILLED FIGHTING
TO SAVE HIS CAPITAL.

BESIDES THAT MARATHAS WERE ALSO DEFEATED AND MARATHA POWER DESTROYED BY BRITISH IN
SEVERAL WARS DURING 1817- 1818. HOLKAR’S FORCES WERE ROUTED AT MAHIDPUR DECEMBER 21,
1817 AND BAJI RAO II, WHO WAS TRYING TO CONSOLIDATE MARATHAS, FINALLY SURRENDERED IN
JUNE 1818. BRITISH ABOLISHED THE POSITION OF PESHWA AND MARATHAS WERE LIMITED TO THE
SMALL KINGDOM OF SATARA. THIS ENDED THE MIGHTY MARATHA POWER.

BRITISH WANTED TO MAKE SURE THAT AFGHANISTAN DIDN’T FALL INTO RUSSIAN HANDS. BRITISH
AGREED WITH RANJIT SINGH (RULER OF PUNJAB) THAT AFGHANISTAN SHOULD REMAIN INDEPENDENT.
A REBELLION BROKE OUT IN AFGHANISTAN IN 1841 IN WHICH BRITISH TROOPS WERE KILLED. BRITISH
FELT THAT THEIR PRIDE HAD BEEN HURT IN AFGHANISTAN AND DECIDED TO TURN IN SINDH. SINDH
WAS RULED BY COLLECTION OF AMIRS WHO HAD SIGNED A TREATY WITH BRITISH IN 1809.BRITISH
GENERAL SIR CHARLES NAPIER PROVOKED THE AMIRS OF SINDH SO MUCH THAT THEY ATTACKED
BRITISH RESIDENCY IN 1843.AMIRS WERE DEFEATED AND SINDH WAS ANNEXED BY BRITISH.

PUNJAB WAS THE NEXT TARGET. RANJIT SINGH HAD SIGNED A PERPETUAL FRIENDSHIP IN 1809 BUT
AFTER HIS DEATH IN 1839, THE RIVAL CHIEFS ARGUED THEMSELVES OVER WHO SHOULD BE A KING.
ARMY ATTACKED BRITISH POSSESSIONS SOUTH OF RIVER SUTLEJ AND PROVOKED THE BRITISH TO
INVADE PUNJAB .WAR BEGAN BUT BRITISH REMAINED VICTORIOUS. GULAB SINGH DOGRA, A CHIEF
WHO HELPED THE BRITISH AND WAS GIVEN KASHMIR AS A REWARD. IN 1849, AFTER A REVOLT AGAINST
BRITISH, PUNJAB, NWFP WERE ANNEXED AND BECAME PART OF BRITISH EMPIRE ON 30 MARCH
1849.HYDERABAD, DECCAN, OUDH AND THE LOCAL NAWABS HAD BEEN FORCED TO SIGN TREATIES
WITH EIC; THIS GAVE THEIR EXTERNAL AFFAIRS TO BRITAIN.
DOCTRINE OF LAPSE:
IN 1852, THE BRITISH ANNEXED SEVERAL INDIAN STATES UNDER DOCTRINE OF LAPSE. IN 1852
GOVERNOR GENERAL DALHOUSIE EXTENDED BRITISH CONTROL BY APPLYING DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
WHICH WAS THAT WHEN A RULER DIED WITHOUT A NATURAL HEIR, THE BRITISH WOULD ANNEX HIS
LANDS. DUE TO THIS SATARE, NAGPUR AND JHANSI CAME TO BRITISH HANDS. NAWAB OF OUDH DIED
IN 1856 AND HE HAD THE NATURAL HEIR BUT INSTEAD OF THAT HIS LAND WAS GRABBED BY THE
BRITISH.
TIPU SULTAN:
TIPU SULTAN (20 NOVEMBER 1750 – 4 MAY 1799), ALSO KNOWN AS THE TIGER OF MYSORE AND TIPU
SAHIB ,WAS A RULER OF THE KINGDOM OF MYSORE AND A SCHOLAR, SOLDIER, AND POET. HE WAS THE
ELDEST SON OF SULTAN HYDER ALI OF MYSORE. TIPU INTRODUCED A NUMBER OF ADMINISTRATIVE
INNOVATIONS DURING HIS RULE, INCLUDING HIS COINAGE, AND A NEW LAND REVENUE SYSTEM WHICH
INITIATED THE GROWTH OF MYSORE SILK INDUSTRY. TIPU EXPANDED THE IRON-CASED MYSOREAN
ROCKETS AND WROTE THE MILITARY MANUAL FATHUL MUJAHIDIN, CONSIDERED A PIONEER IN THE USE
OF ROCKET ARTILLERY. HE DEPLOYED THE ROCKETS AGAINST ADVANCES OF BRITISH FORCES AND THEIR
ALLIES IN THEIR 1792 AND 1799. IN THE FOURTH ANGLO-MYSORE WAR, THE COMBINED FORCES OF THE
BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY AND THE NIZAM OF HYDERABAD DEFEATED TIPU, AND HE WAS KILLED
ON 4 MAY 1799 WHILE DEFENDING HIS FORT OF SRIRANGAPATNA.

RANJIT SINGH:
MAHARAJA RANJIT SINGH (13 NOVEMBER 1780 – 27 JUNE 1839) WAS THE FOUNDER OF THE SIKH
EMPIRE, WHICH CAME TO POWER IN THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT IN THE EARLY HALF OF THE 19TH
CENTURY. THE EMPIRE, BASED IN THE PUNJAB REGION, EXISTED FROM 1799 TO 1849. RANJIT SINGH
WAS SUCCEEDED BY HIS SON, KHARAK SINGH.
 WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 1857
EVENTS OF THE WAR
1857 JAN: NEW GUNS WERE ANNOUNCED. IT WAS RUMOR THAT THE NEW GUNS CARTRIDGE IS
GREASED BY FATS OF COW AND HAM. WHICH WAS RESENTMENT TO BOTH MUSLIMS AND HINDUS
1857 MARCH: MANGAL PANDEY DEFIED HIS BRITISH OFFICERS, HE WAS EXECUTED
1857 MAY: SEPOYS IN MEERUT REFUSED TO TOUCH THE NEW RIFLE/GUNS. THEY WERE ‘COURT-
MARTIALED’ AND PRISONED. BUT, FELLOW SEPOYS BROKE INTO PRISON AND RESCUED THEM. MEERUT
WAS SACKED AND BRITISH OFFICERS PUT TO DEATH. SOLDIERS MARCHED TO DELHI AND CAPTURED IT.
MUGHAL EMPEROR BAHADUR SHAH II BECAME UNIFYING SYMBOL OF UPRISING TO GAIN HELP OF BOTH
HINDUS AND MUSLIMS. WAR SPREAD QUICKLY AND KANPUR, JHANSI, ALLAHABAD AND LUCKNOW
WERE CAPTURED.
1857 SEPTEMBER: DEHLI AND LUCKNOW WERE REGAINED, BAHADUR SHAH II WAS MADE TO
SURRENDER. BUT, HIS SONS MIRZA MUGHAL, MIRZA SULTAN AND MIRZA ABU BAKAR WERE BRUTALLY
KILLED AND PRESENTED TO HIM AS LESSON.
1858 JUNE: RANI OF JHANSI, LAKSHMIBAI WAS KILLED (DRESSED AS MAN IN BATTLE). HIS SUPPORTER
OF GREAT ABILITY TATYA TOPEE (INDIAN GENERAL) ESCAPED. HOWEVER, HE WAS LATER CAUGHT AND
EXECUTED.
1858 AUG: WAR WAS OFFICIALLY DECLARED OVER.
CAUSES
A.  ECONOMIC
1)   LOW PAY OF SEPOYS.
2)   HIGH TAX
B.   SOCIAL
1)   LAWS, CLASHING/NOT SUPPORTING RELIGION
2)   ARROGANCE BY BRITISH… CONSIDERED INDIAN AN INFERIOR RACE
3)   RUMORS ABOUT FORCED CONVERSATION TO CHRISTIANITY, RESENTMENT FOR MUSLIMS
C.  POLITICAL
1.   ENGLISH REPLACED PERSIAN AS NATIONAL LANGUAGE
2.   DISRESPECT OF MUGHALS. ESPECIALLY DALHOUSIE DECISION TO MOVE ROYAL FAMILY FROM FORT
OF DEHLI TO MORE OBSCURE QUTUB SAHIB
3.   DOCTRINE OF LAPSE, BY DALHOUSIE IN 1852, WAS ALSO RESENTMENT, EVEN SOME OF THE INDIANS
STATED THAT BRITISH WERE GREEDY LAND GRABBERS. ADDING TO THIS WAS SEIZURE OF OUDH IN 1856
D.  MILITARY
A)  NEW GUNS WERE ANNOUNCED. IT WAS RUMOR THAT THE NEW GUNS CARTRIDGE IS GREASED BY
FATS OF COW AND HAM. WHICH WAS RESENTMENT TO BOTH MUSLIMS AND HINDUS
B)   INDIAN WERE NOT READY TO LEAVE ‘MOTHER INDIA’ AND GO TO AFGHANISTAN
C)  INDIANS WERE NOT ABLE TO REACH HIGHER POST
D)  THIS WAS RUMOR THAT INDIANS WILL FORCED TO TURN INTO CHRISTIANITY, ANOTHER
RESENTMENT AND CAUSE OF UNREST.
REASONS FOR THE FAILURE
LACK OF UNITY
BRITISH STRENGTHS: BRITISH WERE TOO POWERFUL. ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL NATION THAT
TIME. THEY HAD HIGHLY SKILLED DIPLOMATS, EFFECTIVE MACHINERY, HIGHLY TRAINED, MODERN
METHODS AND DISCIPLINED. SO THE STRENGTHS OF BRITISH WAS MAJOR REASON FOR FAILURE OF
WAR.
EFFECTS
THE FAILURE OF WAR PROVED THAT BRITISH WERE ONE IN POWER.
“PROCLAIMATION OF 1858”
THE BRITISH CLAIMED THEY WOULD:
1) NOT INTERFERE IN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS OF PEOPLES
2) PAY DUE REGARD TO ANCIENT PROPERTY RIGHTS AND CUSTOMS
3) ABIDE ALL TREATY OBLIGATIONS
4) AGREE TO NO FURTHER TERRITORIAL ACQUISITION
5) GUARANTEE THE RIGHT TO APPOINTMENT IN PUBLIC SERVICES
HOWEVER, BRITISH WERE NOT PAYING ATTENTION TO THIS LATER.
 KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
REASONS FOR FORMATION
AFTER WORLD WAR 2, BRITISH DECIDED TO BREAK THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE. OTTOMAN EMPIRE HELD
GREAT IMPORTANCE TO MUSLIMS IN INDIA AND SO THEY WANTED TO PROTECT IT AND SAVE THE
KHALIFA.BECAUSE THE HOLY PLACES OF MUSLIMS WERE IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE SO THERE WAS A
GREAT THREAT THAT BRITISH MIGHT HARM HOLY PLACES OF MUSLIMS.
BACKGROUND AND ESTABLISHMENT
AT THE BEGINNING OF 1ST WORLD WAR (1914) SEAT OF KHILAFAT WAS HELD BY TURKEY (OTTOMAN
EMPIRE). IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR, THE TURKS HAD FOUGHT ON THE SIDE OF THE GERMANY AND
AUSTRIA AGAINST BRITAIN, FRANCE AND RUSSIA. BRITISH WANTED INDIAN MUSLIMS TO FIGHT IN THE
WAR AGAINST THE TURKS, BUT THEY KNEW THAT BRITISH WOULD RESPECT THE RIGHTS OF THE KHALIFA
AND TURKISH EMPIRE WOULD BE MAINTAINED. AS A RESULT OF THIS PROMISE THOUSANDS OF
MUSLIMS JOINED THE BRITISH ARMY.
TURKISH SIDE WAS DEFEATED AT THE END OF THE WAR. MUSLIMS ALL OVER THE WORLD WERE
CONCERNED WITH HOW TURKEY WOULD BE TREATED. ISTANBUL HAD BEEN THE HOME OF CALIPHATE
AND THE TURKISH SULTAN WAS RECOGNIZED AS THE KHALIFA (CALIPH). THE ALLIES HOPED TO DESTROY
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE BY ENCOURAGING, TURKEY TO BECOME A NATION RATHER THAN AN EMPIRE.
THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES SET OUT TO DIVIDE GERMANY INTO TWO PARTS.
MUSLIMS WERE IN ENCOURAGED TO STOP BRITISH FROM TREATING TURKEY SAME AS GERMANY AND
AUSTRIA. THERE WERE MANY PEACEFUL DEMONSTRATIONS AND BYCOTT
NON-COOPERATION POLICY
IN AUGUST 1920 A FULL SCALE NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT WAS LAUNCHED IN WITH THE
COLLABORATION WITH GANDHI. GANDHI CAME FORWARD WITH THEIR FULL SUPPORT FOR THE
MOVEMENT. INDIANS WERE ASKED TO GIVE UP GOVERNMENT. SERVICES, RENOUNCE TITLE AND
BOYCOTT COURTS OF LAW AND BRITISH GOODS, WALK OUT OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. GANDHI
ASSURED THE PEOPLE THAT IF THIS MOVEMENT WOULD BE IN A UNITED, DISCIPLINED AND NON-
VIOLENT FASHION, THEY WOULD ATTAIN “SWARAJ OR SELF-RULE” WITHIN A YEAR. THE KHILAFAT AND
NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT TOOK THE SHAPE OF MASS MOVEMENT. THIS WAS THE MOST SERIOUS
POLITICAL THREAT THAT THE BRITISH FACED AFTER THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 1857.
HINDU-MUSLIM UNITY WAS AT ITS HEIGHT. THE CONGRESS CLEVERLY DECIDED TO USE MUSLIM
AGITATION TO PRESS THE BRITISH FOR THE FURTHER CONCESSION ON SELF-RULE AND TO SHOW THE
MUSLIMS THAT THE HINDU- MUSLIMS UNITY WAS BENEFICIAL. QUAID-E-AZAM WAS NOT IN FAVOR OF
GANDHI’S NON-COOPERATION PROGRAM BECAUSE HE THOUGHT THAT IT MIGHT BE VIOLENT, SO HE
RESIGNED FROM CONGRESS IN 1920.
HIJRAT MOVEMENT
IT WAS A BY-PRODUCT OF KHILAFAT MOVEMENT. IN 1920 ABDUL KALAM AZAD AND MAULANA ABDUL
BARI GAVE A CALL FOR HIJRAT MOVEMENT AND URGED THE MUSLIMS TO MIGRATE TO A PLACE WHERE
THEY CAN FREELY PRACTICE THEIR RELIGION, THEY CALLED INDIA AS ‘DAR-UL-HARB’. NEARLY 18000
MUSLIMS MOSTLY FROM SINDH, NWFP AND PUNJAB AFTER SELLING THEIR LAND AND PROPERTIES,
MIGRATED TO AFGHANISTAN. THE AFGHAN GOVERNMENT WELCOMED THEM IN THE BEGINNING BUT
AFTERWARDS REFUSED TO ACCEPT THEM. MANY PEOPLE PERISHED IN THE WAY AND THOSE WHO
RETURNED BACK TO INDIA TO FIND THEM HOMELESS AND DOOMED FOREVER. AS A RESULT OF THIS ALL
MUSLIMS BECAME BACKWARD IN ALL FIELDS OF LIFE. THIS MIGRATION TO AFGHANISTAN IS KNOWN AS
THE, “HIJRAT MOVEMENT” IN THE HISTORY OF INDIA. IT WAS ECONOMIC MISERY.
CHAURA-CHAURI INCIDENT
THE NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT WAS LEADING TO VIOLENCE AND LOSING ITS MOMENTUM. IN
FEB. 1922 AT CHAURA-CHAURI IN A VILLAGE NEAR UP A TROUBLE ERUPTED BETWEEN THE POLICE AND
THE DEMONSTRATING PROCESSION. THE HOSTILE MOB SET FIRE TO THE POLICE STATION WHERE 22
POLICEMEN WERE BURNT ALIVE. GANDHI WAS SO UPSET THAT HE IMMEDIATELY AND UNILATERALLY
CALLED OF NON- COOPERATION MOVEMENT DOING GREAT DEAL OF DAMAGE TO THE ENTIRE KHILAFAT
MOVEMENT
TREATMENT OF TURKEY
1920, THE TREATY OF SEVRES: BRITISH ANNOUNCED. THE TREATY INDICATED THAT OTTOMAN EMPIRE
WAS TO BE SPLIT UP. ARABIA WILL BE INDEPENDENT AND TURKEY’S OTHER POSSESSIONS IN THE
MIDDLE EAST WERE PLACED UNDER THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS ARE ALLOCATED TO BRITISH AND FRANCE
(NON-MUSLIM STATES). TURKISH LAND WAS TO BE GIVEN TO GREECE SO THAT TURKEY’S ONLY
POSSESSION IN EUROPE WAS A SMALL AREA AROUND ISTANBUL.
THE TURKISH REBELLED AGAINST THIS TREATY OF SEVRES, SO THE TREATY OF LAUSANNE REPLACED IT IN
1923. SOME IF THE LAND WAS GAINED, BUT TURKEY NEVER REGAINED THE CONTROL OF MUSLIM
TERRITORIES IN MIDDLE EAST.
END OF KHILAFAT MOVEMENT

•GANDHI CALLED OF HIS SUPPORT WHICH WEAKENED HINDU-MUSLIMS UNITY

•1922, SULTAN WAS DEPRIVED OF POWERS
•1924, KAMAL ATTA TURK BECAME THE NEW KHALIFA, HE EXILED MUHAMMAD IV (LAST SULTAN). HE
ALSO ABOLISHED THE KHILAFAT. IT NO LONGER MATTERS WHAT INDIAN MUSLIMS OR BRITISH
WANTED.
WHY FAILED?
•THE NON-VIOLENCE, NON-COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT TURNED INTO VIOLENCE. AFTER THE CHAURA-
CHAURI INCIDENT IN FEB 1922, GANDHI CALLED OF HIS SUPPORT
•GANDHI AND OTHER MUSLIMS LEADERS OF THE MOVEMENT WERE ARRESTED IN 1922 WITH THE
ARREST OF LEADERS THE MOVEMENT LOST ITS MOMENTUM.
•ALTHOUGH THE KHILAFAT MOVEMENT WAS THE FIRST MOVEMENT IN WHICH HINDUS AND MUSLIMS
WORKED TOGETHER, THEIR UNITY WAS PROBABLY ALWAYS DOOMED TO FAILURE. THE HINDU AIM FOR
SELF-RULE WAS NOT REALLY AN OBJECTIVE OF THE MUSLIMS AND HINDUS WERE PREPARED TO
SUPPORT THE MUSLIMS IN PROTECTING THEIR RELIGIOUS RIGHT ONLY AS LONG AS IT HELPED MOVE
INDIA TOWARDS THE SELF-RULE.
•HIJRAT MOVEMENT AT CRITICAL STAGE WAS ANOTHER BLOW FOR MUSLIMS.
•ON 3RD MARCH 1924 THE FINAL AND DEADLY BLOW WAS STRUCK AT THE KHILAFAT MOVEMENT BY
MUSTAFA KAMAL ATA TURK PASHA WHO EXILED KHALIFA, MUHAMMAD VL AND ABOLISHED KHILAFAT
AND ESTABLISHED NATIONALIST GOVERNMENT OF TURKEY
 POLITICS DURING BRITISH ERA

ACT OF PARLIAMENT 1773

•EIC REQUIRED TO PROVIDE GOOD GOVERNMENT AND STOP ANARCHY
PITTS INDIA ACT 1784
•BRITISH GOVERNMENT HAD FULL CONTROL OVER INDIAN POSSESIONS,GOVERNOR GENERAL
APPOINTED AND WOULD HAVE CONTROL OVER THREE PRESIDENCIES,THERE WOULD BE PROVINCIAL
GOVERNORS AND COMMANDER IN CHIEF FOR ARMED FORCES
SUBSIDARY ALLIANCE 1798
•LAND FOR PROTECTION (BY BRITISH)
•ENGLISH MADE OFFICAL LANGUAGE 1834
•EDUCATION IN ENGLISH 1835
DOCTRINE OF LAPSE 1852
•IF A RULER DIED WITHOUT NATURAL MALE HEIR LAND WOULD BE ANNEXED BY BRITISH
PROCLAMATION OF 1858
•BRITISH GOVERNMENT REPLACED EIC IN INDIA AND MADE PROMISES THESE INCLUDE; NO
INTERFERENCE IN RELIGION,REGARD TOWARDS ANCIENT PROPERTY AND CUSTOMS,ABIDE BY ALL
TREATY OBLIGATION,NO FURTHER TERRITORIAL ACQUISITIONS,GUARANTEE OF RIGHT TO
APPOINTMENTS IN PUBLIC SERVICE
HINDU URDU CONTROVERSY 1867
•HINDU DEMAND OF REPLACEMENT OF URDU AS OFFICAL LANGUAGE
1877 QUEEN VICTORIA PROCLAIMED RULER OF INDIA
VERNACULAR ACT OF 1878
•STRICT CONTROL OF NEWSPAPERS
ARMS ACT 1878
•STRICT RULES FOR OWNING WEAPONS;MAKING IT IMPOSSIBLE FOR MANY INDIANS TO OWN
WEAPON,WAS MADE TO MAKE A UPRINSG LESS EFFECTIVE
PARTITION OF BENGAL 1905
•DIVISON OF BENGAL INTO TWO PROVINCES EAST BENGAL (MUSLIM MAJORITY) AND WEAST BENGAL
(HINDU MAJORITY)
SIMLA DEPUTATION 1906
•LORD MINTO ACCEPTED MUSLIM DEMAND OF SEPARATE ELECTORATES AND 1/3RD REPRESENTATION
PRESS ACT 1908
•GREATER CONTROL OVER NEWSPAPERS
25TH SESSION OF MUHAMMADAN EDUCATIONAL CONFERENCE AT DHAKA 1906
•FORMATION OF MUSLIM LEAGUE
MORLEY MINTO REFORMS
•THE IMPERIAL COUNCIL WAS INCREASED TO 60 MEMBERS BY ADDING MORE 'NON OFFICIAL MEMBERS'
(MEMBERS NOT HOLDING POSITIONS IN GOVERNMENT). HOWEVER, THE BRITISH RETAINED CONTROL
BY ENSURING THAT THE MAJORITY OF MEMBERS WERE 'OFFICIAL' (AND THEREFORE APPOINTED BY THE
BRITISH).
•THE CENTRAL EXECUTIVE COUNCIL WAS INCREASED BY ADDING 60 NEW MEMBERS. THE COUNCIL
COULD DISCUSS MATTERS OF IMPORTANCE AND ADVISE ON GOVERNMENT POLICIES, INCLUDING THE
BUDGET.
•PROVINCIAL COUNCILS WERE ALSO INCREASED TO 50 MEMBERS IN THE LARGER PROVINCES AND 30 IN
SMALLER PROVINCES. COUNCILS WERE ALSO INCREASED TO 50 MEMBERS IN THE LARGER PROVINCES
AND 30 IN SMALLER PROVINCES.
•MUSLIM REPRESENTATIVES TO THE COUNCILS WERE ELECTED BY A SEPARATE MUSLIM ONLY
ELECTORATE
REVERSAL OF PARTITON OF BENGAL 1911
•EAST AND WEST BENGAL MERGED
DEFENCE ACT OF INDIA 1915
•BRITSISH GOT EXTRAORDINARY POWER TO DEAL WITH UNREST IN INDIA DURING WORLD WAR 1
LUCKNOW PACT 1916
•CONGRESS ACCEPTED MUSLIM DEMAND OF SEPARATE ELECTORATES, 1/3RD REPRESENTATION AND
NO ALLOWANCE OF ACT REGARDING A CERTAIN COMMUNITY UNLESS 3/4TH OF THAT COMMUNITIES
MEMBERS OF COUNCIL SUPPORT IT
•MUSLIM LEAGUE ACCEPTED TO SUPPORT ALL OF CONGRESSES DEMANDS
MONTAGUE-CHELMSFORD REFORMS 1917
•THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL SHOULD NOW BE KNOWN AS THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. IT WOULD HAVE
145 MEMBERS, OF WHICH 103 SHOULD BE ELECTED FOR A PERIOD OF 3 YEARS. THERE SHOULD BE
SEPARATE ELECTORATES FOR MUSLIMS AND SIKHS, WITH 32 SEATS RESERVED FOR MUSLIMS.
•THE COUNCIL OF STATE WOULD HAVE 60 MEMBERS, 33 OF WHOM WOULD BE ELECTED. A COUNCIL OF
PRINCES WAS SET UP WITH 108 MEMBERS TO ALLOW THE PRINCES TO DEBATE MATTERS OF
IMPORTANCE. BUT IT HAD NO POWER AND SOME PRINCES DID NOT EVEN BOTHER TO ATTEND WHAT
WAS LITTLE MORE THAN A TALKING SHOP'.
•THE ROLE IN THE CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION FOR THE INDIANS WAS FURTHER RESTRICTED BY THE
POWER OF THE VICEROY WHO COULD STILL PASS ANY LAW HE CHOSE, IF HE FELT IT WAS NECESSARY
FOR SAFETY OF INDIA. ALSO THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL WAS STILL MADE UP OF ONLY NOMINATED
MEMBERS, ALTHOUGH THREE OF THESE WERE NOW TO BE INDIAN
•IN PROVINCES A NEW SYSTEM OF DIARCHY WAS INTRODUCED
•RESERVED SUBJECTS WERE CONTROLLED BY THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNOR AND HIS EXECUTIVE
COUNCIL, WHICH HAD BETWEEN TWO AND FOUR MEMBERS NOMINATED BY THE GOVERNOR.
•TRANSFERRED SUBJECTS WERE ENTRUSTED TO MINISTERS RESPONSIBLE TO PROVINCIAL LEGISLATIVE
COUNCILS. AS THESE COUNCILS WERE ELECTED BY THE PEOPLE, THIS LOOKED AS IF THERE WAS A
SUBSTANTIAL DEGREE OF INVOLVEMENT BY LOCAL PEOPLE, BUT IT SHOULD NOT BE FORGOTTEN THAT
THE MINISTERS WERE CHOSEN FROM THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL BY THE VICEROY HIMSELF. SO HE HAD
THE REAL POWER. INDEED, UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES, THE VICEROY HAD THE AUTHORITY TO
DISMISS THE PROVINCIAL LEGISLATIVE COUNCILS.
•THE BRITISH ALSO CLAIMED THAT THEY WERE EXTENDING VOTING RIGHTS TO MORE LOCAL PEOPLE,
BUT THE NEW REGULATIONS STILL MEANT THAT ONLY 5.5 MILLION (OR 2%) OF INDIA'S 250 MILLION
POPULATION COULD VOTE.
ROWLATT ACT 1918
•INTRODUCED DUE TO OPPOSITION OF MONATGU CHELMSFORD REFORMS, HAD THE MEASURES OF
DEFENCE ACT OF INDIA,STATED ARREST WITHOUT WARRANT, DETENTION WITHOUT BAIL, THE RIGHT OF
THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT TO ORDER PEOPLE WHERE TO LIVE
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT 1919
•LAUNCHED TO PROTECT THE KHALIFA OF OTTOMON EMPIRE AND REMIND BRITISH OF THEIR
PROTECTION OF THE KHALIFA

NON COOPERATION MOVEMENT 1920

•LAUNCHED BY GANDHI, TOTAL BYCOTT OF BRITISH SCHOOLS, JOBS, AND GOODS, FIRST OF MANY NON
COOPERATION MOVEMENTS LAUNCHED BY GANDHI
SIMON COMMISSION 1927
•SEVEN MAN COMMITEE SENT TO INDIA UNDER SIR JOHN SIMON TO DEVISE A NEW CONSTITUTION FOR
INDIA BUT GOT OPPOSED BEFORE COMPLETING REPORT
ALL PARTY CONFERENCE 1928
•MAJOR PARTIES OF INDIA GATHER AND TRY AND FIND A CONSTITUTION FOR INDIA
NEHRU REPORT 1928
•THE REPORT CALLED FOR: IMMEDIATE DOMINION STATUS FOR INDIA. THIS MEANT THAT INDIA
WOULD BECOME INDEPENDENT, BUT WOULD REMAIN A MEMBER OF THE COMMONWEALTH AND
ACCEPT THE BRITISH MONARCH AS HEAD OF STATE. INDIA TO BE A FEDERATION WITH A TWO-CHAMBER
PARLIAMENT. THERE WOULD BE UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE TO ELECT THE LOWER HOUSE AND THE
PROVINCIAL COUNCILS. NOT SEPARATE ELECTORATES FOR ANY COMMUNITY OR WEIGHTAGE FOR
MINORITIES. THERE WAS, HOWEVER, TO BE PROTECTION OF THE MINORITIES THROUGH A SYSTEM OF
RESERVING SEATS IN THE CENTRAL PARLIAMENT.NO STATE RELIGION AND MEN AND WOMEN SHOULD
HAVE EQUAL RIGHTS AS CITIZENS. HINDI TO BE MADE THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF INDIA. HOWEVER
THIS WAS REJECTED BY MUSLIM LEAGUE
14 POINTS OF JINNAH 1929
•AS OPPOSITION TO THE NEHRU REPORT QUAID INTRODUCED HIS 14 POINTS. THESE 14 POINTS WERE:
1. ANY FUTURE CONSTITUTION SHOULD BE FEDERAL, WITH RESTING WITH THE PROVINCES.
2. ALL PROVINCES SHOULD HAVE THE SAME AMOUNT OF AUTONOMY.
3. ALL LEGISLATURES AND LOCAL BODIES SHOULD BE CONSTITUTED WITH ADEQUATE REPRESENTATION
OF MINORITIES.
4. MUSLIMS SHOULD HAVE ONE-THIRD OF THE SEATS IN THE CENTRAL ASSEMBLY.
5. ELECTION SHOULD BE BY SEPARATE ELECTORATES.
6. ANY TERRITORIAL CHANGES SHOULD NOT AFFECT THE MUSLIM MAJORITY IN BENGAL, THE PUNJAB
AND THE NWFP (NOW KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA).
7. FULL LIBERTY OF BELIEF AND WORSHIP SHALL BE GRANTED TO ALL COMMUNITIES.
8. NO BILL SHALL BE PASSED IN ANY ELECTED BODY IF 3/4 OF ANY COMMUNITY IN THAT BODY OPPOSED
IT.
9. SINDH SHALL BE SEPARATED FROM BOMBAY.
10. THERE SHOULD BE REFORMS IN THE NWFP (NOW KP) AND BALOCHISTAN TO PUT THEM ON THE
SAME FOOTING AS OTHER PROVINCES
11. MUSLIMS SHOULD HAVE AN ADEQUATE SHARE IN THE SERVICES OF THE STATE.
12. MUSLIM CULTURE, EDUCATION, LANGUAGE, RELIGION AND CHARITIES SHOULD BE PROTECTED BY
THE CONSTITUTION.
13. ALL CABINETS (AT CENTRAL OR LOCAL LEVEL) SHOULD HAVE AT LEAST 1/3 MUSLIM
REPRESENTATION.
14. THE FEDERATION OF INDIA MUST NOT CHANGE LAWS WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF THE PROVINCES.
SALT MARCH 1930
•LAUNCHED BY GANDHI OVER TAX ON SALT
ALLAHABAD ADDRESS 1930
•CHAIRED BY ALLAMA IQBAL DEMANDED SEPARATE MUSLIM NATION, BEGINNING OF PAKISTAN
MOVEMENT
FIRST ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE 1930
• ATTEMPT TO DEVISE A CONSTITUTION FOR INDIA BUT THE SUCCESS WERE THAT THE PRINCES
DECLARED THAT THEY WOULD JOIN A FUTURE FEDERATION OF INDIA AS LONG AS THEIR RIGHTS WERE
RECOGNISED. THE BRITISH AGREED THAT REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT SHOULD BE INTRODUCED AT
PROVINCIAL LEVEL.
SECOND ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE 1931
•GANDHI ATTENDED DUE TO GANDHI IRWIN PACT.THERE WERE NO SUCCESS HOWEVER REASON FOR
FAILURE WERE, THE LABOUR PARTY HAD LOST POWER IN BRITAIN AND THE NEW COALITION
GOVERNMENT WAS LESS KEEN TO REACH A COMPROMISE IN INDIA. GANDHI TOOK A HARD LINE IN THE
TALKS AND REFUSED TO RECOGNISE THE PROBLEMS OF THE MINORITIES IN THE SUBCONTINENT.
THE COMMUNAL AWARDS 1932
•ARRANGED BY BIRTISH PRIME MINISTER RAMSAY MACDONALD.THIS GAVE THE RIGHT OF SEPARATE
ELECTORATES TO ALL MINORITIES AND PRINCIPAL OF WEIGHTAGE WAS ALSO APPLIED
THIRD ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE 1932
•TOTAL FAILURE AS NO MAJOR POLITICAL FIGURE ATTENDED
NOW OR NEVER 1933
•PHAMPLET WRITTEN BY RAHMAT ALI SAYING THAT MUSLIM SHOULD HAVE THEIR OWN HOMELAND
AND INTRODUCED THE NAME PAKISTAN
GOVERNMENT ACT OF 1935
•LAST MAJOR LEGISLATION THAT BRITISH PASSED BEFORE PARTITON, ITS MAIN TERMS WERE:
°INDIA WAS TO BE A FEDERATION INCLUDING BOTH THE PROVINCES OF BRITISH INDIA AND ANY
PRINCELY STATES WHICH CHOSE TO JOIN.
°THERE WERE TO BE TWO HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT AT CENTRAL GOVERNMENT LEVEL. THE UPPER
HOUSE (COUNCIL OF STATE) WAS TO HAVE 156 MEMBERS FROM BRITISH INDIA AND 104 FROM THE
PRINCELY STATES. THE MEMBERS FROM BRITISH INDIA WERE TO BE ELECTED AND THOSE FROM THE
PRINCELY STATES WERE TO BE NOMINATED.
° THE LOWER HOUSE (ASSEMBLY) WAS TO HAVE 250 MEMBERS FROM BRITISH INDIA (ELECTED BY THE
PROVINCIAL LEGISLATURES) AND 125 MEMBERS FROM THE PRINCELY STATES (NOMINATED).
° DIARCHY WAS DROPPED AT PROVINCIAL LEVEL, BUT INTRODUCED AT CENTRAL GOVERNMENT LEVEL.
CERTAIN 'RESERVED' SUBJECTS (DEFENCE, FOREIGN AFFAIRS, ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS AND THE
ADMINISTRATION OF THE TRIBAL AREAS) WERE TO BE ADMINISTERED EXCLUSIVELY BY THE GOVERNOR-
GENERAL ASSISTED BY UP TO THREE APPOINTED COUNCILLORS.
° AT PROVINCIAL LEVEL, DIARCHY WAS REPLACED WITH A SYSTEM IN WHICH PROVINCES WERE GIVEN A
LARGE DEGREE OF AUTONOMY. THE MINISTERS OF PROVINCES WERE, IN EFFECT, HEADS OF PROVINCIAL
ADMINISTRATION AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNORS WERE INSTRUCTED TO ACT ON THEIR ADVICE EXCEPT
IN AREAS WHERE THEY HAD SPECIAL RESPONSIBILITIES (THE PEACE OF THE PROVINCE AND THE RIGHTS
OF MINORITIES).
°THE NUMBER OF PROVINCES WAS INCREASED TO ELEVEN BY GIVING THE NWFP (NOW KHYBER
PAKHTUNKHWA) THE STATUS OF A FULLY-FLEDGED PROVINCE AND CREATING TWO NEW PROVINCES,
ORRISA AND SINDH. THE COMPOSITION OF THE PROVINCIAL LEGISLATURES VARIED, THOUGH MOST
HAD A BI-CAMERAL SYSTEM SIMILAR TO THAT OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT. THE ACT APPEARED TO
GRANT REAL POWER TO THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, BUT IN REALITY THINGS WERE A LITTLE DIFFERENT.
°THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL WAS HEAD OF THE FEDERATION AND COULD EXERT SPECIAL POWERS IN THE
RESERVED SUBJECTS.
°PROVINCIAL GOVERNORS ALSO HAD SPECIAL POWERS IN THE TWO RESERVED AREAS. THEY HAD THE
AUTHORITY TO DISMISS MINISTERS AND EVEN THE RIGHT TO DISMISS THE WHOLE ADMINISTRATION
AND RULE BY PROCLAMATION DURING A PERIOD OF EMERGENCY. THE PART CONCERNING CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT WAS NEVER INTRODUCED BECAUSE THE PRINCES REJECTED THE NEW ARRANGEMENTS.
°ALTHOUGH THE ACT APPEARED TO GIVE THE INDIAN PEOPLE A SAY IN RUNNING THEIR OWN COUNTRY,
THERE WAS A VERY LIMITED FRANCHISE. THE PROPERTY QUALIFICATION FOR VOTING MEANT THAT
ONLY 25% OF INDIA'S POPULATION WAS ALLOWED TO VOTE IN THE PROVINCIAL ELECTIONS.
ELECTIONS OF 1937
•VICTOR CONGRESS AND HUMILIATING DEFEAT OF MUSLIM LEAGUE
RULE OF CONGRESS 1937-39
•THIS PERIOD WAS KNOWN AS PERIODS OF CONGRESS TYRANNY. MOSQUES WERE ATTACKED, BANDE
MATRAM WAS TO BE SUNG BEFORE START OF EVERY DAY; IT WAS HUMILIATING FOR MUSLIMS AS IT
WAS AGAINST THEM,WARDHA SCHEME WAS INTRODUCED AND ALL CHILDREN HAD TO BOW DOWN TO
GANDHI AND HIS PICTURES AND TEACHING WAS DONE IN HINDI AND SPINNING COTTON WAS MADE
PART OF CURRICULAR.
THE DAY OF DELIVERANCE 1939
•DUE TO BRITAIN INDUCTING INDIA INTO WAR THE MEMBERS OF CONGRESS GAVE RESIGNATION. THIS
WAS CELEBRATED BY JINNAH AS FREEDOM FROM CONGRESS RULE WAS ACHIEVED.
THE PAKISTAN RESOLUTION 1940
•JINNAH BECAME CONVINCED THAT A SEPARATE MUSLIM HOMELAND WAS REQUIRED. THIS WAS FIRST
KNOWN AS LAHORE RESOLUTION BUT BRITISH NAMED IT PAKISTAN RESOLUTION.

THE CRIPPS MISSION 1942

•ON MARCH 1942 THE BRITISH SENT SIR STAFFORD CRIPPS, A MEMBER OF THE CABINET, TO INDIA TO
SEE IF A COMPROMISE COULD BE BE REACHED WHICH WOULD WIN SUPPORT FOR THE BRITISH WAR
EFFORT.CRIPPS PROPOSED:
1.AFTER THE WAR, AN INDIAN UNION WOULD BE SET UP WITH DOMINION STATUS.
2.AFTER WAR A CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY SHOULD FRAME A NEW CONSTITUTION.
3.ELECTIONS FOR THE CONSTITUENT ASSMEBLY WOULD BE HELD IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE WAR.
•(REJECTED BY BOTH MUSLIMS AND HINDUS)
QUIT INDIA RESOLUTION 1942
•ON MAY 1942 ON A CONGRESS MEETING IN ALLAHABAD,GANDHI TALKED ABOUT HOW THERE
WOULD'NT BE A THREAT OF JAPANESE INVASION IF BRITISH LEFT INDIA SO THEY SHOULD PERSUADE
BRITISH TO DO SO. DUE TO THIS GANDHI WAS ARRESTED AND COMGREES WAS TEMPORARILY BANNED.
MUSLIM LEAGUE OPPOSED THIS.
GANDHI JINNAH TALKS 1944
•AFTER GANDHI WAS RELEASED FROM PRISION HE INVITED JINNAH TO TALK ABOUT FUTURE OF INDIA
AFTER THE BRITISH HAD LEFT. ON SPETEMBER 1944 BOTH MET AT JINNAH’S RESIDENCE HOWEVER THE
TALKS BROKE DOWN AND THE REASONS FOR THIS WERE: FIRST GANDHI WANTED MUSLIM LEAGUE TO
SUPPORT THEM IN MAKING BRITISH LEAVE IMMEDIATELY, SECOND JINNAH WANTED PROVINCIAL
AUTONOMY WHILE GANDHI DIDNT, GANDHI CONSIDERED HIMSELF SPOKESPERSON OF ALL INDIA BUT
JINNAH TOLD HIM THAT HE WAS ONLY CONGRESSES AND LASTLY GANDHI DIDNT SUPPORT TWO
NATION THEORY
SIMLA CONFERENCE 1945
•LORD WAVELL CALLED A CONFERENCE IN SIMLA IN JUNE 1945. THE ATTENDEES WERE REPRESENTATIVE
FROM EACH PARTY AND COMMUNITY OF INDIA. FIRSTLY ALL PARTIES HAD AGREED WITH PRINCIPLE OF
AN EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. HOWEVER WAVELL WANTED EQUAL NUMBER OF HINDUS AND MUSLIMS BUT
JINNAH ARUGUED THAT SIKHS AND OTHRR CASTES WOULD ALWAYS VOTE FOR CONGRESS AND THAT
MUSLIM CANDIDATE COULD BE PLACED BY CONGRESS , NO SOULTION WAS FOUND FOR THIS PROBLEM
SO THIS FAILED.
ELECTIONS 1945 (BRITAIN)
•VICTOR LABOUR PARTY; CLEMENT ATLEE
ELECTIONS 1945 (INDIA)
•CONGRESS WON 91% OF NON MUSLIM SEATS
•MUSLIM LEAGUE WON 87% OF ALL MUSLIM VOTES , THIS PERFORMANCE WAS WAY BETTER THAN THE
PERFORMANCE OF 1935
JINNAH MASTER STROKE 1945
•WHILE SETTING UP MUSLIM LEAGUE MEMBERS IN COUNCIL JINNAH NOMINATED ONE HINDU MEMBER
AND 4 MUSLIMS IT SHOWED THAT JINNAH WASNT ANTI HINDU AND IT WAS THE PERFECT REPLY FOR
CONGRESS NOMINATING MUSLIM CANDIDATE
CABINET MISSION PLAN 1946
•IN MARCH 1946 A THREE MAN DELEGATION WAS SENT TO INDIA UNDER SIR STAFFORD CRIPPS TO TRY
AND FIND A SETTLEMENT WHICH WAS ACCEPTABLE BY THE INDIANS. HOWEVER UPON ARRIVAL THEY
FOUND OUT THAT THERE WAS LITTLE COMMON GROUNDS BETWEEN THE MUSLIM LEAGUE AND
CONGRESS. DUE TO THIS A NEW APPROACH WAS TAKEN AND THEY DECIDED TO SET UP AN INTERIM
GOVERNMENT TO RULE INDIA WHILST THE BRITISH WITHDREW. THE GOVERNMENT WOULD FORM ALL-
INDIA COMMISION FROM MEMBERS OF CURRENT PROVINCIAL AND CENTERAL LEGISLATION. THEY
WOULD THEN DECIDE WHETHER THERE SHOULD BE 1 STATE OR 2 THE CABINET MISSION ALSO STATED
SOME POINTS:FIRST IT REJECTED THE IDEA OF PAKISTAN, SECOND THERE WOULD INSTEAD BE 3
PROVINCES; ONE HINDU MAJORITY, ONE MUSLIM MAJORITY AND ONE OF BENGAL AMD ASAM. THIRD
EACH PROVINCE WOULD HAVE POWER TO DEVISE ITS OWN CONSTITUTION HOWEVER FOREIGN
AFFAIRS, DEFENCE AND COMMUNICATION WOULD BE MANAGED BY A CENTERAL INDIAN UNION.
( MUSLIM LEAGUE REJECTED IT BECAUSE CONGRESS DAID THAT THEY DONT HAVE TO ABIDE TO THIS
AFTER BRITISH LEFT)
DIRECT ACTION DAY 1946
•BY LATE SUMMER OF 1946 BRITISH HAD ANNOUNCED ITS DEPARTURE HOWEVER MUSLIMS FEARED
THAT IF THE BRITISH LEFT CONGRESS WOULD MAKE MUSLIMS SUFFER UNDER THEIR LARGE HINDU
MAJORITY. SO MUSLIM LEAGUE PASSED A REOLUTION IN JULY 1946 FOR FINAL STRUGGLE AGAINST
BRITISH AND CONGRESS. ON 16TH AUGUST THE LEAGUE CALLED FOR DIRECT ACTION DAY IN WHICH
THEY SHOWED MUSLIMS EMOTIONS THROUGH PEACEFUL PROTEST BUT IN CALCUTTA THIS TURNED
INTO “GREAT CALCUTTA KILLING”
THIRD JUNE PLAN 1947
•THE BRITISH ANNOUNCED THAT THEY WOULD BE DEPARTING BY JUNE OF 1948 AND VICEROY
MOUNTBATTEN WAS SENT, IT WAS QUICKLY NOTICED BY HIM THAT SPEEDY SETTLEMENT WAS
REQUIRED DUE TO HINDU MUSLIM CONFLICTS SO ON THIRD JUNE 1947 THE PLAN PUT FORWARD ITS
POINTS WHICH WERE:
1.TWO STATES SHOULD BE SET UP, INDIA AND PAKISTAN. THE INTERIM CONSTITUTION OF BOTH STATES
WAS THE 1935 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT.
2.EACH STATE WAS TO HAVE DOMINION STATUS AND HAVE AN EXECUTIVE RESPONSIBLE TO A
CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY.
3.MUSLIM MAJORITY PROVINCES WOULD VOTE EITHER TO STAY IN INDIA OR JOIN PAKISTAN. IN SINDH
AND BALOCHISTAN, THE PROVINCIAL LEGISLATURES VOTED TO JOIN PAKISTAN. BENGAL AND PUNJAB
HAD TWO DECISIONS TO MAKE. FIRSTLY ON WHETHER TO JOIN PAKISTAN. IF SO, THEY THEN HAD TO
DECIDE WHETHER THE PROVINCES SHOULD BE PORTIONED INTO MUSLIM AND NON-MUSLIM AREAS.
BOTH DECIDED THAT THEY SHOULD JOIN PAKISTAN, BUT THAT THEIR MUSLIM-MINORITY AREAS
SHOULD STAY IN INDIA. THE NWFP (NOW KP) ALSO JOINED PAKISTAN AFTER HOLDING A REFERENDUM.
THE MUSLIM MAJORITY DISTRICT OF SYLHET IN ASSAM JOINED THE EASTERN WING OF PAKISTAN.
4.BIRTISH WOULD BE LEAVING IN AUGUST 1947 INSTEAD OF JUNE 1947
RADCLIFFE AWARDS 1947
•SIR CYRIL RADCLIFFE WAS APPOINTED HEAD OF BOUNDARY COMMISSION OF AREAS PARTICULARLY
PUNJAB AND BENGAL
INDEPENDENCE ACT 1947
•ON 15 JULY 1947 IT WAS PASSED DOWN DECLARING PAKISTAN AND INDIA INDEPENDANT NATIONS
 POLITICS AFTER BRITISH

REGIMES:

1. JINNAH + INITIAL PROBLEMS (1947-1946)

2. LIAQAT ALI KHAN (1948-1951) 3. MALIK GHULAM MUHAMMAD (1951-1955)
4. ISKINDAR MIRZA (1955-1957)
5. AYUB KHAN (1958-1969)
6. YAYHA KHAN (1969 - 1971)
7. CREATION OF BENGAL
8. ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO (1971-1977)
9. ZIA UL HAQ (1977-1988)
10. BENAZIR BHUTTO (1988-1990) + (1993 - 1996)
11. NAWAZ SHARIF (1990-1993) + (1997 - 1999)
12.PERWAIZ MUSHARRAF (1999+)

INITIAL PROBLEMS
RADCLIFFE AWARD
MANY MUSLIM MAJORITY AREAS (GURDASPUR, FEROZEPUR) WERE GIVEN TO INDIA
THIS AGGRAVATED THE REFUGEE ISSUE
LED TO KASHMIR DISPUTE
FEROZEPUR LED TO INDUS WATER DISPUTE
GEOGRAPHICAL PROBLEMS
TWO PARTS, 1000 MILES APART
HARD TO ADMINISTER DIFFERING CULTURES
JINNAH TRIED TO FIX THIS THROUGH SPEECHES
JINNAH INSISTED ON URDU AS NATIONAL LANGUAGE
POLITICAL/ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS
POOR ADMINISTRATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE
CIVIL SERVANTS, GOVT BUILDINGS, FURNITURE SHORTAGE
JINNAH FLEW EXPERIENCED GOVT OFFICIALS TO KARACHI IN SPECIAL TRAINS.
CONSTITUTION WAS NOT MADE
FRAMEWORK FOR SETTING UP CONSTITUTION WAS DELAYED
CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY MEMBERS WERE DUMB, WEALTHY, LANDLORDS.
JINNAH WAS CHIEF EXECUTIVE, DIDN'T START WORK NOR OUTLINE THE TIME TO ASSEMBLY.
ECONOMY
PAKISTAN LACKED PROPER INDUSTRIES
JUTE PRODUCTION WAS IN EAST PAKISTAN, MILLS WENT TO INDIA
SUFFERED BECAUSE OF CANAL WATER DISPUTE
SOCIAL
5 NATIONALITIES/POPULATION GROUPS
CULTURALLY DIFFERENT
MOST OF PAKISTAN LACKED EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE
PLUS A LACK OF HEALTH SERVICES
FINANCIAL ASSET DIVISION
INDIA REFUSED TO PAY ASSETS
PAKISTAN WAS SUPPOSED TO GET 750M
GOT 200M, WAR STARTED AND INDIA DIDN'T GAVE.
GANDHI'S HUNGER STRIKE MADE THEM GIVE 500M MORE
MILITARY ASSET DIVISION
PAKISTAN NEEDED 4000 OFFICERS
HAD ONLY 2500.
500 BRITISH BROUGHT IN
NO ORDNANCE FACTORIES.
JINNAH MADE THEM SEND 60M FOR ORDINANCE FACTORIES
SUPPLIES SENT TO PAKISTAN WERE OLD, WORN, DAMAGED.
CANAL WATER DISPUTE
APRIL 1948 INDIA STOPPED WATER SUPPLY TO PAKISTAN,
AGRARIAN ECONOMY THREATENED
MAY 1948, TEMPORARY AGREEMENT TILL PAKISTAN GETS OTHER SOURCES BY JINNAH
TEMPORARY AGREEMENT
REFUGEE ISSUE
UNFAIR RADCLIFFE AWARD (GURDASPUR, FEROZEPUR)
20M HOMELESS, DIFFERENT GROUPS TURNED ON EACH OTHER
PAKISTAN AND INDIA WORKED TOGETHER IN AN ATTEMPT TO EVACUATE AND ACCOMMODATE.
JINNAH DECLARED HIMSELF "PROTECTOR GENERAL OF MINORITIES" SET UP RELIEF FUND
JINNAH SHIFTED CENTER TO LAHORE
THESE WEREN'T ACCOMMODATED PROPERLY. NO HOUSES, JOBS ETC
KASHMIR
MUSLIM POPULATION WANTED PAKISTAN, HINDU LEADER WANTED INDIA.
BORDER UNCERTAIN
BOTH LAID CLAIMS, CONFLICT AND TENSION
JINNAH WAS UNABLE TO SOLVE IT
HYDERABAD AND JUNAGADH AND SIMILAR PROBLEMS.
LIAQUAT ALI KHAN
SUCCESSES
>OBJECTIVES RESOLUTION INTRODUCED IN CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
....GUARANTEED ISLAMIC STATE WITH ISLAMIC LAWS, JUSTICE, BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS, RELIGIOUS
FREEDOM.
....ACCEPTED BY BASIC PRINCIPLES COMMITTEE THUS START TO CONSTITUTION MAKING WAS BEGUN
>OBJECTIVES RESOLUTION APPEASED ULEMAS WITH THE ISLAMIC REFERENCES.
...SUPPORT FOR LAK'S GOVERNMENT INCREASED.
>THE RESOLUTION BECAME THE PREAMBLE OF THE 1956, 1962, 1973 CONSTITUTIONS. ....STILL USED
TODAY, IMPORTANCE CAN THUS BE JUDGED.
>LAK GAVE SURPLUS BUDGETS TO PAKISTAN ....THUS KEPT A STRONG ECONOMY IN TOUGH FINANCIAL
CONDITIONS
>APPOINTED AYUB KHAN AS CNC
....SATED DEMANDS OF PAKISTANI CNC INSTEAD OF GENERAL GRACY
>LAK SIGNED THE LIAQAT-NEHRU PACT FOR THE MINORITY PROTECTION
....THUS HELPED FIX MINORITY ISSUE

FAILURES

>OBJECTIVES RESOLUTION HAD NO TIME FRAME FOR COMPLETION

....THUS IT WAS NOT THERE WHEN IT WAS SORELY NEEDED (E.G: IN 1956)
>FIRST REPORT OF BASIC PRINCIPLES COMMITTEE REJECTED
....FURTHERED EAST/WEST DIVIDE CONSTITUTION MAKING DELAYED
> PRODA INTRODUCED, GAVE POWER TO DISMISS PEOPLE FROM OFFICE
....MEANT TO PREVENT CORRUPTION, BUT GAVE OFFICIALS POWER TO REMOVE OPPONENTS
....JINNAH'S VISION OF DEMOCRACY DAMAGED

WHY CONSTITUTION MAKING WAS DELAYED IN 1950/WHY BASIC PRINCIPLES COMMITTEE CRITICIZED:
>PARITY OF SEATS BETWEEN EAST AND WEST CRITICIZED BY EAST PAKISTAN
....CLAIMED THEY DESERVED HIGHER SEATS >IT SUGGESTED URDU AS NATIONAL LANGUAGE
.....REJECTED BY E.P, THEY WANTED BENGALI
>STRONGER CENTRAL GOVT CRITICIZED
....PROVINCIAL LEADERS WANTED PROVINCIAL AUTONOMY.
MALIK GHULAM MUHAMMAD
WAS FINANCE MINISTER, TOOK CONTROL AFTER LAK'S ASSASSINATION AFTER PERSUADING KHWAJA
NAZIMUDDIN.

SUCCESSES
>INTRODUCED A 5 YEAR AND A 6 YEAR PLAN FOR DEVELOPMENT. DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC
SECTORS LIKE AGRICULUTRE, INDUSTRY (E.G: EP JUTE MILL, IMPORTANT AS JUTE WAS MAIN EXPORT)
...HELPED TO DEVELOP PAKISTAN ECONOMICALLY
>LARGE RESERVES OF N.GAS WERE DISCOVERED AT SUI, BALOCHISTAN IN 1952, THIS STRENGTHENED
PAKISTAN'S ECONOMY AS NOW THE FUEL REQUIREMENTS OF PAKISTAN'S INDUSTRIES COULD BE MET
AND POWER SECTOR REQUIREMENTS WERE EASILY FULFILLED >MANAGED TO ALLEVIATE RIOTING DUE
TO FOOD SHORTAGES BY PERSUADING THE US TO SEND A MILLION TONS OF WHEAT.

FAILURES:
>RIOTING HAPPENED DUE TO SHORTAGE OF FOOD ....AS WELL AS DUE TO AHMEDIS PRESENT IN THE
GOVT. CIVIL GOVT COULD NOT CONTROL THESE RIOTS.
>MILITARY HELP WAS SOUGHT BY MGM WHICH OPENED THE DOOR FOR FUTURE MARTIAL LAWS. >1952
KHAWAJA NAZIMUDDIN PRESENTED THE SECOND REPORT OF THE BASIC PRINCIPLE
.... THIS SAID ASSEMBLY WOULD HAVE EAST WEST SEAT PARITY, DISLIKED BY HIGHER POPULATION OF
EAST PAKISTAN.
....STATED PRIME MINISTER OF PAKISTAN MUST BE A MUSLIM, ANGERED NON MUSLIMS AS THEY
COULD NO LONGER ATTAIN THE HIGHEST GOVT POST.
....CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY DISLIKED COUNCIL OF ULEMAS WHO HAD CONSTITUTIONAL POWER TO
COMMITTEE IN ASEMBLY. AMEND AND CHANGE LAWS. THUS UNDEMOCRATIC >MGM DISMISSED KN
FROM POWER DESPITE HIS SUPPORT. UNDEMOCRATIC AND UNFAIR, SHOWS HIS WANT FOR POWER.
>IN 1954, PRODA WAS REAPPEALED BY BOGRA, ANNOYED MGMT. HE RETALIATED BY DISSOLVING THE
ASSEMBLY. THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY'S DISSOLVING WAS TROUBLESOME SINCE CONSTITUTION
DELAYED.
ISKANDER MIRZA
SUCCESSES AND FAILURES.
>INTRODUCED "ONE UNIT SCHEME" WHICH MADE ALL THE SEPARATE PROVINCES INTO ONE PROVINCE.
PAKISTAN NOW HAD 2 PROVINCES.
+HELPED CONSTITUTIONAL CRISIS OF DIVIDING SEATS BETWEEN THE TWO SIDES.
-EP DEMANDED MORE SEATS BECAUSE MAJORITY.
-CRITICIZED BY SMALLER UNITS AS SMALLER UNITS FELT THAT THEY'D BE DOMINATED BY PUNJAB, THE
BIGGEST AND MOST DEVELOPED.
>CONSTITUTION OF 1956 BROUGHT IN, STATED THAT PAKISTAN WOULD BE AN ISLAMIC STATE, MUSLIM
PRESIDENT +SATISFIED ULEMAS WHO WANTED A PURELY ISLAMIC STATE
-MINORITIES DISAPPOINTED AND FELT LIKE SECOND CLASS CITIZENS. +BOTH URDU AND BENGALI
RECOGNIZED AS NATIONAL LANGUAGE
>COMMUNICATION AND TELECOMMUNICATION PROJECTS STARTED
+KARACHI AIRPORT CREATED, RAILWAY AND TELEPHONE SERVICES IMPROVED. THUS PAKISTAN
MODERNIZED
>POLITICAL ACTIONS:
-DISMISSED 4 PM'S IN 2 YEARS, -BROUGHT IN AYUB KHAN WHEN HE FEARED EAST PAKISTAN
POLITICIANS
....ABROGATED HIS OWN CONSTITUTION
WHY THE ONE UNIT SCHEME WAS INTRODUCED:
>PEOPLE OF THE 4 PROCINVES WERE LOYAL TO THEIR OWN LOCAL PEOPLE AND AREA, MIRZA BELIEVED
>GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE WOULD VE REUDECED SINCE THERE WOULD BE ONLY ONE PROVINCE,
CREATING ONE PROVINCE WOULD UNIFTY AND INCREASE PATRIOTISM.
>CONSTITUTION EASIER TO AGREE UPON.
WHY THE ONE UNIT SCHEME WAS UNPOPULAR:
>EP SAW IT AS MOVE TO TAKE AWAY THEIR MAJORITY, AS NOW SEATS WERE EQUAL >SMALLER UNITS
OF WP SAW IT AS A THREAT TO THEIR SEPARATE IDENTITIES ....FEARED PUNJAB DOMINATION
....FEARED THAT THEIR RESOURCES WOULD BE USED BY OTHER PROVINES.

REASONS FOR MARTIAL LAW IN 1958:

>RAPID CHANGE IN PM'S: CHUNDRIGAR, SUHRAWARI, FEROZE KHAN NOON.. CAUSED ADMINISTRATIVE
PROBLEMS. AYUB THUS FELT THE NEED TO STEP IN.
>ISKINDAR MIRZA'S DESIRE TO STAY IN POWER, HE FOUND THAT SUHRAWARDI HAD UNITED THE
POLITICAL LEADERS OF PUNJAB AND BENGAL AGAINST HIM HE TURNED TO THE MILITARY SO HE COULD
RETAIN POWER.
>GHULAM HAD GIVEN HIMSELF THE RIGHT TO DISMISS POWER AFTER THE CASE OF THE DISSOLVING OF
THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY IN 1954, "AS THE SITUATION DEMANDED IT". THIS PAVE WAY FOR AYUB
AND ISKINDAR'S MARTIAL LAW FOR THE NATION'S INTEREST
FACTORS THAT DELAYED CONSTITUTION MAKING 1947 - 1956:
>REFUGEE PROBLEMS
>CONSTITUTUENT ASSEMBLY MEMBERS WERE LANDLORDS >OBJECTIVES RESOLUTION HAD NO TIME
FRAME >BASIC PRINCIPLES COMMITTEE FIRST REPORT REJECTED
>1952 REPORT REJECTED
>1954 CRISIS
>ALSO: DEATH OF JINNAH + DEATH OF LAK
AYUB KHAN (DECADE OF DEVELOPMENT)
AYUB KHAN’S TENURE LASTED BETWEEN THE YEARS 1958 AND 1969. HE INTRODUCED VARIOUS
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL REFORMS THAT LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PAKISTAN AS WELL AS HAD
SOME NEGATIVE ASPECTS.
AYUB KHAN INTRODUCED MANY INDUSTRIAL REFORMS TO INDUSTRIALISE PAKISTAN IN ORDER TO
IMPOVE THE LIVING STANDARDS OF THE PEOPLE AS WELL AS BRING DOWN THE LEVEL OF INFLATION. IN
1962, AN OIL REFINERY WAS ESTABLISHED IN KARACHI AND A MINERAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
WAS SET UP FOR THE EXPLORATION OF MINERAL DEPOSITS, BOTH OF WHICH ARE STILL OPERATING IN
PAKISTAN TODAY. AN EXPORT BONUS SCHEME WAS SET UP OFFERING INCENTIVES TO INDUSTRIALISTS
WHO INCREASED EXPORTS, IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE INCOME EARNED FROM EXPORTS. THE
REFORMS LED TO THE AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE BY WHICH THE ECONOMY GREW IN THE 1960S, 7% THAT
WAS THRICE OF INDIA. PRODUCTION ROSE RAPIDLY AND ECONOMY IMPROVED SIGNIFICANTLY. THE
PRICE OF CONSUMER GOODS TOO REDUCED.
IN ORDER TO SAFEGUARD PAKISTAN FROM FAMINE, AYUB KHAN INTRODUCED AGRARIAN REFORMS AS
WELL. A LAW WAS PASSED DECLARING THAT NO FARM COULD BE SMALLER THAN 12.5 ACRES OR
LARGER THAN 500 ACRES (IRRIGATED) OR 1000 ACRES (UNIRRIGATED), SO THAT PRODUCTIVITY COULD
BE INCREASED. THE LARGE FARMS PRODUCED A STEADY RISE IN FOOD OUTPUT. BIG LANDOWNERS HAD
TO FIND TENANTS FOR PARTS OF THEIR LAND AND THIS TOO RAISED PRODUCTIVITY AS THE TENANTS
AND THE SMALLER FARMS WERE MORE EFFICIENT THAN THE LARGER, POORLY RUN FARMS (LARGER
THAN THE LAND CEILING). MOREOVER, THREE MAJOR DAMS WERE BUILT TO HELP IRRIGATION AND
FARMERS WERE ALSO LOANED MONEY TO BUILD WELLS, TO REDUCE THE NEED FOR CANAL IRRIGATION.
CROP YIELDS WERE AT AN ALL-TIME RECORD.
FURTHERMORE, AYUB KHAN INTRODUCED MANY SOCIAL REFORMS TO UPHOLD THE SOCIETY. THE
GOVERNMENT BEGAN AN EXTENSIVE LITERACY PROGRAMME, BUILDING NEW SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES.
GENERAL AZAM KHAN, THE REHABILITATION MINISTER WAS APPOINTED TO DEAL WITH SHELTERLESS
PEOPLE. 75,000 REFUGEES OF THE PARTITION ERA WERE SETTLED IN NEWLY BUILT DWELLINGS NEAR
KARACHI. LAWS WERE PASSED THAT FACTORY OWNERS HAD TO PROVIDE ACCOMMODATION FOR
WORKERS AT A REASONABLE RENT, THUS UPHOLDING THEIR RIGHTS. THERE WAS ALSO AN ATTEMPT TO
CONTROL POPULATION GROWTH BY SETTING UP THE FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMME. RADIO,
CINEMA, NEWSPAPERS ETC. WERE USED TO PERSUADE PEOPLE TO LIMIT THE SIZE OF THEIR FAMILIES.
MEDICAL FACILITIES IMPROVED AND MORE MEDICAL AND NURSING TRAINING SCHOOLS WERE SET UP
TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF DOCTORS AND NURSES. THERE WAS ALSO AN ATTEMPT TO UPHOLD
WOMEN RIGHTS. AYUB KHAN ENCOURAGED FEMALE EDUCATION AND ALSO PASSED THE MUSLIM
FAMILY LAWS ORDINANCE IN 1961 THAT IMPROVED THE POSITION OF WOMEN AND GAVE THEM
RIGHTS SUCH AS, THE RIGHT OF DIVORCE.
AYUB KHAN’S FOREIGN POLICY ALSO PROVED TO BE BENEFICIAL FOR PAKISTAN. INDUSTRIAL
DEVELOPMENT TOOK PLACE AS A RESULT OF LOANS TAKEN FROM MORE DEVELOPED COUNTRIES SUCH
AS USA, UK, USSR AND GERMANY. IN 1961, USSR AGREED TO BEGIN EXPLORING FOR OIL IN PAKISTAN.
CHINA BEGAN TO GIVE AID TO PAKISTAN IN 1963, IT GRANTED PAKISTAN $60 MILLION INTEREST FREE
LOAN AND PURCHASED ITS COTTON AND USSR LOANED PAKISTAN 11 MILLION POUNDS. PIA BEGAN
REGULAR FLIGHTS TO CHINA IN 1963, WHICH INCREASED TRADE WITH CHINA. IN 1964, AN ECONOMIC
UNION WAS FORMED WITH IRAN AND TURKEY, THE REGIONAL COOPERATION FOR DEVELOPMENT
(RCD). IN 1968, PAKISTAN WAS RECEIVING MILITARY AID FROM USA, USSR AND CHINA.
HOWEVER, AYUB KHAN’S REFORMS ALSO HAD NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES. THE INDUSTRIAL REFORMS
IMPROVED THE ECONOMY BUT THE WEALTH CREATED DID NOT BENEFIT THE LARGE NUMBER OF
PAKISTANIS LIVING NEAR THE POVERTY LINE. IT WAS REVEALED IN 1968 THAT ONLY 22 FAMILIES
CONTROLLED 66% OF PAKISTAN’S INDUSTRIAL ASSETS. THESE FAMILIES ALSO CONTROLLED 80% OF
PAKISTAN’S BANKING AND INSURANCE COMPANIES. HENCE, A SMALL ELITE GROUP OF PAKISTANIS HAD
ALMOST COMPLETE CONTROL OF PAKISTAN’S WEALTH. IN ADDITION TO THAT, ALMOST ALL THESE
FAMILIES WERE IN WEST PAKISTAN, CREATING AN ECONOMIC DISPARITY BETWEEN BOTH THE WINGS.
PAKISTAN WAS ALSO BECOMING INCREASINGLY DEPENDANT ON FOREIGN AID FOR INDUSTRIAL
DEVELOPMENT.
YAHYA KHAN
SUCCESSES:
>FINISHED THE ONE UNIT SCHEME WHICH HAD BEEN HEAVILY CRITICIZED, BROKE PAKISTAN BACK INTO
SEPARATE PROVINCES.
>ANNOUNCED THAT SEATS WOULD BE PROPORTIONATE TO THE POPULATION, PLEASED EAST PAKISTAN
>ORGANIZED FIRST ELECTIONS ON BASIS OF ONE MAN ONE VOTE, MOST FAIR ELECTIONS IN PAKISTAN
HISTORY
FAILURES:
>ABROGATED 1962 CONSTITUTION,
>FINISHED THE BD SYSTEM
>POSTPONED THE FIRST SESSION OF THE NEWLY ELECTED ASSEMBLY INDEFINITELY. DIDN'T LET MUJEEB
TAKE POWER DESPITE THE FACT THAT HE WON THE ELECTIONS FAIRLY.
>TOOK MILITARY ACTION AGAINST EP, CAUSED POLITICAL UNREST
>ORDERED TROOPS TO SURRENDER IN THE 1971 WAR.
WHY MUJIB GAVE HIS SIX POINTS:

>TO ACHIEVE PROVINCIAL AUTONOMY SD HE BELIEVED WP WAS DOMINATING EP THROUGH THE

CENTRAL GOVT, HE THUS WANTED TO ACHIEVE POLITICAL RIGHTS
>MUJIB WANTED THAT TAXES BE COLLECTED BY PROVINCES AND NOT THE CENTER, SINCE HE BELIEVED
THAT EP UNFAIRLY SPEND THE REVENUE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF WP. THUS GAVE THE POINTS FOR
THE ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE OF EP SO THEY WOULD NOT BE EXPLOITED BY WP.
>HE BELIEVED THAT THESE POINTS CONTAINED THE MAIN DEMANDS OF EP (PROVINCIAL AUTONOMY,
MINORITY RIGHTS, SEPARATE CURRENCIES ETC. THUS HE MADE THE POINTS TO GAIN SUPPORT OF EP IN
THE ELECTIONS.

WHY THERE WAS A WAR IN EP IN 1971:

>YAYHA DELAYED THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY'S MEETINGS AFTER AWAMI LEAGUE'S VICTORY. EP FELT
THAT THEY HAD BEEN BETRAYED AND SO REBELLED AGAINST YAYHA'S GOVT TO SHOW THEIR
OPPOSITION TO HIS UNJUST ACTS.
>YAYHA STARTED A MILITARY ACTION AGAINST EP TO SUPPRESS THEIR OPPOSITION. 1000S WERE
KILLED. THEY THUS REBELLED IN ORDER TO LIBERATE THEMSELVES FROM WP'S TYRANNICAL
GOVERNMENT
>MUJIB, THEIR MAIN LEADER WAS ARRESTED BY THE ARMY. THEY NOW BELIEVED THAT THEY WERE
BEING POLITICALLY OPPRESSED AS WELL.. THUS REBELLED TO PROTECT THEIR RIGHTS.
REASONS FOR PARTITON OF BANGLADESHI

ECONOMIC:
>LARGEST EXPORT, JUTE WAS GROWN IN EP, BUT MOST OF THE BUDGET SPENDING WAS ON THE
BORDER DISPUTES WITH INDIA IN WP. INDIA HAD NO SUCH ISSUES AND WERE ANGRY AND FELT
DEPRIVED OF THEIR OWN SHARE IN FOREIGN TRADE
>DURING AYUB'S RULE IT WAS REVEALED THAT JUST 22 FAMILIES CONTROLLED ALMOST AL OF
PAKISTAN'S BANKING + INDUSTRIAL ASSETS, THESE WERE ALMOST ALL FROM WP.
SOCIAL:
>DIFF BETWEEN ART, MUSIC, DRESS STYLE OF THE WEST AND EAST ALIENATED BOTH SIDES. WEST
INSULTED BENGALI DRESSES AND CONSIDERED THEM SELVES SUPERIOR
>THIS WORSENED WHEN URDU WAS MADE NATIONAL LANGUAGE EVEN THOUGH EAST DEMANDED
BENGALI
POLITICAL/MILITARY:
>PRESIDENT YAYHA KHAN STARTED MILITARY ACTION AGAINST EP TO SUPPRESS THEIR OPPOSITION.
1000'S WERE KILLED, SITUATION WAS AGGRAVATED AND WAS MADE WORSE RATHER THAN END. IT
WAS OBVIOUS THAT ONE UNIT WAS NOT POSSIBLE, EP DISLIKED RULE FROM ISLAMABAD. THEY
ANNOUNCED INDEPENDENCE IN A BROADCAST
>YK POSTPONED THE FIRST ASSEMBLY SESSION AFTER 1970 ELECTIONS. HE FEARED THE FORMULATION
OF BANGLADESH, AND EP FELT THAT THEY HAD BEEN BETRAYED THE RIGHT TO FORM A GOVERNMENT.
AWAMI LEAGUE WON WITH A CLEAR MAJORITY
>DEMANDS OF SIX POINTS OF AWAMI LEAGUE WERE REJECTED BY AUB IN 1966 AND LEADER
EPAKISTANIS.
>SIX POINTS OF MUJEEB WERE ACCEPTED, BENGALIS LOOKED FORWARD TO IT BEING ACCEPTED AS
SHEIKH MUJEEB WAS ARRESTED, THE BIASED NATURE OF THE GOVERNMENT BECAME CLEAR TO THE
>EP HAD BEEN FACED BY CONTINOUS FLOOD, THE BANGALI GOVT DIDN'T GET THE RELIEF IN TIME AND
ATTEMPTS TO RESCUE AND HELP WERE HALF HEARTED. THE LOCALS THUS FELT NEGLECTED IN 1970.
>INTERVENTION BY INDIAN TROOPS IN DECEMBER 1971 RESULTED IN LOSS OF PAKISTAN IN THE 1971
WAR
>EAST PAKISTAN WAS ANGRY WITH THE MANY DISMISSED PREVIOUS PRIME MINISTERS BY ISKINDAR
MIRZA SUCH AS SUHRAWARDY.
ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO
FOREIGN POLICY
HE STRENGTHENED RELATIONS WITH CHINA, FORMER USSR, SAUDI ARABIA, BANGLADESH,
AFGHANISTAN AND THE ARAB WORLD.
BHUTTO VISITED CHINA AND CHINA GAVE $110 LOAN TO PAKISTAN.
IN 1972 MILITARY AND ECONOMIC AID CAME FROM CHINA , 60 MIG FIGHTERS AND MANY TANKS.
BHUTTO VISITED USSR AND IT GAVE PAKISTAN 4.5 BILLION RUPEES TO HELP ESTABLISH STEEL MILL, IT
FURTHER GAVE LOANS TO START MINERAL AND OIL EXPLORATION.
BHUTTO ALSO SIGNED A SIMLA AGREEMENT WITH INDIA WHICH COOLED DOWN THE EFFECTS OF 1971
WAR.
HE PLAYED ACTIVE ROLE IN UNITING MUSLIMS OF THE WORLD. HE HOSTED THE SECOND OIC WITH
COLLABORATION WITH SAUDI ARABIA IN LAHORE IN FEBRUARY 1974.
THIS CONFERENCE WAS A HISTORIC EVENT THAT PROJECTED PAKISTAN AS A LEADING MUSLIM
COUNTRY. HE WAS TRYING TO CREATE AN ECONOMIC ALLIANCE BETWEEN THE ISLAMIC COUNTRIES.
BHUTTO IN HIS ATTEMPT TO HAVE STRONG BILATERAL RELATIONS WITH SAUDIA AND BANGLADESH,
RENAMED THE MAJOR CITY OF LYALLPUR TO FAISALABAD IN THE HONOR OF SHAH FAISAL (KING OF
SAUDI ARABIA) AND BUILT QADDAFI CRICKET STADIUM IN LAHORE IN THE HONOR OF MAMAR QADDAFI
OF BANGLADESH.
HE SIGNED A NUMBER OF BILATERAL AGREEMENTS WITH THE GULF COUNTRIES FOR FACILITATING
PAKISTANI WORKERS TO SEEK OVERSEAS EMPLOYMENT.
MILLIONS OF SKILLED AND NON-SKILLED WORKERS OBTAINED JOBS IN THE MIDDLE EAST.
THERE WAS SIGNIFICANT RISE IN FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOR PAKISTAN.
BHUTTO WITHDREW FROM COMMONWEALTH AS WELL AS SEATO IN 1972.
PAKISTAN ATTENDED NON-ALIGNED SUMMIT AS OBSERVER IN 1976.
BHUTTO CREATED AN AFGHAN CELL IN PAKISTAN FOREIGN OFFICE.
SARDAR DAUD VISITED RAWALPINDI AND ESTABLISHED FRIENDLY TIES.
CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS
THIS CONSTITUTION GAVE POWER MORE TO THE PRIME MINISTER RATHER THAN PRESIDENT SUCH AS
EMERGENCY POWERS AND APPOINTMENT OF CHIEF JUSTICE
THIS CONSTITUTION FORMED A BI-CAMERAL FORM OF GOVERNMENT WITH TWO HOUSES OF
PARLIAMENT, SENATE AND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY.
ISLAMIC COMMITTEE WAS ALSO ESTABLISHED WHICH GAVE ADVICE ON LEGISLATION ONLY.
BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS WERE ALSO GUARANTEED FIRST TIME IN THE CONSTITUTION OF PAKISTAN , A
LIST OF BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS WAS DREW AND MADE PART OF CONSTITUTION.
THIS CONSTITUTION STATED CLEARLY THAT HEAD OF STATE MUST BE MUSLIM.
THIS CONSTITUTION WAS ACCEPTED BY ALL OPPOSITION PARTIES AND FACED NO OPPOSITION.
THIS CONSTITUTION IS STILL PRACTICED TILL THIS DAY WITH SOME AMENDMENTS.
INDUSTRIAL REFORMS
BHUTTO STARTED A PROGRAMME OF NATIONALISTION OF INDUSTRIES.
SUGAR, COTTON, VEGETABLE OIL AND RICE INDUSTRIES, TOGETHER WITH THE BANKING AND
INSURANCE SECTORS WERE TAKEN UNDER GOVERNMENT CONTROL.
70 INDUSTRIAL UNITS WERE PLACED UNDER FEDERAL MINISTRY OF PRODUCTION.
THIS HELPED CONTROL INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT AND CHANNEL INVESTMENT INTO INDUSTRIALIZATION.
THIS ALSO HELPED TO RAISE THE WORKERS LIVING AND WORKING STANDARDS.
THIS ALSO ALLOWED WORKERS TO SET UP UNIONS.
TO DISTRIBUTE THE WEALTH THAT HAD COLLECTED IN FEW INDUSTRIAL HOUSES.
WEALTH WAS CREATED TO FUND OTHER GOVERNMENT REFORMS.
INFLATION FELL FROM 25% TO JUST 6% IN 1976, ECONOMIC GROWTH BEGAN.

AGRICULTURAL REFORMS
BHUTTO REDUCED THE CEILING OF OWNERSHIP OF AGRICULTURAL LAND FROM 1000 ACRES UN-
IRRIGATED AND 500 ACRES IRRIGATED TO 500 ACRES UN-IRRIGATED AND 250 ACRES IRRIGATED.
BHUTTO BELIEVED THAT MECHANIZATION WOULD HELP INCREASE PRODUCTION ON SMALL FARMS.
HOWEVER BHUTTO’S REFORMS WERE UNDERMINED BY CUNNING OF LANDOWNERS.
THESE LANDOWNERS TRANSFERRED SOME OF THE LANDHOLDINGS TO MEMBERS OF EXTENDED FAMILY
MEMBERS.
SOME LANDOWNERS USED PERSONAL INFLUENCE TO BRIBE OFFICIALS TO OVERLOOK TRANSGRESSIONS
OF NEW LAW.
BHUTTO ALSO INTRODUCED A REFORM KNOWN AS SECURITY OF TENURE.
THIS LAW GAVE TENANTS FIRST RIGHT OF PURCHASE OF LAND FARMED BY THEM AND LANDLORDS
COULD NOT SELL LAND TO A THIRD PARTY WHICH MIGHT THEN EVICT THE TENANTS.
LANDOWNERS STILL USED THEIR INFLUENCE TO TAKE LAND ILLEGALLY FROM TENANTS AND TENANTS
WERE UNABLE TO STAND UP AGAINST THE LANDOWNERS
LANDOWNERS ALSO USED TO BRIBE THE REVENUE OFFICERS TO RECORD LAND AS “OWNER
CULTIVATED” ALTHOUGH IT WAS CULTIVATED BY TENANTS.
SOCIAL REFORMS
BHUTTO INTRODUCED EDUCATIONAL REFORMS, ARTICLE 37 OF GOVERNMENT OF CONSTITUTION
STATED THAT IT WAS THE DUTY OF GOVERNMENT TO PROVIDE FREE EDUCATION.
BHUTTO PROVIDED EDUCATION FOR ALL INCLUDING WOMEN.
HE ENSURED THAT SCHOOL CURRICULUM MET PAKISTAN’S SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL NEEDS.
ALTHOUGH THE LITERACY RATE INCREASED TO SOME EXTENT BUT THESE REFORMS FACED A LOT OF
OPPOSITION.
ADMINISTRATION NEEDED TO COORDINATE THE NEW REFORM DID NOT EXIST
THE BUDGET ALLOCATED BY GOVERNMENT WAS ONLY 13% FOR EDUCATION.
MANY PEOPLE IN RURAL AREAS DID NOT WANT TO SEND THEIR CHILDREN TO SCHOOL BECAUSE THIS
WOULD REDUCE THE NUMBER OF FAMILY MEMBERS WORKING ON FARM.
BHUTTO ALSO INTRODUCED HEALTH REFORMS, HE INTRODUCED RHCS FOR EVERY 60,000 PEOPLE AND
BHU FOR EVERY 20,000 PEOPLE. TRAINING COLLEGES FOR DOCTORS AND NURSES SET UP. ONCE
QUALIFIED DOCTORS HAD TO WORK FIRST YEAR WHEREVER THE GOVERNMENT PLACED THEM.
THE SALE OF MEDICINES UNDER BRAND NAMES WAS ALSO BANNED .THIS MEASURE REDUCED THE
COSTS OF MEDICINE DRAMATICALLY.
DOWNFALL
>BHUTTO RIGGED THE ELECTIONS OF 1977, WHICH WAS APPARENT WITH PPP'S "SHOCKING" LANDSLIDE
VICTORY. IN SOME AREAS, THE RESULTS WERE ANNOUNCED EVEN BEFORE THE VOTES WERE COUNTED.
THIS EFFECTED HIS CREDIBILITY AND SOWED THE SEEDS FOR HIS DECLINE.
>GREATLY ANGERED THE OPPOSITION ALLIANCE, THE PNA WHICH BEGAN LARGE SCALE STRIKES AND
DEMONSTRATIONS IN ALL PARTS OF PAKISTAN. THIS INSTABILITY GAVE ZIA, THE CHIEF OF ARMY STAFF
A REASON TO TAKE OVER IMPOSING MARTIAL LAW WHICH ENDED BHUTTO'S GOVERNMENT.
>THE ECONOMIC POLICIES ANGERED THE POPULACE. (NATIONALIZATION, LAND REFORMS) AND BEGAN
TO WORK AGAINST HIS RULE.
>WHEN ZIA RELEASED BHUTTO, HE TRIED TO REASSERT HIS POLITICAL POWER BY GAINING THE
SUPPORT OF THE PEOPLE. THIS WAS A THREAT TO THE RULE OF ZIA. >MOREOVER BHUTTO, ALONG WITH
3 OTHERS WAS ACCUSED OF MURDERING A POLITICAL OPPONENT BY SENDING THE FSF. THE TRIAL
TOOK PLACE, LASTED FOR 2 YEARS, FOUND BHUTTO GUILTY.
>BHUTTO HAD THREATENED ZIA THAT HE WOULD CHARGE HIM FOR TAMPERING WITH THE
CONSTITUTION, ZIA FEARED PUNISHMENT UNDER ARTICLE 6 OF THE CONSTITUTION. THUS GOT BHUTTO
EXECUTED.
ZIA-UL-HAQ
ISLAMIZATION:
>HUDOOD ORDINANCES:
...DIFFERENT ISLAMIC PUNISHMENTS FOR DIFFERENT THINGS, CUTTING OF HAIR, LASHING FOR
ADULTERY
+REDUCED CRIME RATE RAPIDLY, PLEASED THE ULEMA.
-PARTIALLY IMPLEMENTED (AMPUTATION) OR IMPLANTED WRONG (4 WITNESSES) >FEDERAL SHARIAT
COURT:
..TO GIVE DECISIONS IN LIGHT OF QURANIC LAWS AND HADIS.
+SATISFIED MUSLIM CIRCLES WHO BELIEVED ZIA TRIED TO MAKE ISLAMIC JUDICIARY.
>ZAKAT ORDINANCES:
..DEDUCTED FROM THE SAVINGS OF BANK ACCOUNTS OF EVERY PAKISTANI ON 1⁰ RAMZAN.
-SHIAA SIDE CLAIMED IT WAS UNISLAMIC BECAUSE INVOLUNTARY, THEY DISLIKED IT AND SECTARIAN
DIVISIONS BEGAN.
+IMPLEMENTED PILLAR OF ISLAM, HELPED POOR MUSLIMS >ISLAMIAT & PAKISTAN STUDIES
COMPULSORY:
+SHOWS HIS COMMITMENT TO ISLAMIZATION FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS
-COURSE WAS UNBALANCED AND CRAPPY. OVERBURDENED, THEY LEARNT IT ONLY TO PASS.
..20 EXTRA MARKS FOR HAFIZ IN FSC, MBPS, MATRIC.
+GOOD INCENTIVE
-BAD FOR NON MUSLIMS
>ARABIC COURSE IN THE MEDIA AND UNIVERSITIES.
+ALSO TAUGHT QURAN IN ARABIC
>"SANCTITY OF RAMADAN" PRESERVED
+HELPED ENSURE FASTING,
ECONOMIC:
>DENATIONALIZED INDUSTRIES.
+REDUCED BURDEN ON GOVERNMENT, SINCE THEY BECAME SICK INDUSTRIES
+OFFERED THEM TO PRIVATE SECTOR, INCREASING INDUSTRY GROWTH
>PROMISED NO FURTHER NATIONALIZATION
+ FAIR COMPENSATION IF IT DID
+MORE FOREIGN INVESTORS:
>REMITTANCES SENT FROM PAKISTANIS ABROAD WHO WENT DUE TO HIS POLICIES.
+AROUND 3-4 BILLION EARNED, HELPED F.E
+ECONOMIC GROWTH WAS ABOVE 6% HIGHEST IN THE WORLD.
CHANGES IN JUDICIARY:
>INTRODUCED MILITARY COURTS, EVEN THOUGH HE HAD PROMISED TO MAKE JUDICIARY IMPARTIAL,
BUT TIGHTENED GRIP ALLOWED TO TAKE A DECISION AGAINST ZIA'S GOVT.
>ESTABLISHED ISLAMIC PARLIAMENT "MAJIS E SHOORA". ONLY ADVISORY, NO REAL POWER.
PARLIAMENT SUPPORTED IT ON IT AS WELL AS THE PROVINCIAL CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER (PCO). WHICH
MADE JUDGES TAKE AN OATH AND WEREN'T AND INCREASED HIS SUPPORT.
POLITICAL REFORMS:
>8TH AMENDMENT IN THE CONSTITUTION OF 1973 +GAVE PRESIDENT EXTENSIVE POWERS, HE COULD
DISMISS THE PM + CABINET, COULD DISMISS ASSEMBLY.
STRENGTHENED HIS RULE.
GOVERNMENT OF JUNEJO WAS A MERE PUPPET, MANY PM'S WERE DISMISSED FOR "LAME REASONS"
THUS
-PRESIDENTS MISUSED THIS POWER TOO OFTEN IN FUTURE AND DISMISSED THE ELECTED
GOVERNMENTS: BENAZIR IN 1990. NAWAZU IN 1993. THUS, POLITICAL INSTABILITY INCREASED BY THIS
AMENDMENTS.
FOREIGN POLICY:
>IN 1979, RUSSIANS INVADED AFGHANISTAN
+AGREED TO HELP THE U.S. LOTS OF IMPORTS OF ECONOMY, MILITARY, IT WAS THE SUMMIT OF PAK US
RELATIONS
+IMPROVED RELATIONS WITH PAKISTAN AS THEY GAVE SHELTER TO 3 MILLION REFUGEES WHO FLED TO
PAKISTAN TO ESCAPE THE WAR.
WHY ZIA WAS UNPOPULAR:
>AFGHAN MIRCALE LED TO DRUGGINESS AND GUNS AND CRIME RATE.
>NWFP HAD TO BEAR AFGHAN REFUGEES, BALOCHISTAN WAS ANNOYED. THUS DISUNITY IN SUPPORT.
>END OF AFGHAN MIRCALE MEANT NO FINANCIAL AID MEANT UNABLE TO CARE FOR REFUGEES.
WHY WAS JUNEJO DISMISSED BY ZIA IN 1988:
>JUNEJO CALLED AN ALL PARTY CONFERENCES AS THIS MEANT CIVIL GOVERNMENT WAS ACTING
INDEPENDENTLY
>JUNEJO DID AN INQUIRY INTO THE "OJHRI CAMP" INCIDENT, WITH INTENTION TO BLAME THOSE
INVOLVED. MEANT ZIA COULD BE PUNISHED AS ARMY STAFF CHIEF. >SAID JUNEJO'S GOVT WAS NOT
PROMOTING ISLAMIC PRACTICES AND WAS CORRUPT
WHY ZIA INTRODUCED ISLAMISATION:
>BHUTTO HAD INTRODUCED SOME SOCIALIST MEASURES E.G: NATIONALIZATION OF INDUSTRIES ETC.
SINCE THERE IS NO ROOM FOR RELIGION IN SOCIALISM, ZIA INTRODUCED THESE REFORMS TO PROVE
THAT HE WAS A BETTER LEADER THAN BHUTTO AS HE WORKED ACCORDING TO PAKISTAN'S ISLAMIC
IDEOLOGY.
>ZIA WAS AWARE THAT MANY ISLAMIC POLITICAL PARTIES E.G: JAMAT ISLAMI WERE INFLUENTIAL IN
BOTH CIVIL SERVICE AND THE ARMY. THEREFORE HE INTRODUCED ISLAMIC MEASURES TO STRENGTHEN
HIS RULE BY GAINING THEIR SUPPORT.
>WHEN THE RUSSIANS INVADED AFGHANISTAN IN 1979, ZIA DECIDED TO FIGHT AGAINST THE "PAGAN"
COMMUNISTS. HOWEVER, HE NEEDED SUPPORT OF MUSLIM COUNTRIES FOR HIS "JIHAD" IN
AFGHANISTAN. THEREFORE HE INTRODUCED ISLAMIC REFORMS TO PROVE THAT HE WAS A PURE ISLAM
LEADER OF A MUSLIM COUNTRY.
NAWAZ SHARIF AND BENAZIR BOTH TERMS
BENAZIR:
SUCCESSES:
FREEDOM OF SPEECH – RELEASED POLITICAL PRISONERS, ENDED BAN ON STUDENT UNIONS
SET UP FIRST WOMAN BANK – CREATED JOB OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN AND WORKED AT
PROTECTING THEIR RIGHTS
STARTED RESEARCH WORK ON MISSILE DEVELOPMENT – FIRST MILITARY SATELLITE  BADR – 1 WAS
MADE WITH THE HELP OF THE CHINESE. THIS PROVIDED MISSILE SYSTEM AND SATELLITE SURVEILLANCE
TO THE PAKISTAN ARMY.
HOSTED THE 4TH SAARC CONFERENCE IN 1988 – ALL MEMBERS ATTENDED INCLUDING RAJEV GHANDI.
THUS IMPROVED RELATIONS WITH INDIA
RESTORED POLITICAL SYSTEM AND DEMOCRACY IN PAKISTAN
FAILURES
PROBLEMS OF UNEMPLOYMENT, INFLATION AND POOR HEALTH CARE INCREASED. SHE HAD MADE
PROMISED TO STOP THE SPREAD OF THESE BUT WAS UNABLE TO DO ANYTHING
CONFLICT WITH PRESIDENT GHULAM ISHAQ KHAN ON APPOINTMENT ISSUES. THE PRESIDENT HAD THE
POWER TO APPOINT THE ARMED FORCES CHIEF AND THE JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT BUT SHE
WANTED TO DO THAT HERSELF. THIS CREATED TENSIONS BETWEEN THEM AND SO WEAKENED THE
GOVERNMENT
CONFRONTATION WITH NAWAZ SHARIF – HE WAS HEADING THE OPPOSITION ALLIANCE (ISLAMI JAMURI
ITEHAD – IJI) . HE MADE THE GOVERNMENT IN PUNJAB AND BECAME THE CHIEF MINISTER OF PUNJAB.
POLITICAL OPPOSITION INCREASED SO MUCH THAT THEY BOTH WANTED TO REMOVE EACH OTHER
FROM POWER. THIS CONFRONTATIONAL AGAINST OPPOSING PARTIES FURTHER WEAKENED BENAZIR’S
POLITICAL SYSTEM
SHE FACED CORRUPTION ON NEPOTISM CHARGES, HER HUSBAND WAS ACCUSED OF CORRUPTION,
BRIBERY, BLACKMAILING. HER MOTHER WAS APPOINTED AS A SENIOR MINISTER WITH A PORT FOLIO
AND HER FATHER IN-LAW WAS APPOINTED THE CHAIRMAN OF THE PARLIAMENTARY PUBLICS ACCOUNT
COMMITTEE. THE OPPOSITION USED THESE CHARGES OF NEPOTISM AGAINST HER .
NAWAZ:

TERM 1 FROM 1990  TO  1993 TERM 2 FROM 1997 TO 1999

THE PLANE CONSPIRACY BECAME AN IMMEDIATE
THE PM FAILED TO TRANSPORT THE YELLOW CAB REASON FOR HIS DISMISSAL. WHEN MUSHARRAF
SCHEME IN WHICH TAXI DRIVERS WOULD GET SOFT WAS RETURNING FROM AN OFFICIAL TOUR TO SRI
LOANS AND INSTALMENTS. THIS WAS A MAJOR LANKA HIS PLANE WAS NOT ALLOWED TO LAND.
FAILURE BECAUSE PEOPLE DIDN’T PAY THE AT THIS TIME NAWAZ SHARIF REPLACED
INSTALMENTS (RETURN THE LOAN), CAUSING A MUSHARIF WITH THE ISI CHIEF ZIAUDDIN BUTT.
MAJOR ECONOMIC CRISES TO THE GOVERNMENT THE CORPS COMMANDERS DID NOT ACCEPT THIS
AND INVITING A LOT OF CRITICISM FROM THE AND TOOK OVER THE KARACHI AIRPORT, PTV AND
OPPOSITION. THIS BECAME A MAJOR REASON FOR THE PRIME MINISTER. THIS ACT ANGERED THE
HIS DISMISSAL. STATE OWNED COOPERATIVE ARMY, THEY RETALIATED AND REMOVED HIM
SOCIETIES ACCEPTED DEPOSITS FROM MEMBERS FROM OFFICE. MILITARY STARTED COVERT
AND GAVE THEM LOANS IN TIME OF NEED. BUT THIS OPERATION WITH THE HELP OF LOCAL FIGHTERS
WAS EXPLOITED BY NAWAZ AND HIS FAMILY, THEY AND CAPTURED THE HEIGHTS OF KARGIL AND
GAINED ALL THIS MONEY OF THE PEOPLE. THIS DRASS REGION IN INDIA. NAWAZ ACCUSED THE
AFFECTED HIS REPUTATION AND PEOPLE WANTED MILITARY OF HIDING THIS OPERATION FROM HIM.
TO REMOVE HIM BECAUSE OF CORRUPTION. INTERNATIONAL PRESSURE ESPECIALLY FROM US
CONFLICT WITH PRESIDENT ISHAP KHAN IN 1993, AS ON HIM WAS THE GET THE ARMY TO WITH DRAW.
HE WANTED TO APPEAL THE 8TH AMENDMENT THE WITHDRAWAL CREATED SERIOUS DIFFERENCE
WHICH WOULD REDUCE THE POWERS OF THE BETWEEN THE MILITARY AND THE CIVIL
PRESIDENT. HE ALSO WANTED TO APPOINT GENERAL GOVERNMENT, WHICH LED TO A MILITARY COUP.
ABDUL WAHEED KAKAR AS THE ARMY CHIEF AND GENERAL JAHANGIR KARAMT WAS DISMISSED BY
STOP THE PRESIDENT FROM APPOINTING ANYONE NAWAZ SHARIF WHICH WAS CONSIDERED AS A
ELSE. THIS CREATED TENSIONS AND CLASHES MILITARY INTERVENTION. THE DISMISSAL OF THIS
BETWEEN THEM AND IT WEAKENED THE 4 START GENERAL FURTHER DETERIORATED THE
GOVERNMENT   MILITARY AND CIVIL RELATIONSHIP, PAVING THE
WAY TO A MILITARY COUP.
 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
KASHMIR, THE LAST OF THE DEFIANT STATES, WAS THE REVERSE OF HYDERABAD. IT HAD A HINDU
RULER, MAHARAJA HARI SINGH, BUT HIS SUBJECTS WERE MOSTLY MUSLIMS, ACCOUNTING TO 77
PERCENT OF THE TOTAL POPULATION. THE MAHARAJA WAS RELUCTANT TO JOIN EITHER INDIA OR
PAKISTAN. BUT LORD MOUNTBATTEN URGED HIM TO TAKE A DECISION TO JOIN EITHER OF THE STATES
BEFORE AUGUST 15, 1947. THE MAHARAJA ASKED FOR MORE TIME TO CONSIDER HIS DECISION. IN THE
MEANTIME HE ASKED THE INDIAN AND THE PAKISTANI GOVERNMENT TO SIGN A “STANDSTILL
AGREEMENT” WITH HIM. PAKISTAN CONSENTED BUT INDIA REFUSED.
WAR OF KASHMIR 1947
THE LOCAL POPULATION OF POONCH BEGAN TO PRESS THE MAHARAJA TO ACCEDE TO PAKISTAN. IN
AUGUST 1947, THEY HELD A MASSIVE DEMONSTRATION TO PROTEST AGAINST THE MAHARAJA’S
INDECISIVENESS. THE MAHARAJA PANICKED. HE ASKED HIS HINDU PARATROOPERS TO OPEN FIRE AND
WITHIN A MATTER OF SECONDS, SEVERAL HUNDRED MUSLIMS WERE KILLED. RISING UP AGAINST THIS
BRUTAL ACTION, A LOCAL BARRISTER CALLED SARDAR MOHAMMAD IBRAHIM IMMEDIATELY SET UP
THE AZAD KASHMIR GOVERNMENT AND BEGAN TO WAGE GUERRILLA WARFARE AGAINST THE
MAHARAJA. BY OCTOBER 1947, THE WAR OF KASHMIR HAD BEGUN IN EARNEST. THE PATHAN
TRIBESMEN FROM THE NOTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE, WANTING TO AVENGE THE DEATHS OF THEIR
BROTHERS, INVADED THE VALLEY. ON REACHING THE VALLEY OF KASHMIR, THEY DEFEATED THE
MAHARAJA’S TROOPS AND REACHED THE GATES OF SRINAGAR, THE CAPITAL.
MAHARAJA’S COALITION WITH INDIA
THE MAHARAJA SENSING HIS DEFEAT TOOK REFUGE IN JAMMU WHENCE HE APPEALED TO INDIA TO
SEND TROOPS TO HALT THE ONSLAUGHT OF THE TRIBESMEN. INDIA AGREED ON THE CONDITION THAT
KASHMIR WOULD ACCEDE TO INDIA. ON OCTOBER 26, 1947, THE MAHARAJA ACCEDED TO INDIA. LORD
MOUNTBATTEN ACCEPTED THE ACCESSION ON BEHALF OF INDIA. ON OCTOBER 26, 1947, INDIA BEGAN
TO AIRLIFT HER TROOPS TO SRINAGAR AND LAUNCHED A FULL-SCALE ATTACK ON THE TRIBESMEN.
PAKISTAN WAS STUNNED. DESPITE HER SCANT MILITARY RESOURCES, PAKISTAN WAS PREPARED TO
SEND IN HER TROOPS BUT THE BRITISH GENERAL GRACEY, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE PAKISTAN
ARMY, WAS AGAINST IT. JINNAH PROPOSED AN IMMEDIATE CEASEFIRE AND LATER ON A FAIR AND FREE
PLEBISCITE IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR.
KASHMIR DISPUTE AND UNITED NATIONS
IN JANUARY 1948, INDIA TOOK THE DISPUTE TO THE SECURITY COUNCIL. THERE IT ACCUSED PAKISTAN
OF AGGRESSION AND DEMANDED THAT PAKISTAN WITHDRAW HER TRIBESMEN. BUT PAKISTAN HELD
THAT THE ACCESSION OF KASHMIR HAD BEEN BROUGHT ABOUT BY FORCE. THE GOVERNMENT
REQUESTED THE SECURITY COUNCIL TO ARRANGE A CEASE-FIRE AND ASKED BOTH THE TRIBESMEN AND
THE INDIAN TROOPS TO WITHDRAW SO THAT A FREE IMPARTIAL PLEBISCITE COULD BE HELD TO
ASCERTAIN THE WISHES OF THE PEOPLE OF KASHMIR.
INDO-PAKISTAN WAR 1948 AND UNITED NATION’S INVOLVEMENT
WHILE THE KASHMIR ISSUE WAS STILL ON THE TABLE, THE INDIAN TROOPS LAUNCHED A FULL-SCALE
ATTACK AND DROVE THE TRIBESMEN RIGHT BACK TO THE PAKISTANI BORDER. PAKISTAN RUSHED HER
REGULAR TROOPS INTO KASHMIR AND A FULL-SCALE WAR WITH INDIA ENSUED. SHE TOOK CONTROL OF
THE AZAD KASHMIR ARMY. BUT THE SECURITY COUNCIL ON AUGUST 13, 1948 CALLED FOR AN
IMMEDIATE CEASEFIRE THE WITHDRAWAL OF ALL PAKISTANI AND INDIAN TROOPS AND HOLDING OF
PLEBISCITE UNDER UNITED NATION’S SUPERVISION. BOTH THE INDIAN AND PAKSITANI GOVERNMENT
ACCEPTED THE RESOLUTION.
IN JANUARY 1949, THE RESOLUTION BEGAN TO BE IMPLEMENTED. IN JULY 1949, THE CEASEFIRE LINE
WAS DEMARCATED. PAKISTAN’S SIDE OF KASHMIR CONSISTED OF SOME PARTS OF JAMMU, POONCH,
SOME AREAS OF WESTERN KASHMIR, GILGIT AND A GREAT CHUNK OF LADAKH TERRITORY NEAR THE
CHINESE BORDER IN THE NORTH. INDIA KEPT THE VALLEY OF KASHMIR, JAMMU AND THE REMAINDER
OF LADAKH TERRITORY NEAR THE TIBER BORDER. THE CEASE-FIRE HAS REMAINED IN EXISTENCE SINCE
1949. NO PLEBISCITE HAS BEEN HELD AND THUS THE KASHMIR ISSUE STILL REMAINS DISPUTED AND
UNRESOLVED.
THE 1965 WAR
IN APRIL 1965, A CLASH BETWEEN BORDER PATROLS ERUPTED INTO FIGHTING IN THE RANN OF KUTCH,
A SPARSELY INHABITED REGION ALONG THE SOUTH-WESTERN INDO-PAKISTAN BORDER. WHEN THE
INDIANS WITHDREW, PAKISTAN CLAIMED VICTORY. LATER FULL-SCALE HOSTILITES ERUPTED IN
SEPTEMBER 1965, WHEN INDIA ALLEGED THAT INSURGENTS TRAINED AND SUPPLIED BY PAKISTAN
WERE OPERATING IN INDIA-CONTROLLED KASHMIR. HOSTILITIES CEASED THREE WEAKS LATER,
FOLLOWING MEDIATION EFFORTS BY THE UN AND INTERESTED COUNTRIES. IN JANUARY 1966, INDIAN
AND PAKISTANI REPRESENTATIVES MET IN TASHKENT, U.S.S.R., AND AGREED TO ATTEMPT A PEACEFUL
SETTLEMENT OF KASHMIR AND THEIR OTHER DIFFERENCES.
THE 1971 WAR INDO-PAKISTANI RELATIONS DETERIORATED AGAIN WHEN CIVIL WAR ERUPTED IN
PAKISTAN, PITTING THE WEST PAKISTAN ARMY AGAINST EAST PAKISTANIS DEMANDING AUTONOMY
AND INDEPENDENCE. IN DECEMBER INDIA INVADED EAST PAKISTAN IN SUPPORT OF THE EAST
PAKISTANI PEOPLE. THE PAKISTANI ARMY SURRENDERED AT DHAKA AND ITS ARMY OF MORE THAN
90,000 BECAME INDIA PRISONERS OF WAR. EAST PAKISTAN BECAME THE INDEPENDENT COUNTRY OF
BANGLADESH ON 6TH DECEMBER 1971. FOLLOWING THE 1971 INDO-PAKISTAN CONFLICT, PRESIDENT
ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO AND INDIAN PRIME MINISTER INDIRA GANDHI MET IN THE MOUNTAIN TOWN OF
SHIMLA, INDIA IN JULY 1972. THEY AGREED TO A LINE OF CONTROL IN KASHMIR RESULTING FROM THE
DECEMBER 17, 1971 CEASE-FIRE, AND ENDORSED THE PRINCIPLE OF SETTLEMENT OF BILATERAL
DISPUTES THROUGH PEACEFUL MEANS.
INDIAN TROOPS AND SIACHEN GLACIER 1984
INDIA’S NUCLEAR TEST IN 1974 GENERATED GREAT UNCERTAINTY IN PAKISTAN AND IS GENERALLY
ACKNOWLEDGED TO HAVE BEEN THE IMPETUS FOR PAKISTAN’S NUCLEAR WEAPONS DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAM. IN 1983, THE PAKISTANI AND INDIAN GOVERNMENTS ACCUSED EACH OTHER OF AIDING
SEPARATISTS IN THEIR RESPECTIVE COUNTRIES, I.E., SIKHS IN INDIA’S PUNJAB STATE AND SINDHIS IN
PAKISTAN’S SINDH PROVINCE. IN APRIL 1984, TENSIONS ERUPTED AFTER TROOPS WERE DEPLOYED TO
THE SIACHEN GLACIER, A HIGH-ALTITUDE DESOLATE AREA CLOSE TO THE CHINA BORDER LEFT
UNDEMARCATED BY THE CEASE-FIRE AGREEMENT (KARACHI AGREEMENT) SIGNED BY PAKISTAN AND
INDIA IN 1949.
TENSIONS DIMINISHED AFTER RAJIV GANDHI BECAME PRIME MINISTER IN NOVEMBER 1984 AND AFTER
A GROUP OF SIKH HIJACKERS WAS BROUGHT TO TRIAL BY PAKISTAN IN MARCH 1985. IN DECEMBER
1985, PRESIDENT ZIA AND PRIME MINISTER GANDHI PLEDGED NOT TO ATTACK EACH OTHER’S NUCLEAR
FACILITIES. IN EARLY 1986, THE INDIAN AND PAKISTANI GOVERNMENTS BEGAN HIGH-LEVEL TALKS TO
RESOLVE THE SIACHEN GLACIER BORDER DISPUTE AND TO IMPROVE TRADE.
KASHMIR INSURGENCY 1990
BILATERAL TENSIONS INCREASED IN EARLY 1990, WHEN KASHMIRI MILITANTS BEGAN A COMPAIGN OF
VIOLENCE AGAINST INDIAN GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR. SUBSEQUENT HIGH-
LEVEL BILATERAL MEETINGS RELIEVED THE TENSIONS BETWEEN INDIA AND PAKISTAN, BUT RELATIONS
WORSENED AGAIN AFTER THE DESTRUCTION OF THE AYODHYA MASJID BY HINDU EXTREMISTS IN
DECEMBER 1992 AND TERRORISTS BOMBINGS IN BOMBAY IN MARCH 1993. TALKS BETWEEN THE
FOREIGN SECRETARIES OF BOTH COUNTRIES IN JANUARY 1994 RESULTED IN DEADLOCK.
DIPLOMATIC PUSH 1996-97
IN THE LAST SEVERAL YEARS, THE INDO-PAKISTANI RELATIONSHIP HAS VEERED SHARPLY BETWEEN
RAPPROCHEMENT AND CONFLICT. AFTER TAKING OFFICE IN FEBRUARY 1997, PRIME MINISTER NAWAZ
SHARIF MOVED TO RESUME OFFICIAL DIALOGUE WITH INDIA. A NUMBER OF MEETINGS AT THE FOREIGN
SECRETARY AND PRIME MINISTERIAL LEVEL TOOK PLACE WITH POSITIVE ATMOSPHERICS BUT LITTLE
CONCRETE PROGRESS. IN A SPEECH AT THE UN, PAKISTANI PRIME MINISTER NAWAZ SHARIF OFFERED
TO OPEN TALKS ON A NON-AGGRESSION PACT WITH INDIA, PROPOSING THAT BOTH NATIONS STRIKE A
DEAL TO RESTRAIN THEIR NUCLEAR AND MISSILE CAPABILITIES.
NUCLEAR RIVALRY 1998
THE ARMS RACE BETWEEN THE RIVALS ESCALATED DRAMATICALLY IN THE 1990S. IN MAY 1998, INDIA
CONDUCTED UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTS IN THE WESTERN DESERT STATE OF RAJASTHAN NEAR THE
BORDER WITH PAKISTAN. IN RESPONSE, PAKISTAN CONDUCTED SIX TESTS IN BALOCHISTAN. IN THE
SAME YEAR, PAKISTAN TEST ITS LONGEST RANGE MISSILE, THE 1,500 KM (932 MILE) GHAURI MISSILE,
NAMED AFTER THE 12TH CENTURY MUSLIM WARRIOR WHO CONQUERED PART OF INDIA. BOTH SIDES
WERE HEAVILY CRITICIZED BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY FOR THE TESTS AS FEARS OF A
NUCLEAR CONFRONTATION GREW.
THE UNITED STATES ORDERED SANCTIONS AGAINST BOTH COUNTRIES, FREEZING MORE THAN $20BN OF
AID, LOANS AND TRADE. JAPAN ORDERED A BLOCK ON ABOUT $1BN OF AID LOANS. SEVERAL
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES FOLLOWED SUIT, AND THE G-8 GOVERNMENTS IMPOSED A BAN ON NON-
HUMANITARIAN LOANS TO INDIA AND PAKISTAN. THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL CONDEMNED INDIA AND
PAKISTAN FOR CARRYING OUT NUCLEAR TESTS AND URGED THE TWO NATIONS TO STOP ALL NUCLEAR
WEAPONS PROGRAMMES.
INDIAN PRIME MINISTER ATAL VAJPAYEE VISIT TO PAKISTAN 1999
THE RELATIONSHIP IMPROVED MARKEDLY WHEN INDIAN PRIME MINISTER VAJPAYEE TRAVELED TO
LAHORE FOR A SUMMIT WITH SHARIF IN FEBRUARY 1999. THERE WAS CONSIDERABLE HOPE THAT THE
MEETING COULD LEAD TO A BREAKTHROUGH. THEY SIGNED THE LAHORE ACCORD PLEDGING AGAIN TO
“INTENSIFY THEIR EFFORTS TO RESOLVE ALL ISSUES, INCLUDING THE ISSUE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR.”
KARGIL CONFLICT 1999
UNFORTUNATELY, IN MAY 1999 INDIA LAUNCHED AIR STRIKES AGAINST PAKISTANI BACKED FORCES
THAT HAD INFILTRATED INTO THE MOUNTAINS IN INDIAN-ADMINISTRATED KASHMIR, NORTH OF
KARGIL. PAKISTAN RESPONDED BY OCCUPYING POSITIONS ON THE INDIAN SIDE OF THE LINE OF
CONTROL IN THE REMOTE, MOUNTAINOUS AREA OF KASHMIR NEAR KARGIL THREATENING THE ABILITY
OF INDIA TO SUPPLY ITS FORCES ON SIACHEN GLACIER. BY EARLY SUMMER, SERIOUS FIGHTING FLARED
IN THE KARGIL SECTOR. THE INFILTRATORS WITHDREW FOLLOWING A MEETING BETWEEN PRIME
MINISTER SHARIF AND PRESIDENT BILL CLINTON IN JULY. RELATIONS BETWEEN INDIA & PAKISTAN HAVE
SINCE BEEN PARTICULARLY STRAINED, ESPECIALLY SINCE THE OCTOBER 12, 1999 COUP IN ISLAMABAD.
INDIA 1947-1971
FAILURES
THE REFUGEE PROBLEM SOON AFTER THE INDEPENDENCE
THE CANAL WATER DISPUTE REMAINED A MAJOR CAUSE OF POOR RELATIONS AS LONG AS THE IWT
WAS SIGNED.
THE DIVISION OF FINANCIAL AND MILITARY ASSETS.
THE KASHMIR ISSUE WAS ONE OF THE STRONGEST REASONS FOR THE RIFT BETWEEN THE TWO
COUNTRIES. THE HOSTILITY BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES CONTINUED THROUGH OUT THE 1950’S.
THE INDO CHINA WAR AND THE SUPPORT RENDERED BY PAKISTAN TO CHINA FURTHER DRIFTED BOTH
THE COUNTRIES AWAY FROM EACH OTHER.
THE RUNN OF KUTCH ISSUE IN THE BORDERS AREAS IN THE SOUTH EASTERN REGION CREATED A WAR
LIKE SITUATION BETWEEN THE TWO NATIONS.
PAKISTAN TRIED TO UPRISE THE KASHMIRIS AGAINST THE INDIAN AUTHORITIES TO LIBERATE THEM
FROM INDIA, HOWEVER THE ATTEMPT WAS A FAILURE DUE TO THE LACK OF SUPPORT FROM THE
KASHMIRIS. PAKISTAN AND INDIA WENT TO A LARGE SCALE WAR IN 1965 WHICH WAS A MAJOR
FAILURE.
THE AGARTALA CONSPIRACY WAS BLAMED ON INDIA AS IT WAS AN ATTEMPT TO CREATE A SITUATION
IN EAST PAKISTAN.
THE RAW WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1967 AND PAKISTAN BLAMED IT FOR INSURGENCY IN EAST PAKISTAN.
THE SUPPORT FOR THE EAST PAKISTAN AND LATER THE CREATION OF MUKTI BAHINI FURTHER
DETERIORATED THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES.
INDIA WAS THE FIRST COUNTRY TO ACCEPT THE STATE OF BAGLADESH AND PAKISTAN THREATENED TO
BREAK THE DIPLOMATIC TIES WITH INDIA.
SUCCESSES
PAKISTAN’S INCLUSION IN THE UNO WAS SUPPORTED BY INDIA.
LIAQUAT NEHRU PACT SIGNED IN 1951 REGARDING THE SAFE GUARD OF THE MINORITIES ON BOTH
SIDES OF THE BORDER.
BOTH INDIA AND PAKISTAN JOINED THE CENTO AND SEATO IN 1955.
THE INDUS WATER TREATY WAS SIGNED IN 1960 TO RESOLVE THE CANAL WATER DISPUTE.
THE TASHKENT AGREEMENT WAS SIGNED BETWEEN PAKISTAN AND INDIA IN ORDER TO CEASE FIRE.
INDIA 1972-1999
INDIA TESTED HER NUCLEAR DEVICE IN 1974 IN THE BORDER TOWN OF POKHRAN AND SENT A VERY
CLEAR MESSAGE OF ATTEMPTING TO DOMINATE THE REGION ON THE BASIS OF THE NUCLEAR EDGE.
PAKISTAN RESPONDED SHARPLY AND ANNOUNCED HER NUCLEAR PROGRAM. THE PAKISTAN PM MR.
ZAB SAID THAT PAKISTAN WILL GET THE NUCLEAR POWERS EVEN IF IT HAS TO EAT GRASS. THIS SHOWED
THE PAKISTAN GOVERNMENT’S COMMITMENT TOWARDS THE GOALS OF ATTAINING NUCLEAR POWER.
IN 1983, THE PAKISTANI AND INDIAN GOVERNMENTS ACCUSED EACH OTHER OF AIDING SEPARATISTS IN
THEIR RESPECTIVE COUNTRIES, I.E., SIKHS IN INDIA’S PUNJAB STATE AND SINDHIS IN PAKISTAN’S SINDH
PROVINCE.
THE RELATIONS OF BOTH THE COUNTRIES DETERIORATED SHARPLY WHEN INDIA BLAMED PAKISTAN TO
HELP THE SIKH SEPARATIST MOVEMENT IN THE INDIAN PUNJAB. PAKISTAN HOWEVER DID NOT SHOW
ANY SIGNS OF HELPING THE KHALISTAN MOVEMENT DURING THE 1980.
FOLLOWING THE INCIDENTS IN AMRITSAR (THE OPERATION BLUE STAR), ONE OF THE SIKH BODY
GUARDS OF THE INDIAN PRIME MINISTER MRS. INDRA GANDHI GUNNED HER DOWN IN OCTOBER 1984.
THE SON OF MRS. INDRA, MR, RAJIV GANDHI BLAMED PAKISTAN FOR THE ASSASSINATION OF HER
MOTHER. THE RELATIONS WERE STRAINED DURING 1987, WHEN THE BORDER SKIRMISHES BETWEEN
THE TWO COUNTRIES CONTINUED AND ALMOST LED TO A LARGE SCALE WAR WHEN INDIA STARTED HER
LARGE SCALE MILITARY EXERCISE IN THE RAJHISTAN DESERT.
THE PAKISTAN GOVERNMENT CONTINUED TO CLAIM KASHMIR AND THE SIACHIN GLACIER THAT KEPT
THE SITUATION HEATED BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES.
THE DESTRUCTION OF THE BABRI MASJID IN AJODHIYA, INDIA IN DECEMBER 1990 FURTHER DENTED THE
RELATIONS BETWEEN THE TWO GOVERNMENTS.
THE RELATIONS BETWEEN INDIA AND PAKISTAN REMAINED COLD ON THE ISSUE OF THE SIGNING THE
NUCLEAR NON PROLIFERATION TREATY.
BILATERAL TENSIONS INCREASED IN EARLY 1990, WHEN KASHMIRI SEPARATISTS FROM PAKISTAN
OCCUPIED KASHMIR BACKED BY THE PAKISTAN’S ISI PERPETRATED VIOLENCE IN INDIAN KASHMIR.
HOWEVER PAKISTAN SECRETLY OCCUPIED CERTAIN BORDER AREAS FORCES IN KASHMIR. BY EARLY
SUMMER, SERIOUS FIGHTING FLARED UP IN THE KARGIL SECTOR. THE FIGHTING LASTED ABOUT A
MONTH TILL THE PAKISTANI FORCES WERE DRIVEN OUT OF THE AREAS THAT HAD BEEN SECRETLY
OCCUPIED BY THEM.
SUCCESSES
TENSIONS DIMINISHED AFTER RAJIV GANDHI BECAME PRIME MINISTER IN NOVEMBER 1984 AND AFTER
A GROUP OF SIKH HIJACKERS WERE BROUGHT TO TRIAL BY PAKISTAN IN MARCH 198
PAKISTAN AND INDIA BECAME THE MEMBERS OF THE SAARC IN 198 THIS ORGANIZATION WAS NOT
ONLY TO IMPROVE THE ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE MEMBER COUNTRIES BUT ALSO TO AVOID THE
WARS BETWEEN THEM.
THE SPORTING RELATIONS BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES WERE RESUMED AND THE CRICKET AND THE
HOCKEY TEAMS VISITED ACROSS THE BORDER
BOTH THE COUNTRIES EXCHANGED THE GROUP OF ACTORS AND LAID EMPHASIS ON JOINT
PRODUCTIONS FOR THE HEALTHY CINEMA.
THE SAF GAMES WERE HELD IN 1988 IN PAKISTAN AND INDIA PARTICIPATED WITH FULL ENTHUSIASM IN
THE
IN DECEMBER 1985, PRESIDENT ZIA AND PRIME MINISTER RAJIV GANDHI PLEDGED NOT TO ATTACK
EACH OTHER’S NUCLEAR FACILITI A FORMAL “NO ATTACK” AGREEMENT WAS SIGNED IN JANUARY 1991.
IN 1986, THE INDIAN AND PAKISTANI GOVERNMENTS BEGAN HIGH-LEVEL TALKS TO RESOLVE THE
SIACHEN GLACIER BORDER DISPUTE AND TO IMPROVE TRADE
SUBSEQUENT HIGH-LEVEL BILATERAL MEETINGS RELIEVED THE TENSIONS BETWEEN PAKISTAN AND
INDIA, BUT RELATIONS WORSENED AGAIN AFTER TERRORIST BOMBINGS IN BOMBAY, IN MARCH 1993.
TALKS BETWEEN THE FOREIGN SECRETARIES OF BOTH COUNTRIES IN JANUARY 1994 RESULTED IN
DEADLOCK.
PRIME MINISTER NAWAZ SHARIF MOVED TO RESUME AN OFFICIAL DIALOGUE WITH INDIA. A NUMBER
OF MEETINGS AT THE FOREIGN SECRETARY AND PRIME MINISTERIAL LEVEL TOOK PLACE, WITH POSITIVE
ATMOSPHERICS BUT LITTLE CONCRETE PROGRESS. THE RELATIONSHIP IMPROVED MARKEDLY WHEN
INDIAN PRIME MINISTER ATAL BEHARI VAJPAYEE TRAVELED TO LAHORE FOR A SUMMIT WITH SHARIF IN
FEBRUARY 1999.
PAKISTAN FOREIGN RELATIONS USA
FAILURES
PAKISTAN WAS NOT HAPPY ON THE US STANCE OF SUPPORTING UNITED INDIA DURING THE SECOND
WORLD WAR.
PAKISTAN WAS NOT INITIALLY RECOGNIZED BY THE USA.
PAKISTAN WAS NOT HAPPY WITH USA WHEN IT GAVE ARMS TO INDIA DURING THE INDO CHINA WAR
OF 1962.
PAKISTAN HAD THOUGHT THAT THESE ARMS WERE TO BE USED AGAINST PAKISTAN. USA DID NOT
SUPPORT PAKISTAN OPENLY DURING THE 1965 WAR.
INSTEAD IT STOPPED THE SUPPLY OF ARM TO PAKISTAN.
PAKISTAN HAD TO FACE AN ARMS EMBARGO DURING 1967, MEANING THAT THE SUPPLY OF US ARMS
WAS SUSPENDED.
PAKISTAN WAS UPSET WHEN USA OPENLY REFUSED TO GIVE ANY SUPPORT TO PAKISTAN IN THE
BANGLADESH EPISODE.
USA SHOWED SERIOUS CONCERNS OVER THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE NUCLEAR PROGRAM OF
PAKISTAN. AFTER THE END OF THE AFGHAN MIRACLE PAKISTAN WAS AGAIN SEEN AS AN UN TRUSTED
ALLY AND THE AID TO PAKISTAN WAS SUSPENDED EVEN BEFORE THE COMPLETE WITHDRAWAL OF THE
RUSSIAN FORCES. IT WAS AROUND THE END OF 70’S WHEN ZIA TOOK OVER AND PAKISTAN’S
INTERNATIONAL CREDIBILITY FELL AGAIN.
US AUTHORITIES WERE AGAIN UNHAPPY WITH PAKISTAN ON THE CRIME OF OVER THROWING A
DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT.
IN MARCH 1986, THE TWO COUNTRIES AGREED ON A SECOND MULTI-YEAR (FY 1988–93) $4-BILLION
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND SECURITY ASSISTANCE PROGRAM. ON OCTOBER 1, 1990, HOWEVER,
THE UNITED STATES SUSPENDED ALL MILITARY ASSISTANCE AND NEW ECONOMIC AID TO PAKISTAN
UNDER THE PRESSLER AMENDMENT, WHICH REQUIRED THAT THE PRESIDENT CERTIFY ANNUALLY THAT
PAKISTAN “DOES NOT POSSESS A NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVE DEVICE.”
THE PAKISTAN US RELATIONS WERE FURTHER DETERIORATED WHEN NAWAZ SHARIF CAME TO POWER
IN 1990 AND EXTENDED HIS ANTI WEST POLICIES, AS HE WAS HIMSELF THE LEGACY OF ZIA’S RULE.
THE US AID TO PAKISTAN WAS LITERALLY SUSPENDED DURING THE FIRST REGIME OF NAWAZ AND
SERIOUS QUESTIONS WERE RAISED ABOUT THE NUCLEAR CAPABILITY OF PAKISTAN.
THE PAK US RELATIONS WERE AGAIN DENTED WHEN BENAZIR GOVERNMENT ACCEPTED THE TALIBAN
REGIME OF AFGHANISTAN IN 1995 AS THE TALIBAN WERE PURELY ANTI US.
THE RELATIONS HIT LOW EBB IN 1998 WHEN PAKISTAN, IGNORED ALL THE INTERNATIONAL PRESSURE IN
GENERAL AND US IN PARTICULAR AND TESTED HER NUCLEAR DEVICES IN REPLY TO THE INDIAN TESTS IN
MAY EARLIER.
PAKISTAN’S INSISTENCE OF NOT SIGNING THE CTBT UNTIL INDIA DOES WAS PROBABLY THE LAST NAIL IN
THE GOOD RELATIONS OF THE US WITH PAKISTAN.
FURTHER DETERIORATIONS WERE SEEN WHEN GENERAL PERVEZ OVER THREW NAWAZ SHAIRF’S
GOVERNMENT IN 1999 OCTOBER AND WASHINGTON SHOWED CLEAR DISLIKING ABOUT THIS ACT OF
THE ARMY YET AGAIN IN PAKISTAN.
SUCCESSES
PAKISTANI PM M LIAQUAT ALI KHAN RECEIVED AN INVITATION TO VISIT USA.
PAKISTAN ACCEPTED IT AS IT NEEDED A POWERFULLY ALLY IN THE WORLD TO GET MILITARY, ECONOMIC
AND TECHNOLOGICAL ASSISTANC
PAKISTAN SIGNED THE ANTI COMMUNIST PACTS OF SEATO AND CENTO IN 1955 AFTER IT HAD SIGNED
THE FAMOUS BAGHDAD P
PAKISTAN REMAINED A FAVORED ALLY OF THE BRITISH THROUGH OUT THE 60’S .
EISEN HOWER VISITED PAKISTAN IN 1959, SURPRISING DURING THE REIGN OF AN ARMY DICTATOR,
AYUB KHAN , DESPITE THE US CLAIMS OF CONDEMNING THE MILITARY REGI
PAKISTAN WENT OUT OF THE WAY TO SUPPORT THE US ON THE U-2 INCIDENT IN 1960
USSR ATTACKED AFGHANISTAN ON DECEMBER 2 1979 AND PAKISTAN SUBSEQUENTLY DECIDED TO
BECOME THE FRONT LINE STATE IN WAR AGAINST COMMUNISM.
PAKISTAN BECAME THE DARLING OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY AS IT WAS FIGHTING AGAINST
THE DEVASTATING USSR.
PK BECAME THE SECOND LARGES RECIPIENT OF THE US AID IN 80’S.
A LOT OF TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE WAS GIVEN TO PAKISTA
PAKISTAN WAS PAMPERED ENOUGH REJECT AN AID OF US$ 300 MILLION, CONSIDERING IT TO LESS FOR
THE EFFORT THEY WERE PUTTING IN.
THE US OFFICIALS OFTEN VISITED THE AFFECTED AREAS OF PAKISTAN, PARTICULARLY PESHAWAR TO
BOOST THE AFGHAN AND PAKISTAN SOLD
THE RELATIONS STARTED IMPROVING WITH THE ARRIVAL OF BENAZIR BHUTTO IN THE OFFICE OF THE
PRIME MINISTER AS SHE PROMOTED PRO US
SHE CONTINUED TO SEEK THE HELP OF US ON THE KASHMIR ISSUE TO MEDIATE AND RESOLVE THE
MATTER
THE US PRESIDENT BILL CLINTON VISITED PAKISTAN IN 1998 TO SHOW SOLIDARITY TO PAKISTAN ON
VARIOUS ISSUE INCLUDING THE KASHMIR
USSR
FAILURES
THE PAKISTANI PM WENT TO US RATHER THAN USSR WHICH STRAIGHT AWAY CREATED A RIFT
BETWEEN BOTH THE COUNTRIES.
PAKISTAN WAS NOT HAPPY WHEN USSR SUPPORTED INDIA ON THE KASHMIR ISSUE.
THE USSR WAS ALSO SUPPORTING THE PAKHTOONISTAN CAUSE OF THE AFGHANISTAN WHICH WAS YET
AN OTHER DISLIKED ISSUE TO PAKISTAN
THE USSR OFFERED PAKISTAN TO TAKE THE STEEL MILLS BUT WAS REFUSED.
THE USSR WAS FURIOUS ON THE PAKISTANI DECISION OF SIGNING SEATO AND CENTO BY 1955.
THE USSR WAS EXTREMELY UNHAPPY WHEN THE SHOT DOWN PLAN U-2 FLEW FROM THE US AIR BASE
IN PESHAWAR. USSR CLEARLY THREATENED PAKISTAN TO DESTROY THE BASE IF PAKISTAN WAS FOUND
GUILTY OF HELPING THE US IN ANY SUCH REGARDS.
IN 1971 THE USSR WAS SUPPORTING INDIA AND EVEN THREAT CHINA TO ATTACK IF IT EVER TRIED TO
HELP PAKISTAN IN THE WAR.
THE RELATIONS HIT THE LOWEST EBB WHEN PAKISTAN DECIDED TO BECOME THE FRONT LINE STATE IN
THE WAR AGAINST COMMUNISM.
THE USSR WAS FURIOUS AND WENT ON TO ATTACK THE BORDER AREAS OF PAKISTAN THROUGH OUT
THE WAR BETWEEN 1979-1988.
WHEN ZIA TRIED TO ATTEND THE FUNERAL CEREMONY OF THE RUSSIAN PRESIDENT ANDROPOV IN 1984
BUT HE WAS NOT ENTERTAINED.
WHEN THE GENEVA ACCORD WAS SIGNED IN 1988, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES
BECAME WORST AND THE BY THE TIME USSR WAS DISINTEGRATED AND THE RUSSIAN BLAMED
PAKISTAN FOR THE TRAGEDY.
SUCCESSES
PAKISTANI PM MR. LIAQUAT ALI KHAN RECEIVED AN INVITATION TO VISIT USSR BEFORE ANY OTHER
COUNTRY.
THE USSR ACCEPTED PAKISTAN AND VOTED IN FAVOUR TO BECOME A MEMBER OF THE
IN 1963 PAKISTAN AND USSR DREW CLOSER BECAUSE OF AN AWAY DRIFT BETWEEN PAKISTAN AND USA
DUE TO INDO-CHINA WAR
PAKISTAN WAS GIVEN 11 MILLION POUND AID BY THE USSR IN 196
USSR REMAINED NEUTRAL DURING THE INDIA PAKISTAN WAR IN 1965 WHICH WAS SIGH OF RELIEVE
FOR PAKISTAN.
USSR CONTINUED TO FORCE PAKISTAN TO CLOSE DOWN THE PESHAWAR AIR BASE WHAT PAKISTAN
AGREED IN 1968.
ZAB IMPROVED THE RELATIONS AS HE HAD AN ANTI WEST POLICY WHICH KEPT HIM AWAY FROM THE
PAKISTAN WAS GIVEN THE STEEL MILLS IN 1972 BY THE USSR WHICH FURTHER IMPROVED THE
RELATIONS THE RELATIONSHIP REMAINED WARM THROUGH OUT THE ZAB
AFGHANISTAN
FAILURES
AFGHANISTAN BECAME THE ONLY COUNTRY TO VOTE AGAINST PAKISTAN’S INCLUSION IN THE UNO
1947. AFGHANISTAN CLAIMED THAT SOME AREAS OF THE PRESENT DAY PAKISTAN HAD ACTUALLY BEEN
A PART OF THE GREATER AFGHANISTAN (PAKHTOONISTAN)
THEY CLAIMED THIS BECAUSE THEY BELIEVED THAT THESE WERE THE AREAS WHICH WERE CAPTURED BY
THE AFGHAN INVADERS LIKE MAHMOOD GHAZNAVI AND MOHAMMAD GHAURI.
AFGHANISTAN CLEARLY BACKED INDIA ON THE KASHMIR ISSUE AND THE CANAL WATER DISPUTE.
JINNAH INVITED A MEETING OF THE AFGHAN OFFICIALS IN KARACHI IN 1947 AND OFFERED A TRADE
TRANSIT ROUTE. AGAINST THIS OFFER JINNAH EXPECTED THE AFGHANISTAN TO GIVE UP THEIR CLAIMS
OF PAKHTOONISTAN.
THE AFGHAN GOVERNMENT REFUSED TO ACCEPT THIS OFFER.
THE RELATIONS FURTHER DETERIORATED WHEN THE AFGHAN MOB BURNT THE PAKISTAN EMBASSY IN
KABUL. THE AFGHAN GOVERNMENT DID NOT TAKE ANY ACTIONS AGAINST THE SUSPECTS AND
SUBSEQUENTLY THE DIPLOMATIC TIES WERE BROKEN.
THE AFGHAN GOVERNMENT REMAINED NEUTRAL DURING THE INDO-PAK WAR OF 1965 DESPITE THE
FACT THAT THE PEOPLE REMAINED ON PAKISTAN’S FAVOUR.
THE AFGHAN GOVERNMENT SUPPORTED THE INDIANS OFFICIALLY DURING THE 1971 WAR.
THE PRO COMMUNIST REGIME OF DR NAJEEB CONTINUED TO BLAME PAKISTAN FOR THE INSURGENCY
AND THE POOR LAW AND ORDER SITUATIONS WITH IN AFGHANISTAN.
THE INDIAN INFLUENCE IN AFGHANISTAN WAS YET AN OTHER REASON FOR THE POOR RELATIONS
BETWEEN THE TWO BORDERING COUNTRIES.
SUCCESS
THE FIRST MAJOR STEP TOWARDS BETTER RELATION SHIP BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES WAS TAKEN
IN 1956 WHEN ISKANDAR MIRZA WENT TO VISIT AFGHANISTAN.
ZAB ISLAMIC SOCIALISM ALSO TARGETED AFGHANISTAN AND HE VISITED AFGHANISTAN. SARDAR
DAUD, THE AFGHAN PM ALSO VISITED PAKISTAN ON NUMEROUS OCCASIONS.
THE FRIENDSHIP CONTINUED EVEN AFTER THE EXECUTION OF ZAB BECAUSE THE ZIA BELIEVED THAT A
PEACEFUL AND STRONG AFGHANISTAN ENSURED A SECURED PAKISTAN.
AFGHANISTAN WAS ATTACKED BY THE USSR IN 1979 AND PAKISTAN DECIDED TO HELP THE AFGHAN
BROTHERS.
THE PAKISTAN GOVERNMENT INVITED 3.5 MILLION AFGHANIS AND HOSTED THEM.
PAKISTAN’S SUPPORT TO THE AFGHANISTAN MUJAHIDEEN WAS IMMENSE.
PAKISTAN WAS EVEN A VICTIM OF THE RUSSIAN FURY AND WAS ATTACKED ON VERY FREQUENT BASIS.
PAKISTAN CATERED ALL SORTS OF THE NEEDS OF THE AFGHANIS THROUGH OUT THIS ERA.
THE CIVIL WAR BETWEEN 1988-1995 WAS A TOUGH PERIOD FOR AFGHANISTAN AND PAKISTAN
SUPPORTED THEM IN ALL ASPECTS.
THE GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN ACCEPTED THE TALIBAN REGIME IN AFGHANISTAN AND THE FIRST
EMBASSY WAS OPENED IN ISLAMABAD.
THE FOREIGN MINISTERS OF BOTH THE COUNTRIES PAID BI LATERAL VISITS AND TRADE WAS IMPROVED.
THE TALIBAN GOVERNMENT CONTINUED TO SUPPORT PAKISTAN ON THE KASHMIR ISSUE FOR THE FIRST
TIME IN THE HISTORY.
CHINA
PAKISTAN DID NOT ACCEPT THE COMMUNIST REGIME OF CHINA TILL 1951.
THE RELATIONS REMAINED STRAINED WHEN PAKISTAN BECAME A PART OF THE ANTI COMMUNIST
PACTS SEATO AND CENTO IN 1955.
THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT DID NOT HELP PAKISTAN ON THE EAST PAKISTAN ISSUE AND URGED THE
PAKISTAN GOVERNMENT TO RESOLVE THE ISSUE INTERNALLY.
THE SUPPORT OF CHINA ON THE MATTER WAS ALSO MISSING AS THE PRESSURE FROM USSR WAS FAR
BIGGER THAN THE FRIENDSHIP WITH PAKISTAN.
THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT WAS NOT ALSO MUCH PLEASED WHEN PAKISTAN BACKED OUT FROM THE
KARGIL HILL ON THE US PRESSURES RATHER THAN BANKING ON THE CHINESE SUPPORT AND DEFEATING
INDIA.
THE FIRST BREAK CAME WHEN INDIA AND CHINA WENT ON WAR ON THE BORDERS DISPUTES AND
PAKISTAN AND CHINA CAME CLOSER.
BOTH THE COUNTRIES HAD FOUND A COMMON FOE AND THEREFORE THE COEXISTENCE BECAME MORE
PAKISTAN ACCEPTED A $60 MILLION INTEREST FREE LOAN FROM THE CHINESE GOVER,
PIA BECAME THE FIRST AIR LINE TO START REGULAR SERVICE TO BEIJIN
PAKISTAN ALSO NEGOTIATED THE TALK BETWEEN THE CHINESE AND THE US GOVERNMENT IN THE
EARLY 60’S.
THE POSITIVE STANCE OF PAKISTAN ON THE COMMUNIST REGIME ISSUE OF CHINA HELPED PAKISTAN
EARN A STRONG STRATEGIC ALLY AND A GREAT SUPPORT ON THE KASHMIR ISSUE.
PAKISTAN BECAME A CLOSER FRIEND OF CHINA WHEN IT HELPED PAKISTAN IN THE WAR AGAINST INDIA
IN 1965.
PAKISTAN BECAME AN IMPORTANT PURCHASER OF THE CHINESE ARMS AFTER THE 1965 W
ZAB PAID VISIT TO CHINA AND CONVINCED THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT TO CONVERT THE LOANS TO AID
THAT HAD BEEN GIVEN TO PAKISTAN IN THE PAST FEW
PAKISTAN AND CHINA CAME CLOSER AS THEY ANNOUNCED THE EXPANSION OF THE FAMOUS SILK
ROUT. THE CHINESE EXPERTISE AND THE COLLABORATION WITH PAKISTAN FINALLY RESULTED IN THE
KARAKORAM HIGHWAY.
THE RELATIONS HIT THE HIGHEST POINTS WHEN BOTH THE COUNTRIES SIGNED THE TREATY FOR
NUCLEAR COOPERATION IN 1986.
CHINA CONTINUED TO EXTEND HER SUPPORT FOR THE PAKISTAN GOVERNMENT OVER THE
AFGHANISTAN ISSUE.
IN THE 1990S, CHINA DESIGNED AND SUPPLIED THE HEAVY WATER KHUSAB REACTOR, WHICH PLAYS A
KEY ROLE IN PAKISTAN’S PRODUCTION OF PLUTONIUM. A SUBSIDIARY OF THE CHINA NATIONAL
NUCLEAR CORPORATION ALSO CONTRIBUTED IN PAKISTAN’S EFFORTS TO EXPAND ITS URANIUM
ENRICHMENT CAPABILITIES BY PROVIDING 5,000 CUSTOM MADE RING MAGNETS, WHICH ARE A KEY
COMPONENT OF THE BEARINGS THAT FACILITATE THE HIGH-SPEED ROTATION OF CENTRIFUGES.
CHINA ALSO PROVIDED TECHNICAL AND MATERIAL SUPPORT IN THE COMPLETION OF THE CHASMA
NUCLEAR POWER REACTOR AND PLUTONIUM REPROCESSING FACILITY, WHICH WAS BUILT IN THE MID
1990S.
CHINA HAS ALSO LAUNCHED PAKISTAN’S FIRST SATELLITE TO ORBIT IN 1990 BECAUSE PAKISTAN HAD NO
SPACEPOR HOWEVER, PAKISTAN DOES HAVE A SPACE PROGRAM. PAKISTAN’S SPACE AND UPPER
ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH COMMISSION (SUPARCO) IS PAKISTAN’S NATIONAL SPACE AGENCY AND WAS
ESTABLISHED IN 1961.
A 300-MEGAWATT NUCLEAR POWER PLANT, BUILT WITH CHINESE HELP IN PUNJAB PROVINCE, IS C
CHINA IS HELPING TO BUILD A SECOND 300-MEGAWATT NUCLEAR PLANT DUE TO BE FINISHED BY 2010.
UK
Success
•British personnel remained in Pakistan post 1947
• Britain helped to broker a peace deal in 1965
•Margaret Thatcher visited in 1981 E46m aid for Afghan refugees in Pakistan, an important trading
partner
•Commonwealth member until 1971, aid given to Pakistan by other Commonwealth countries
•Britain supported Pakistan's support of Afghanistan during conflict with Russia and gave £30m aid in
support of Afghan refugees in Pakistan
•By 1986, there was some £376m worth of trade between Pakistan and the UK Pakistan re-joined the
Commonwealth in 1989.
Less Success/Failure
•Britain refused to interfere in Kashmir problem Pakistan criticism over Suez crisis
•Britain abstained at United Nations over Bangladesh
•issues Pakistan withdrew from the Commonwealth in 1971 Pakistan was suspended from the
Commonwealth in 1999 due to the military coup.
Bangladesh
Successes
In 1974 the Prime Minister Sheikh Mujib was invited to meeting of the Organisation of Islamic
Countries in Lahore Pakistan agreed to officially recognise Bangladesh
The countries agreed to view each other as Muslim friends and to resolve their differences
In 1975/6 there was an exchange of ambassadors and an agreement was reached to cooperate on trade,
tourism and the media In 1986 trade between the two countries reached a value of $40 million
In 1985 and 1988 Pakistan was the first country to provide aid to Bangladesh due to severe weather
Failures
Pakistan withdrew from Commonwealth and SEATO on Secession of East Pakistan/Bangladesh
Some non-Bengalis reported facing persecution and deprivation in Bangladesh In 1974 Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto visited Bangladesh to discuss the redistribution of shared assets but nothing was agreed
There was disagreement over the role of non-Bengalls in Bangladesh

Compiled+Made BY SIR KHALID BIN WALEED

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