Conversion Table

1.
CONVERSION TABLES
1. CONVERSION TABLES
1.1 General information

The conversion table consists of conversions from the SI-standard
to UK- and US standards and vice versa. There is a formula for
every conversion which can be used for accurate calculations.
1.2 Mass
kg oz lb st cwt (UK) cwt (US) ton (UK) ton (US)
1 35,273 2,203 0,157 0,020 0,022 0,001 0,001
25 881,825 55,075 3,925 0,493 0,550 0,025 0,028
50 1763,650 110,150 7,850 0,985 1,100 0,049 0,055
100 3527,300 220,300 15,700 1,970 2,200 0,098 0,110
250 8818,250 550,750 39,250 4,925 5,500 0,246 0,275
500 17636,500 1101,500 78,500 9,850 11,000 0,492 0,550
750 26454,750 1652,250 117,750 14,775 16,500 0,738 0,825
1000 35273,000 2203,000 157,000 19,700 22,000 0,984 1,100
Table 1. Metric to imperial conversion of mass units
Formulas:
Kilogram to ounce ⇒ oz = kg × 35.273
Kilogram to pound ⇒ lb = kg × 2.203
Kilogram to stone ⇒ st = kg × 0.157
Kilogram to hundredweight ⇒ cwt(UK) = kg × 0.0197
Kilogram to hundredweight ⇒ cwt(US) = kg × 0.0220
Kilogram to ton ⇒ ton(UK) = kg × 0.000984
Kilogram to ton ⇒ ton(UK) = kg × 0.0011
Made: SKi Doc id: WDAAA116720 - 1-1

Approved: SPt 07.01.2000
oz kg lb kg st kg cw kg
t(UK)
1 0,028 1 0,454 1 6,350 1 50,802
25 0,709 25 11,350 25 158,750 25 1270,050
50 1,418 50 22,700 50 317,500 50 2540,100
100 2,835 100 45,400 100 635,000 100 5080,200
250 7,088 250 113,500 250 1587,500 250 12700,500
500 14,175 500 227,000 500 3175,000 500 25401,000
750 21,263 750 340,500 750 4762,500 750 38101,500
1000 28,350 1000 454,000 1000 6350,000 1000 50802,000
cw kg ton kg ton kg
t(US) (UK) (US)
1 45,359 1 1016,047 1 907,185
25 1133,975 25 25401,175 25 22679,625
50 2267,950 50 50802,350 50 45359,250
100 4535,900 100 101604,700 100 90718,500
250 11339,750 250 254011,750 250 226796,250
500 22679,500 500 508023,500 500 453592,500
750 34019,250 750 762035,250 750 680388,750
1000 45359,000 1000 1016047,000 1000 907185,000
Table 2. Imperial to metric conversion of mass units
Formulas:
Ounce to kilogram ⇒ kg = oz × 0.028
Pound to kilogram ⇒ kg = lb × 0.454
Stone to kilogram ⇒ kg = st × 6.350
Hundredweight to kilogram ⇒ kg = cwt(UK) × 50.802
Hundredweight to kilogram ⇒ kg = cwt(US) × 45.359
Ton to kilogram ⇒ kg = ton(UK) × 1016.047
Ton to kilogram ⇒ kg = ton(US) × 907.185

1.3 Length
Formulas:
µm mils mm in cm in
1 0,0394 1 0,0394 1 0,394
2,5 0,0985 2,5 0,0985 2,5 0,985
5 0,197 5 0,197 5 1,97
10 0,394 10 0,394 10 3,94
25 0,985 25 0,985 25 9,85
50 1,97 50 1,97 50 19,7
75 2,955 75 2,955 75 29,55
100 3,94 100 3,94 100 39,4
Table 3. Metric to imperial conversion
Micrometers to milli-inches ⇒ mils = µm × 0.0394

Millimeters to inches ⇒ in = mm × 0.0394
Centimeters to inches ⇒ in = cm × 0.394
mils µm in mm in cm
1 25,4 1 25,4 1 2,54
2,5 63,5 2,5 63,5 2,5 6,35
5 127 5 127 5 12,7
10 254 10 254 10 25,4
25 635 25 635 25 63,5
50 1270 50 1270 50 127
75 1905 75 1905 75 190,5
100 2540 100 2540 100 254
Table 4. Imperial to metric conversion
Formulas:
Milli-inches to micrometers ⇒ µm = mils × 25.4
Inches to millimeters ⇒ mm = in × 25.4
Inches to centimeters ⇒ cm = in × 2.54

m ft yd fm ch fur
1 3,281 1,094 0,547 0,050 0,005
2,5 8,203 2,735 1,368 0,124 0,013
5 16,405 5,470 2,735 0,249 0,025
10 32,810 10,940 5,470 0,497 0,050
25 82,025 27,350 13,675 1,243 0,125
50 164,050 54,700 27,350 2,485 0,250
75 246,075 82,050 41,025 3,728 0,375
100 328,100 109,400 54,700 4,970 0,500
Table 5. Metric to imperial conversion.
Formulas:
Metres to feet ⇒ ft = m × 3.281
Metres to yards ⇒ yd = m × 1.094
Metres to fathoms ⇒ fm = m × 0.547
Metres to chains ⇒ ch = m × 0.0497
Metres to furlongs ⇒ fur = m × 0.005
ft m yd m fm m ch m fur m
1 0,305 1 0,914 1 1,830 1 20,108 1 201,170
2,5 0,763 2,5 2,285 2,5 4,575 2,5 50,270 2,5 502,925
5 1,525 5 4,570 5 9,150 5 100,540 5 1005,850
10 3,050 10 9,140 10 18,300 10 201,080 10 2011,700
25 7,625 25 22,850 25 45,750 25 502,700 25 5029,250
50 15,250 50 45,700 50 91,500 50 1005,400 50 10058,500
75 22,875 75 68,550 75 137,250 75 1508,100 75 15087,750
Formulas:
Feet to metres ⇒ m = ft × 0.305
Yards to metres ⇒ m = ft × 0.914
Fathoms to metres ⇒ m = ft × 1.83
Chains to metres ⇒ m = ft × 20.108
Furlongs to metres ⇒ m = ft × 201.17

km yd mi n mi
1 1093,600 0,621 0,540
2,5 2734,000 1,553 1,350
5 5468,000 3,105 2,700
10 10936,000 6,210 5,400
25 27340,000 15,525 13,500
50 54680,000 31,050 27,000
75 82020,000 46,575 40,500
100 109360,000 62,100 54,000
Table 7. Metric to imperial conversion.
Formulas:
Kilometres to yards ⇒ yd = km × 1093.6
Kilometres to miles ⇒ mi = km × 0.621
Kilometres to nautical miles ⇒ n mi = km × 0.54
yd km mi km n mi km
1 0,001 1 1,609 1 1,852
2,5 0,002 2,5 4,023 2,5 4,630
5 0,005 5 8,045 5 9,260
10 0,009 10 16,090 10 18,520
25 0,023 25 40,225 25 46,300
50 0,046 50 80,450 50 92,600
75 0,068 75 120,675 75 138,900
100 0,091 100 160,900 100 185,200
Formulas:
Yards to kilometres ⇒ km = yd × 0.00091
Miles to kilometres ⇒ km = mi × 1.609
Nautical miles to kilometres ⇒ km = n mi × 1.852

1.4 Volume (dry)
m³ pk bu qr
1 110,840 27,495 3,437
25 2771,000 687,375 85,925
50 5542,000 1374,750 171,850
100 11084,000 2749,500 343,700
250 27710,000 6873,750 859,250
500 55420,000 13747,500 1718,500
750 83130,000 20621,250 2577,750
1000 110840,000 27495,000 3437,000
Table 9.
Formulas:
Metre cube to peck ⇒ pk = m³ × 110.84
Metre cube to bushel ⇒ bu = m³ × 27.945
Metre cube to quarter ⇒ pk = m³ × 110.84
qr pk bu m³
1 32,000 8,000 0,291
25 800,000 200,000 7,274
50 1600,000 400,000 14,548
100 3200,000 800,000 29,095
250 8000,000 2000,000 72,738
500 16000,000 4000,000 145,475
750 24000,000 6000,000 218,213
1000 32000,000 8000,000 290,950
Table 10
Formulas:
Quarter to peck ⇒ pk = qr × 32
Quarter to bushel ⇒ bu = qr × 8
Quarter to metre cube ⇒ m³ = qr × 0.291

m³ dry pt dry qt pk bu dry bbl

1 1816,168 908,084 123,487 28,377 8,648
25 45404,200 22702,100 3087,175 709,425 216,200
50 90808,400 45404,200 6174,350 1418,850 432,400
100 181616,800 90808,400 12348,700 2837,700 864,800
250 454042,000 227021,000 30871,750 7094,250 2162,000
500 908084,000 454042,000 61743,500 14188,500 4324,000
750 1362126,000 681063,000 92615,250 21282,750 6486,000
1000 1816168,000 908084,000 123487,000 28377,000 8648,000
Table 11
Formulas:
Metre cube to dry pint ⇒ dry pt = m³ × 1816.168
Metre cube to dry quart ⇒ dry qt = m³ × 908.084
Metre cube to peck ⇒ pk = m³ × 123.487
Metre cube to bushel ⇒ bu = m³ × 28.377
Metre to dry barrel ⇒ dry bbl = m³ × 8.648
bu dry pt dry qt pk m³ dry bbl

1 64,000 32,000 4,000 0,035 0,303
25 1600,000 800,000 100,000 0,881 7,575
50 3200,000 1600,000 200,000 1,762 15,150
100 6400,000 3200,000 400,000 3,524 30,300
250 16000,000 8000,000 1000,000 8,810 75,750
500 32000,000 16000,000 2000,000 17,620 151,500
750 48000,000 24000,000 3000,000 26,430 227,250
1000 64000,000 32000,000 4000,000 35,240 303,000
Table 12.
Formulas:
Bushel to dry pint ⇒ dry pt = bu × 64
Bushel to dry quart ⇒ dry qt = bu × 32
Bushel to peck ⇒ pk = bu × 4
Bushel to metre cube ⇒ m³ = bu × 0,035
Bushel to dry barrel ⇒ dry bbl = bu × 0.303

1.5 Capacity (liquid)

l gill pt qt gal bbl
1 7,039 1,760 0,880 0,220 0,006
25 175,975 43,995 21,998 5,500 0,153
50 351,950 87,990 43,995 11,000 0,306
100 703,900 175,980 87,990 22,000 0,611
250 1759,750 439,950 219,975 55,000 1,528
500 3519,500 879,900 439,950 110,000 3,055
750 5279,250 1319,850 659,925 165,000 4,583
1000 7039,000 1759,800 879,900 220,000 6,110
Table 13
Formulas:
Litre to gill ⇒ gill = l × 7.039
Litre to pint ⇒ pt = l × 1.760
Litre to quart ⇒ qt = l × 0.880
Litre to gallon ⇒ gal = l × 0.220
Litre to barrel ⇒ bbl = l × 0.006
bbl gill pt qt gal l

1 1152,000 288,000 144,000 36,000 163,659
25 28800,000 7200,000 3600,000 900,000 4091,475
50 57600,000 14400,000 7200,000 1800,000 8182,950
100 115200,000 28800,000 14400,000 3600,000 16365,900
250 288000,000 72000,000 36000,000 9000,000 40914,750
500 576000,000 144000,000 72000,000 18000,000 81829,500
750 864000,000 216000,000 108000,000 27000,000 122744,250
1000 1152000,000 288000,000 144000,000 36000,000 163659,000
Table 14.
Formulas:
Barrel to gill ⇒ gill = bbl × 1152
Barrel to pint ⇒ pt = bbl × 288
Barrel to quart ⇒ qt = bbl × 144
Barrel to gallon ⇒ gal = bbl × 36
Barrel to litre ⇒ l = bbl × 163.659

l liq pt liq qt gal bbl bbl petro.

1 2,113 1,057 0,264 0,008 0,006
25 52,835 26,425 6,600 0,209 0,157
50 105,670 52,850 13,200 0,419 0,315
100 211,340 105,700 26,400 0,837 0,629
250 528,350 264,250 66,000 2,093 1,573
500 1056,700 528,500 132,000 4,185 3,145
750 1585,050 792,750 198,000 6,278 4,718
1000 2113,400 1057,000 264,000 8,370 6,290
Table 15.
Formulas:
Litre to liquid pint ⇒ gill = bbl × 2.118
Litre to liquid quart ⇒ pt = bbl × 1.057
Litre to gallon ⇒ qt = bbl × 0.264
Litre to barrel ⇒ gal = bbl × 0.008
Litre to barrel petro. ⇒ l = bbl × 0.006
bbl liq pt liq qt gal bbl bbl petro.

1 252,000 126,000 31,500 119,240 0,750
25 6300,000 3150,000 787,500 2981,000 18,750
50 12600,000 6300,000 1575,000 5962,000 37,500
100 25200,000 12600,000 3150,000 11924,000 75,000
250 63000,000 31500,000 7875,000 29810,000 187,500
500 126000,000 63000,000 15750,000 59620,000 375,000
750 189000,000 94500,000 23625,000 89430,000 562,500
1000 252000,000 126000,000 31500,000 119240,000 750,000
Table 16.
Formulas:
Barrel to liquid pint ⇒ lig pt = bbl × 252
Barrel to liquid quart ⇒ lig qt = bbl × 126
Barrel to gallon ⇒ gal = bbl × 31.5
Barrel to litre ⇒ l = bbl × 119.24
Barrel to barrel petro. ⇒ bbl petro. = bbl × 0.75

1.6 Area
µm² cmil mm² in² cm² in²

1 0,002 1 0,002 1 0,150
2,5 0,005 2,5 0,004 2,5 0,375
5 0,010 5 0,008 5 0,750
10 0,020 10 0,015 10 1,500
25 0,050 25 0,038 25 3,750
50 0,100 50 0,075 50 7,500
75 0,150 75 0,113 75 11,250
100 0,200 100 0,150 100 15,000
Table 17.
Formulas:
Square micrometers to circular mills ⇒ cmil = µm² × 0.002
Square millimetres to square inches ⇒ in² = mm² × 0.0015
Square centimetres to square inches ⇒ in² = cm² × 0.15
cmil µm² in² mm² in² cm²

1 506,700 1 645,200 1 6,452
2,5 1266,750 2,5 1613,000 2,5 16,130
5 2533,500 5 3226,000 5 32,260
10 5067,000 10 6452,000 10 64,520
25 12667,500 25 16130,000 25 161,300
50 25335,000 50 32260,000 50 322,600
75 38002,500 75 48390,000 75 483,900
100 50670,000 100 64520,000 100 645,200
Table 18.
Formulas:
Circular mils to square micrometers ⇒ µm² = cmil × 506.7
Square inches to square millimetres ⇒ mm² = in² × 645.2
Square inches to square centimetres ⇒ cm² = in² × 6.452

m² ft² m² yd² m² ch²

1 10,764 1 1,196 1 0,003
2,5 26,910 2,5 2,990 2,5 0,006
5 53,820 5 5,980 5 0,013
10 107,640 10 11,960 10 0,025
25 269,100 25 29,900 25 0,063
50 538,200 50 59,800 50 0,125
75 807,300 75 89,700 75 0,188
100 1076,400 100 119,600 100 0,250
Table 19.
Formulas:
Square metres to square feet ⇒ ft² = m² × 10.764
Square metres to square yards ⇒ yd² = m² × 1.196
Sqaure metres to square chains ⇒ ch² = m² × 0.0025
ft² m² yd² m² ch² m²
1 0,093 1 0,836 1 404,686
2,5 0,233 2,5 2,090 2,5 1011,715
5 0,465 5 4,180 5 2023,430
10 0,930 10 8,360 10 4046,860
25 2,325 25 20,900 25 10117,150
50 4,650 50 41,800 50 20234,300
75 6,975 75 62,700 75 30351,450
100 9,300 100 83,600 100 40468,600
Table 20.
Formulas:
Square feet to square metres ⇒ m² = ft² × 0.093
Square yards to square metres ⇒ m² = yd² × 0.836
Square chains to square metres ⇒ m² = mi² × 404.686

ha acre ha mi² km² mi²

1 2,471 1 0,004 1 0,386
2,5 6,178 2,5 0,010 2,5 0,965
5 12,355 5 0,019 5 1,930
10 24,710 10 0,039 10 3,860
25 61,775 25 0,097 25 9,650
50 123,550 50 0,193 50 19,300
75 185,325 75 0,290 75 28,950
100 247,100 100 0,386 100 38,600
Table 21.
Formulas:
Hectares to acres ⇒ acre = ha × 2.471
Hectares to square miles ⇒ mi² = ha × 0.0039
Square kilometres to square miles ⇒ mi² = km² × 0.386
acre ha mi² ha mi² km²

1 0,405 1 258,999 1 2,590
2,5 1,013 2,5 647,498 2,5 6,475
5 2,025 5 1294,995 5 12,950
10 4,050 10 2589,990 10 25,900
25 10,125 25 6474,975 25 64,750
50 20,250 50 12949,950 50 129,500
75 30,375 75 19424,925 75 194,250
100 40,500 100 25899,900 100 259,000
Table 22.
Formulas:
Acres to hectares ⇒ ha = acre × 0.405
Square miles to hectares ⇒ ha = mi² × 258.999
Square miles to square kilometres ⇒ km² = mi² × 2.590

1.7 Density
kg/m³ lb/ft3 lb/gal (UK) lb/gal (US) lb/yd3
1 0,062 0,010 0,008 1,686
25 1,560 0,251 0,209 42,150
50 3,120 0,501 0,417 84,300
100 6,240 1,002 0,835 168,600
250 15,600 2,505 2,086 421,500
500 31,200 5,010 4,173 843,000
750 46,800 7,515 6,259 1264,500
1000 62,400 10,020 8,345 1686,000
Table 23.
Formulas:
Kilogram/metre cube to pound/cubic foot ⇒ lb/cu ft = kg/m³ × 0.062
Kilogram/metre cube to pound/gallon (UK) ⇒ lb/gal(UK) = kg/m³ × 0.010
Kilogram/metre cube to pound/gallon (US)⇒ lb/gal(US) = kg/m³ × 0.008
Kilogram/metre cube to pound/cubic yard ⇒ lb/cu yd = kg/m³ × 1.686
lb/ft3 kg/m³ lb/gal (UK) kg/m³ lb/gal (US) kg/m³ lb/yd3 kg/m³
1 16,019 1 99,776 1 119,830 1 0,593
25 400,463 25 2494,400 25 2995,750 25 14,825
50 800,925 50 4988,800 50 5991,500 50 29,650
100 1601,850 100 9977,600 100 11983,000 100 59,300
250 4004,625 250 24944,000 250 29957,500 250 148,250
500 8009,250 500 49888,000 500 59915,000 500 296,500
750 12013,875 750 74832,000 750 89872,500 750 444,750
1000 16018,500 1000 99776,000 1000 119830,000 1000 593,000
Table 24.
Formulas:
Pound/cubic foot to kilogram/metre cube ⇒ kg/m3 = lb/ft3 × 16.109
Pound/gallon (UK) to kilogram/metre cube ⇒ kg/m3 = lb/gal(UK) × 99.776
Pound/gallon (US) to kilogram/metre cube ⇒ kg/m = lb/gal(US)× 119.830
3
Pound/cubic yard to kilogram/metre cube ⇒ kg/m = lb/yd × 0.593

3 3

1.8 Pressure
kPa bar psi psf pdl/ft2 in Hg in H2O ft H2O mm Hg mm H2O
1 0.01 0,145 20,885 671,971 0,295 4,015 0,334 7,5006 101.97
25 0.25 3,625 522,125 16799,275 7,375 100,366 8,350 187,515 2549,25
50 0.50 7,250 1044,250 33598,550 14,750 200,732 16,700 375,03 5098,5
100 1,00 14,500 2088,500 67197,100 29,500 401,463 33,400 750,060 10197
250 2.50 36,250 5221,250 167992,750 73,750 1003,658 83,500 1875,15 25492.5
500 5.00 72,500 10442,500 335985,500 147,500 2007,315 167,000 3750,30 50985
750 7.50 108,750 15663,750 503978,250 221,250 3010,973 250,500 5625,45 76477.5
1000 10,00 145,000 20885,000 671971,000 295,000 4014,630 334,000 7500.60 101970
Table 25.
Formulas:
Kilo Pascal to barometric pressure ⇒ bar = kPa × 0.01
Kilo Pascal to pound-force/square inch ⇒ psi = kPa × 0.145
Kilo Pascal to pound-force/square foot ⇒ psf = kPa × 20.885
Kilo Pascal to poundal/square foot ⇒ pdl/ft2 = kPa × 20.885
Kilo Pascal to inch mercury column ⇒ in Hg = kPa × 0.295
Kilo Pascal to inch water column ⇒ in H2O = kPa × 4.015
Kilo Pascal to foot water column ⇒ ft H2O = kPa × 0.334
Kilo Pascal to millimeter mercury ⇒ mm Hg = kPa × 7.5006
Kilo Pascal to millimeter water ⇒ mm H2O = kPa × 101.97

psi kPa psf kPa pdl/ft2 kPa

1 6,895 1 0,048 1 0,001
25 172,375 25 1,195 25 0,037
50 344,750 50 2,390 50 0,075
100 689,500 100 4,780 100 0,149
250 1723,750 250 11,950 250 0,373
500 3447,500 500 23,900 500 0,745
750 5171,250 750 35,850 750 1,118
1000 6895,000 1000 47,800 1000 1,490
in Hg kPa in H2O kPa ft H2O kPa

1 3,386 1 0,249 1 2,989
25 84,650 25 6,225 25 74,725
50 169,300 50 12,450 50 149,450
100 338,600 100 24,900 100 298,900
250 846,500 250 62,250 250 747,250
500 1693,000 500 124,500 500 1494,500
750 2539,500 750 186,750 750 2241,750
1000 3386,000 1000 249,000 1000 2989,000
Table 26.
Formulas:
Pound-force/square inch to kilo Pascal ⇒kPa = psi × 6.895
Pound-force/square foot to kilo Pascal ⇒ kPa = psf × 0.048
Poundal/square foot to kilo Pascal ⇒ kPa = pdl/ft2 × 0.00149
Inch mercury column to kilo Pascal⇒ kPa = in Hg × 3.386
Inch water column to kilo Pascal ⇒ kPa = in H2O × 0.249
Foot water column to kilo Pascal ⇒ kPa = ft H2O × 2.989

1.9 Force (weight)

N lbf pdl
1 0,225 7,233
25 5,620 180,825
50 11,241 361,651
100 22,481 723,301
250 56,203 1808,253
500 112,405 3616,506
750 168,608 5424,758
1000 224,810 7233,011
Table 27.
Formulas:
Newton to pound-force ⇒ lbf = N × 0.22481
Newton to poundal ⇒ pdl = N × 7.23301
lbf N pdl N
1 4,448 1 0,138
25 111,206 25 3,456
50 222,411 50 6,913
100 444,822 100 13,826
250 1112,055 250 34,564
500 2224,110 500 69,128
750 3336,165 750 103,691
1000 4448,220 1000 138,255
Table 28.
Formulas:
Pound-force to Newton ⇒ N = lbf × 4.44822
Poundal to Newton ⇒ N = pdl × 0.138255

1.10 Velocity (speed)

m/s mph ft/min in/min
1 2,237 196,850 2362,391
2,5 5,592 492,126 5905,977
5 11,185 984,252 11811,954
10 22,369 1968,504 23623,907
25 55,924 4921,260 59059,768
50 111,847 9842,520 118119,535
75 167,771 14763,780 177179,303
100 223,694 19685,040 236239,070
Table 29.
Formulas:
Metre/second to miles/hour ⇒ mph = m/s × 2.237
Metre/second to feet/minute ⇒ ft/h = m/s × 196.850
Metre/second to inch/minute ⇒ in/s = m/s × 2362.391
mph m/s ft/min m/s in/min m/s

1 0,447 1 0,005 1 0,0004
2,5 1,118 3 0,015 3 0,001
5 2,235 5 0,025 5 0,002
10 4,470 7,5 0,038 7,5 0,003
25 11,176 10 0,051 10 0,004
50 22,352 15 0,076 15 0,006
75 33,528 25 0,127 25 0,011
100 44,704 50 0,254 50 0,021
Table 30.
Formulas:
Miles/hour to metre/second ⇒ m/s = mph × 0.447
Feet/minute to metre/second ⇒ m/s = ft/h × 0.005
Inch/minute to metre/second ⇒ m/s = in/s × 0.0004

1.11 Power
W ft lbf/s hp Btu/h
1 0,881 1,341 3,412
25 22,025 33,525 85,300
50 44,050 67,050 170,600
100 88,100 134,100 341,200
250 220,250 335,250 853,000
500 440,500 670,500 1706,000
750 660,750 1005,750 2559,000
1000 881,000 1341,000 3412,000
Table 31.
Formulas:
Watt to foot pound-force/second ⇒ ft lbf/s = W × 0.0081
Watt to horsepower ⇒ hp = W × 1.341
Watt to British thermal unit/hour ⇒ Btu/h = W × 3.412
ft lbf/s W hp W Btu/h W
1 1,356 1 0,746 1 0,293
25 33,896 25 18,643 25 7,327
50 67,791 50 37,285 50 14,654
100 135,582 100 74,570 100 29,307
250 338,955 250 186,425 250 73,268
500 677,910 500 372,850 500 146,536
750 1016,865 750 559,275 750 219,803
1000 1355,820 1000 745,700 1000 293,071
Table 32.
Formulas:
Feet pound-force/second to Watt ⇒ W = ft lbf/s × 1.356
Horsepower to Watt ⇒ W = hp × 0.746
British thermal unit/hour to Watt ⇒ W = Btu/h × 0.298

1.12 Temperature
Condition °C °F
Water freezes 0 32
Mild winter day 10 50
Warm spring day 20 68
Hot summer day 30 86
Body temperature 37 98.6
Heat wave 40 104
Water boils 100 212
Table 33. Quick temperature reference
°C °F K °C °F K °C °F K
-10 14 263 145 293 418 300 572 573
-5 23 268 150 302 423 305 581 578
0 32 273 155 311 428 310 590 583
5 41 278 160 320 433 315 599 588
10 50 283 165 329 438 320 608 593
15 59 288 170 338 443 325 617 598
20 68 293 175 347 448 330 626 603
25 77 298 180 356 453 335 635 608
30 86 303 185 365 458 340 644 613
35 95 308 190 374 463 345 653 618
40 104 313 195 383 468 350 662 623
45 113 318 200 392 473 355 671 628
50 122 323 205 401 478 360 680 633
55 131 328 210 410 483 365 689 638
60 140 333 215 419 488 370 698 643
65 149 338 220 428 493 375 707 648
70 158 343 225 437 498 380 716 653
75 167 348 230 446 503 385 725 658
80 176 353 235 455 508 390 734 663
85 185 358 240 464 513 395 743 668
90 194 363 245 473 518 400 752 673
95 203 368 250 482 523 405 761 678
100 212 373 255 491 528 410 770 683
105 221 378 260 500 533 415 779 688
110 230 383 265 509 538 420 788 693
115 239 388 270 518 543 425 797 698
120 248 393 275 527 548 430 806 703
125 257 398 280 536 553 435 815 708
130 266 403 285 545 558 440 824 713
135 275 408 290 554 563 445 833 718
140 284 413 295 563 568 450 842 723
Table 34. Temperature conversion table
Formulas:
Fahrenheit to Celsius ⇒ °C = (°F - 32) / 1.8
Celsius to Fahrenheit ⇒ °F = (°C × 1.8) + 32

1.13 Energy (work)

J cal Btu kWh
1 0,239 0,001 0,0000003
25 5,967 0,024 0,00001
50 11,933 0,047 0,00001
100 23,866 0,095 0,00003
250 59,666 0,237 0,00007
500 119,331 0,474 0,00014
750 178,997 0,710 0,00021
1000 238,662 0,947 0,00028
Table 35.
Formulas:
Joules to calories (mean) ⇒ cal = J × 0.238662
Joules to british thermal units (mean) ⇒ Btu = J × 0.0009470863
Joules to kilowatthours ⇒ kWh = J × 0.0000002777778
cal J Btu J kWh J

1 4,190 1 1055,870 1 3600000
25 104,751 25 26396,750 25 90000000
50 209,501 50 52793,500 50 180000000
100 419,002 100 105587,000 100 360000000
250 1047,505 250 263967,500 250 900000000
500 2095,010 500 527935,000 500 1800000000
750 3142,515 750 791902,500 750 2700000000
1000 4190,020 1000 1055870,00 1000 3600000000
Table 36.
Formulas:
Calories (mean) to joules ⇒ J = cal × 4.19002
British thermal units (mean) to joules ⇒ J = Btu × 1055.87
Kilowatthours to joules ⇒ J = kWh × 3600000

1.14 Efficiency
Efficiency kJ/kWh Btu/kWh
10 % 36000 34121,42
20 % 18000 17060,71
30 % 12000 11373,81
40 % 9000 8530,36
50 % 7200 6824,28
60 % 6000 5686,90
70 % 5143 4874,49
80 % 4500 4265,18
90 % 4000 3791,27
100 % 3600 3412,14
Table 37.
Formulas:
Efficiency to kilojoules/kilowatt-hour ⇒
kJ/kWh = 3600/Efficiency(%)
Efficiency to British thermal units/kilowatt-hour ⇒
kJ/kWh = 3412.142/Efficiency(%)
kJ/kWh Efficiency Btu/kWh Efficiency

3600 100,0% 3412 100,0%
4000 90,0% 4000 85,3%
5000 72,0% 5000 68,2%
6000 60,0% 6000 56,9%
7000 51,4% 7000 48,7%
8000 45,0% 8000 42,7%
9000 40,0% 9000 37,9%
10000 36,0% 10000 34,1%
50000 7,2% 50000 6,8%
100000 3,6% 100000 3,4%
Table 38.
Formulas:
Kilojoules/kilowatt-hour to efficiency ⇒ Efficiency = 3600/kJ/kWh
British thermal units/kilowatt-hour to efficiency ⇒
Efficiency = 3412.142/Btu/kWh

1.15 Net heating value of fuel

kJ/kg cal/g Btu/lb
30000 7170,180 12897,690
32500 7767,695 13972,498
35000 8365,210 15047,305
37500 8962,725 16122,113
40000 9560,240 17196,920
42500 10157,755 18271,728
45000 10755,270 19346,535
47500 11352,785 20421,343
50000 11950,300 21496,150
Table 39.
Formulas:
Kilojoules/kilogram to calories/gram ⇒ cal/g = kJ/kg × 0.239006
Kilojoules/kilogram to british thermal units/pound ⇒
Btu/lb = kJ/kg × 0.429923
cal/g kJ/kg Btu/lb kJ/kg

5000 20920 10000 23260
6000 25104 12000 27912
7000 29288 14000 32564
8000 33472 16000 37216
9000 37656 18000 41868
10000 41840 20000 46520
11000 46024 22000 51172
12000 50208 24000 55824
13000 54392 26000 60476
Table 40.
Formulas:
Calories/gram to kilojoules/kilogram ⇒ kJ/kg = cal/g × 4.184000
British thermal units/pound to kilojoules/kilogram ⇒
kJ/kg = Btu/lb × 2.326000

Z
1.16 Specific fuel consumption
NOTE:
The following conversion tables have been calculated by using
a standard heat value of 42700 kJ/kg
g/kWh Efficieny kJ/kWh Btu/kWh

140 60,2% 5978 5666,05
160 52,7% 6832 6475,49
180 46,8% 7686 7284,92
200 42,2% 8540 8094,36
220 38,3% 9394 8903,79
240 35,1% 10248 9713,23
250 33,7% 10675 10117,95
Table 41.
Formulas:
Grams/kilowatt-hour to efficiency ⇒
Efficiency = 3600000/(g/kWh × kJ/kg)
Grams/kilowatt-hour to kilojoules/kilowatt-hour ⇒
kJ/kWh = (g/kWh × kJ/kg)/1000
Grams/kilowatt-hour to british thermal units/kilowatt-hour ⇒
Btu/kWh = (g/kWh × kJ/kg)/1055.056
Efficiency g/kWh kJ/kWh g/kWh Btu/kWh g/kWh

30 % 281,03 6000 140,52 6000 148,25
35 % 240,88 7000 163,93 7000 172,96
40 % 210,77 8000 187,35 8000 197,67
45 % 187,35 9000 210,77 9000 222,38
50 % 168,62 10000 234,19 10000 247,09
55 % 153,29 11000 257,61 11000 271,79
60 % 140,52 12000 281,03 12000 296,50
Table 42.
Formulas:
Efficiency to grams/kilowatthour =>
g/kWh = 3600000/(Efficiency × kJ/kg)
Kilojoules/kilowatthour to grams/kilowatthour =>
g/kWh = 1000 × kJ/kWh / kJ/kg
British thermal units/kilowatthour to grams/kilowatt-hour =>
g/kWh = 1055,056 × Btu/kWh / kJ/kg

1.17 Screens-mesh, aperture sizes and

micron ratings
Woven wire
Woven wire cloth is widely used for filtration and is available in an
extremely wide range of materials and mesh sizes. It can be woven
from virtually any metal ductile enough to be drawn into wire form,
preferred materials being phosphor bronze, stainless steel of the
nickel/chrome type - AISI 304, 304L, 316 and 316L and monel.
Other materials widely used include aluminium alloys (good

strength with light weight and good corrosion resistance), copper
(cheaper than bronze, but not suitable for corrosive conditions),
brass (stronger than copper but more subject to corrosion), plain
mild steel or coated mild steel, (e.g. galvanised or tinned). Nickel,
nickel-chrome alloys and titanium may be used for high
temperature duties. Special alloys such as Inconel, Hastelloy and
Incoloy are also being used.
The minimum practical size of wire which can be used depends on

the alloy, strength required, temperature, corrosion and degree of
abrasion likely to be experienced in service. Thus, finer wire
diameters in aluminium, brass, bronze or copper are not normally
used for other than light duties. Stainless steel wire on the other
hand is available and used down to 15 µm (0.015 mm)
Mesh is described by form of weave and mesh count. A square mesh

is the usual form in a plain or twilled weave. The mesh count
(usually called mesh) is effectively the number of openings per 25 mm
measured from the centre of one wire to another 25 mm from it.
Specially it is the number of pitches in 25 mm, pitch being defined as
(w+d) where w is the width of opening and d is the wire diameter.
The relationship between mesh count, aperture size (w) and wire
mesh diameter (d) is as follows in the examples below:
Example 1. Calculation of Mesh size

Wire diameter (d): 0.10 mm
Aperture diameter (w): 0.150 mm
25 mm
Mesh = = 100
. mm + 0150
(010 . mm)

Example 2. Calculation of aperture size

Mesh: 100
25 mm
w= − 010
. mm = 0150
. mm
100
These parameters also define the open area and strength of the
cloth. Open area (Fo) expressed as percentage of the whole area is:
w 2
Open area( Fo ) = ( ) x 100
w+ d
Example 3. Calculation of open area

Aperture size (w): 0.150 mm
.
0150
Open area ( Fo ) = ( ) 2 x 100 = 36%
.
0150 + 010
.
Thus variations in wire diameter (d) affect both the open area and
strength. Woven wire cloth is described nominally by a mesh
number and wire size, i.e. N mesh M mm (or swg). Mesh numbers
may range from 2 (2 wires per inch) up to 400. Fine mesh with
more than 100 wires per lineal inch is called gauze. Mesh is
described more specially by aperture opening, e.g.
Rough - aperture opening 1 to 12 mm

Medium - aperture opening 0.18 to 0.95 mm (180 to 950 µm)
Fine - aperture opening 0.020 to 0.160 mm (20 to 160 µm)

Aperture Wire Open Mesh Wire

µm mm diameter (mm) area(%) ~ diameter (in)
25 0.025 0.025 25 500 0.0010
28 0.028 0.025 28 480 0.0010
32 0.032 0.028 28 425 0.0011
38 0.038 0.025 36 400 0.0010
40 0.040 0.032 31 350 0.0012
42 0.042 0.036 29 325 0.0014
45 0.045 0.036 31 315 0.0014
50 0.050 0.036 34 300 0.0014
56 0.056 0.040 34 270 0.0016
63 0.063 0.040 37 250 0.0016
75 0.075 0.036 46 230 0.0014
75 0.075 0.053 36 200 0.0021
80 0.080 0.050 38 200 0.0020
85 0.085 0.040 46 200 0.0016
90 0.090 0.050 41 180 0.0020
95 0.095 0.045 46 180 0.0018
100 0.100 0.063 38 150 0.0025
106 0.106 0.05 46 165 0.0020
112 0.112 0.08 34 130 0.0032
125 0.125 0.09 34 120 0.0035
140 0.140 0.112 31 100 0.0045

Example ⇒ 150 0.150 0.10 36 100 0.0040
160 0.160 0.10 38 100 0.0040
180 0.180 0.14 32 80 0.0055
200 0.200 0.125 38 80 0.0050
200 0.200 0.14 35 75 0.0055
224 0.224 0.16 34 65 0.0065
250 0.250 0.16 37 60 0.0065
Table 43. Typical list of wire cloth specifications

Aperture Wire Open Mesh Wire

µm mm diameter (mm) area (%) ~ diameter(in)
280 0.280 0.22 31 50 0.009
315 0.315 0.20 37 50 0.008
400 0.4 0.22 42 40 0.009
400 0.4 0.25 38 40 0.010
425 0.425 0.28 36 36 0.011
500 0.5 0.20 51 36 0.008
500 0.5 0.25 44 34 0.010
500 0.5 0.32 37 30 0.012
560 0.56 0.28 44 30 0.011
560 0.56 0.36 37 28 0.014
630 0.63 0.25 51 30 0.010
630 0.63 0.28 48 28 0.011
630 0.63 0.40 37 25 0.016
710 0.71 0.32 48 25 0.012
710 0.71 0.45 37 22 0.018
800 0.8 0.32 51 22 0.012
800 0.8 0.5 38 20 0.020
Table 44. Typical list of wire cloth specifications (continued from table 43).
Mesh / µm
500
450
400
350
300
Mesh
250
200
150
Example
100
50
0
25 32 40 45 56 75 80 90 100 112 140 160 200 224 280 400 425 500 560 630 630 710 800
µm
Figure 1. Mesh chart, these values are taken from table 43.

Mesh Wire Holes Aperture Aperture % No. of No. of Micron

per gauge per in mm free meshes holes rating
inch SWG in2 area per cm per cm2 µm
10 23 100 0.076 1.929 58 3.93 15 1929
12 24 144 0.061 1.557 54 4.73 22 1557
16 28 256 0.047 1.211 58 6.30 40 1211
20 28 400 0.035 0.894 50 7.87 62 894
30 32 900 0.022 0.572 46 11.80 139 572
40 34 1600 0.0158 0.4013 40 15.75 248 401
60 37 3600 0.0099 0.2506 35 23.60 560 251
80 39 6400 0.0073 0.1854 34 31.50 995 185
100 41 10000 0.0056 0.1422 31 39.37 1550 142
120 43 14400 0.0047 0.1203 32 47.24 2240 120
150 45 22500 0.0039 0.0997 34 59.00 3481 100
180 47 32400 0.0036 0.0903 42 70.80 5020 90
200 47 40000 0.0030 0.0762 36 78.70 6200 76
250 48 62500 0.0024 0.0610 36 98.40 9680 61
300 48.5 90000 0.0019 0.0483 32 118.00 13924 48
Table 45. Screens-mesh aperture sizes and micron ratings

Weave Micron rating

µm
325 x 3200 10.5
200 x 2000 13.0
185 x 1500 16.0
180 x 1440 17.5
180 x 1400 17.5
180 x 1300 19.0
160 x 1100 21.0
165 x 1440 22.0
165 x 1100 25.0
28 x 450 50
75 x 550 35
24 x 250 75
24 x 110 100
20 x 300 65
20 x 200 115
Table 46. Screens-mesh aperture sizes and micron ratings



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1.

1.1 General information

Table 1. Metric to imperial conversion of mass units

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Table 3. Metric to imperial conversion

Micrometers to milli-inches ⇒ mils = µm × 0.0394

Table 4. Imperial to metric conversion

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Table 6. Imperial to metric conversion

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Table 8. Imperial to metric conversion

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1.4 Volume (dry)

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m³ dry pt dry qt pk bu dry bbl

bu dry pt dry qt pk m³ dry bbl

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1.5 Capacity (liquid)

bbl gill pt qt gal l

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l liq pt liq qt gal bbl bbl petro.

bbl liq pt liq qt gal bbl bbl petro.

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µm² cmil mm² in² cm² in²

cmil µm² in² mm² in² cm²

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m² ft² m² yd² m² ch²

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ha acre ha mi² km² mi²

acre ha mi² ha mi² km²

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Pound/cubic yard to kilogram/metre cube ⇒ kg/m = lb/yd × 0.593

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psi kPa psf kPa pdl/ft2 kPa

in Hg kPa in H2O kPa ft H2O kPa

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1.9 Force (weight)

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1.10 Velocity (speed)

mph m/s ft/min m/s in/min m/s

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1.13 Energy (work)

cal J Btu J kWh J

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kJ/kWh Efficiency Btu/kWh Efficiency

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1.15 Net heating value of fuel

cal/g kJ/kg Btu/lb kJ/kg

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g/kWh Efficieny kJ/kWh Btu/kWh

Efficiency g/kWh kJ/kWh g/kWh Btu/kWh g/kWh

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1.17 Screens-mesh, aperture sizes and

Other materials widely used include aluminium alloys (good

The minimum practical size of wire which can be used depends on

Mesh is described by form of weave and mesh count. A square mesh

Example 1. Calculation of Mesh size

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Example 2. Calculation of aperture size