HISTORICAL

ANTECEDENTS IN THE
COURSE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
OBJECTIVE/S:
•At the end of the lesson, students should be able
to
❖identify inventions and discoveries that
changed the world over the course of history.

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Ancient Times
•People were concerned with ;
• transportation and navigation,
• communication and record keeping,
• Mass production,
• Security and protection,
• Health
• Aesthetics
• architecture
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 TRANSPORTATION AND NAVIGATION
• People were trying to go places and discover new horizons.
• Food
• Better location
• Trade

Navigation-
Allowed them to return home after they
discovered new places or completed an
important trade.

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 Communication
• Discover and occupy new places.
• Way to communicate with the natives
• To facilitate trade
• Prevent conflicts

Record keeping-
• Keep record of their
history and culture

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 Mass production
•Increase in size and number
of nations connoted
increased demand for food.
•Thus people needed a form
of technology that would
enable them to increase
food supplies.
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 Weapons and armors
•Important in the discovery of new
places or the establishment of new
alliances with other tribes.
• Conflict with different
culture and orientations
• To control vital resources
• For security and protection

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J.A. Huliganga Notre Dame of Marbel University
 SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
• Sumerian is located in the southernmost tip of ancient
Mesopotamia.
• Sumerians are known for their high degree of
cooperation with one another and their desire for
great things.
• They are not contented with the basic things that life
can offer. This desire pushed them to develop many
things connected with science and technology.
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 Cuneiform
❑The first writing system in ancient
time
❑Utilizes word pictures and
triangular symbols which are carved
on clay.
❑Allowed Sumerians to keep records
of things with great historical value
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 Uruk City
❑Considered to be the first true
city
❑Built using only mud or clay
from the river, mixed with reeds,
producing sun-baked bricks
❑Used the bricks to build houses
and walls to protect themselves
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 The Greatest Ziggurat of Ur
❑Also called as Mountain of God
❑Served as the sacred place of
their chief God
❑The Great Ziggurat of Ur was
dedicated to the moon god
Nanna, who was the patron
deity of the city
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 Irrigation and Dikes
•Due to scarcity and flooding
the Sumerians created
irrigation canals and dikes to
bring water to farmlands and
to control the flooding of
rivers which increased their
food production
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 Sailboats and Wheels
❑Main mode of transportation
during Sumerian Civilization was
through waterways
❑Boats were used to carry large
quantities of products and were
able to cover large distances.
❑Sailboats were invented to address
the increasing demand of products
and to accommodate large number
of people
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❑In later part, wheels were
invented
❑First wheels were not made for
transportation but for farm work
and food processes.
❑Mass production was made
easier.
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Sailboats and Wheels

Sailboat Wheels
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 The Plow
❑Humans evolved from
gatherers to farm cultivators
❑The plow was invented to
dig the earth in a faster pace
❑Mass production was made
easier

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 Roads
❑Sumerians developed the
first roads
❑Flow of traffic become
faster and more organized
❑Roads were made of sun-
baked bricks

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 BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
•Today, people can only marvel at the
beauty of the famous Hanging Gardens
of Babylon from stories of historians,
and paintings that portray the place.

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 Hanging Gardens of Babylon
❑It was said to be a
structure made up of
layers upon layers of
gardens that contained
several species of plants,
tress, and vines.

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 Physical Evidence
Exact Location
Product of the creative imagination of the great King
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 EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
•Egyptian Civilization is located in the North
Africa.
•Many stories tell about the engineering feats
of the Egyptians especially in the
infrastructures established by the Pharaohs.
•Egyptians have contributed other practical
things that would now consider as essential.
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 Paper or Papyrus
• Papyrus was a plant that
• Lighter and thinner than grew abundantly along the
clay tablets Nile River in Egypt.
• Easy to carry and store • They were able to process
• Washable the plant in order to
produce thin sheets on
which one could write down
things.
• Less breakable as compared
to clay tablets.
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 Ink
• When egyptians
invented the papyrus or
the paper, engraving
ceased to be used in
writing.
• Invented by combining
• Used to record history,
soot with different
chemicals to produce culture and codified laws
inks of different colors. • Inks must be tamper-proof
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 Hieroglyphics
• Although some say that
hieroglyphics was adapted
• Language that tells the from the early writing
modern world of the history system established in
and culture of Ancient
Egyptians
Mesopotamia as a result of
trade between civilizations,
the Egyptians believed that
this writing system was
provided to them by their
gods.
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 Cosmetics

• Kohl was created by

mixing soot or malachite
with mineral galena.
• Egyptian also believed • Their function was for both
that a person wearing health and aesthetic reasons
make-up was protected • Egyptians wore Kohl around
from evil and that eyes to prevent and even
cure eye diseases
beauty was a sign of
holiness. Notre Dame of Marbel University
J.A. Huliganga 25
 Wig
• Wigs were worn for health
and wellness rather than for
aesthetic purposes
• It was considered cleaner
than natural hair
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• The wigs were used to
protect the shaved heads
of the wealthy Egyptians
from the harmful rays of
the sun.
• Wearing a wig was better
than putting on a scarf or
any other head cover
since the wig allowed the
head to escape.
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 Water clock/Clepsydra

• This device utilizes gravity that

affects the flow of water from
one vessel to the other.
• The amount of water (or its
height, depending on the
method used) remaining in the
device determines how much
time has elapsed since it is full. • Widely used as a
timekeeping device
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 GREEK CIVILIZATION
•Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern
part of Europe.
•The land has steep mountains and fertile valleys.
Greek Civilization began more than 3,000 years
ago.
•People settled in the valleys near the sea.
Farmers grew olives, grapes barley, and raise
pigs, sheep and goats. They traded for goods
they did not made.
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 ALARM CLOCK
❑Plato was believed to
have utilized an
alarm cock to signal
the start of his
lecture.
❑His version used four
water vessel lined up
vertically. https://brewminate.com/25-things-many-dont-realize-were-
invented-by-the-ancient-greeks/

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 WATERMILL
❑ Used in agricultural processes
like milling of grains.
❑ Water mills were considered
better than mills powered by
farm animals because they
required less effort and time to
operate since the farmer did not
have to raise animals.
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 ROMAN CIVILIZATION
• The Roman Empire was provide perceived to be the
strongest political and social entity in the west.
• It was considered to be the cradle of politics and
governance during that period. Because the Roman
Empire was so large, other civilizations looked up to
it as their model in terms of legislation and codified
laws.
• Aside from their contribution in politics, a lot of
discoveries and invention still relevant today can be
attributed to the Roman Empire.
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 NEWSPAPER
❑One of the major contributions
of the Romans is the
newspaper.
❑The first newspapers, known http://www.ancientworldalive.com/single-post/2016/1/29/Roman-
inventions-that-have-shaped-the-modern-world

as Gazettes, contained
announcements of the Roman
Empire to the people.
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 BOUND BOOKS OR CODEX
❑ Later on, they were able to provide cover
to protect papyrus. The earlier were
made of wax but later on replaced by
animal skin which proved to be stronger
and longer-lasting.
❑ With the papyrus pages bound together https://www.thinglink.com/scene/4880344
97929936896
and covered by animal skin, the ancient
Roman Empire was able to produce the
first books or codex.
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 ROMAN
ARCHITECTURE
❑Roman architecture is one
of the most visual
contributions of the ancient
Roman Empire to the world.
❑Roman architecture was
considered a continuation
of Greek architecture,
hence, the resemblance. https://www.thoughtco.com/periods-of-history-in-ancient-rome-
120845

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ROMAN NUMERALS
❑The Romans devised their
own number system
especially to address the
need for a standard counting
method that would meet
their increasing
communication and trade http://historylearning.com/a-history-of-ancient-
rome/history-of-roman-numerals/
concerns.
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 CHINESE CIVILIZATION
oThe Chinese civilization is considered to
be the oldest civilization in Asia, if not in
the world.
oAlso known as the middle kingdom,
China is located on the far east of Asia.
oFamous because of its silk trade.
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 SILK
❑ naturally produced by silkworms
❑ Chinese developed the technology
of harvesting silk and processing it
into paper and clothing
❑ connected China to the rest of the http://www.thesilkroadchina.com/fact-v18-silk-trade-
products-in-china.html
world
❑ silk trade opened exchanges and
bridged the gap between western
civilizations and the far east
kingdom

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 TEA PRODUCTION
❑one of the world’s popular beverages
made by pouring hot or boiling water
in a cup of shredded dried leaves
❑the first tea was drunk by a Chinese
emperor
❑an unknown Chinese inventor made https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-
guide/chinese-tea-culture/
the machine to shred tea leaves
❑contributed to the trading system of
China together with silk
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 GREAT WALL OF CHINA
❑only manmade structure
that is visible from outer
space
❑made with stone, brick,
wood, earth, and other
materials
❑China’s largest
infrastructure, crowing http://www.documentarytube.com/articles/did-keno-

glory, and pride

really-build-the-great-wall-of-china

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 GREAT WALL OF CHINA
❑constructed to keep out foreign
invaders and to control the borders
of the nation
❑wall’s construction put the nation
among the powerful civilizations
during ancient times
❑in present, some portions are http://www.documentarytube.com/articles/di
d-keno-really-build-the-great-wall-of-china
already ruined but it still continues
to be a world attraction

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 GUNPOWDER
❑composed of potassium nitrate,
sulfur, and charcoal
❑created by the Chinese
alchemists to create a formula
for immortality https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo
❑instead, it resulted to the ns/c/c2/Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG

creation of guns and cannons

which cause countless deaths

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 GUNPOWDER
❑during the Tang dynasty,
gunpowder is used to
create fireworks, grenades
and flares for signaling
❑spreads throughout the https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo
ns/c/c2/Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG
different countries: Middle
East, Europe and India

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