APPLICATION OF PID (PROPORTIONAL INTEGRAL DERIVATIVE)

A PID controller is an instrument used in industrial control applications to regulate

temperature, flow, pressure, speed and other process variables. PID (proportional
integral derivative) controllers use a control loop feedback mechanism to control process
variables and are the most accurate and stable controller.
 Jacket water temperature (for engine jacket water cooling system)
 Lubricating oil temperature (for engine lube oil system)
 Fuel oil pressure (for boiler fuel oil system)

OPEN AND CLOSE SYSTEM

Feedback is the key difference between open- and closed-loop controls.

Open-loop controls are useful for situations where output rarely changes and the
process is erratic. this kind of control system, the output doesn’t change the action of the control
system otherwise; the working of the system which depends on time is also called the open-loop
control system. It doesn’t have any feedback. It is very simple, needs low maintenance, quick
operation, and cost-effective. The accuracy of this system is low and less dependable. The example
of the open-loop type is shown below. The main advantages of the open-loop control system are
easy, needs less protection; operation of this system is fast & inexpensive and the disadvantages are,
it is reliable and has less accuracy.

The clothes dryer is one of the examples of the open-loop control system. In this, the control action
can be done physically through the operator. Based on the clothing’s wetness, the operator will fix
the timer to 30 minutes. So, after that, the timer will discontinue even after the machine clothes are
wet. The dryer in the machine will stop functioning even if the preferred output is not attained. This
displays that the control system doesn’t feedback. In this system, the controller of the system is the
timer.

Closed-loop control advantages include automatic corrections to process disturbances and they
can be kept on a set point. The closed-loop control system can be defined as the output of the
system that depends on the input of the system. This control system has one or more feedback
loops among its input & output. This system provides the required output by evaluating its input.
This kind of system produces the error signal and it is the main disparity between the output and
input of the system.
The best example of the closed-loop control system is AC or air conditioner. The AC controls
the temperature by evaluating it with the nearby temperature. The evaluation of temperature can
be done through the thermostat. Once the air conditioner gives the error signal is the main
difference between the room and the surrounding temperature. So, the thermostat will control the
compressor. These systems are accurate, expensive, reliable, and requires high maintenance.

ACTUATOR

with sensor

COMPONENTS TO CREATE CONTROL SYSTEM

Primary Sensors are a major component of control loop processes. Sensors supply signals
proportional to process variables, such as diameter, dancer position, speed, etc., and
measure any change required for a control loop. 
Load Cells used with moving webs are devices that measure the force applied by the
material as a result of micro-deflections of the idler roller they are attached to, caused from
tension tightening or loosening as the material travels through the process.
Converters are electro-mechanical devices used for converting electrical energy from the
controller to the energy type required to control the torque device. 
Indicators are devices that provide a readable indication of an instrument signal in
automation and industrial instrumentation systems.
Recorders are devices that log data acquisition. They are used to record measurement data
over a given time period. When integrated into industrial control systems the device
measures the history of processes and can be submitted for regulatory oversight or
monitoring.
Controllers are integral components in process control systems. The device is responsible
for the performance and function of the control system that works to maintain the value of
the process variable at set point.
Actuator is a component of a machine that is part of the correcting element responsible for
moving and controlling a mechanism or system when it receives a control signal. The
actuator converts a signal’s energy into mechanical motion, such as opening a valve.
 AUX MACH
The primary difference between a purifier and a clarifier centrifuge is that a purifier
separates one liquid from another liquid and solids simultaneously. Therefore, a purifier is
a three-phase separator. A clarifier centrifuge separates a liquid from solids, which is also
known as two-phase separation.

CLARIFIER A clarifier centrifuge separates a liquid phase from the solids in the fluid. In other words,
it is a liquid-solid separation device. Therefore, a clarifier continuously separates the solids from
liquid-carrying solids.

 The process fluid enters the bowl through the distributor to the underside of the distributor.
A blind disc (without holes) is assembled at the bottom of the disc stack.
 This closure prevents the fluid from entering the disc stack through the bottom holes or fluid
passage mentioned above.
 The incoming liquid enters the disc stack from the outside. As the fluid passes through the
disc stack, the heavier solids move outward due to the centrifugal force.
 Also, in a clarifier centrifuge, the gravity disc is replaced by a sealing ring (clarifier disc),
closing the passage of water to the water chamber in the bowl top. This closure of the heavy
phase pathway essentially blocks one fluid passage from the bowl.
 All the processed fluid moves towards the only exit in the bowl. The liquid passes through
the disc stack into the fluid passage between the distributor’s ribs. The fluid then enters the
light-phase chamber inside the top disc.
 The centripetal pump (paring disc) converts the liquid’s rotational energy into pressure, and
the pressurized fluid exits the bowl through the light phase pathway.

Applications:
 Beer clarification from yeast
 Wine clarification from solids
 Ethanol clarification from waxes and lipids for CBD oil
 Ethanol from marijuana biomass for THC recovery
 Fruit juice separation from pulp
 Chemical and catalyst separation
 Pyrolysis oil separation from biochar
 Quench oil clarification from ash and scale particles
 Algae cell harvesting from water
 Humus biomass separation from liquid humus fertilizer
 Silicon dioxide from water in wafer grinding
PURIFIER A purifier is a disc-stack centrifuge that separates one liquid from another liquid and
solid particles (if any). A purifier centrifuge can continuously separate two liquid phases and one solid
phase. An equipment with the sole purpose of purifying or cleaning the given media. On the ship,
they are also referred to as Centrifuge (equipment using centrifugal action to separate two medium).
Marine fuel oil taken from bunker contains solid contaminants such as ash, carbon, cat fines and
dust that if remained unchecked will accelerate normal wear and tear damaging cylinder liner,
piston, piston rings and fuel injector.

 As it passes through the discs, the centrifugal force causes the solids to move towards the
bowl periphery. The solids being the heaviest, accumulate in the sludge space at the outer
edge of the bowl.
 These separated solids are intermittently ejected from the bowl by the self-cleaning
operation of the bowl. In manual cleaning centrifuges, the operator must manually remove
the sludge from the bowl.
 The dense phase (water) also moves radially outward from the bowl rotation axis. The water
collects in the water space, as shown in the diagram.
 The incoming separated water displaces and pushes this accumulated water over the top
disc into the water chamber at the top of the bowl assembly. The water gets pressurized by
the water-paring disc and escapes the bowl through the heavy phase outlet.
 The separated light phase (oil) moves towards the center of the rotating bowl. It rises
through the oil passage on the distributor. The oil then enters the light phase chamber inside
the top disc. The paring disc pump expels the separated oil under pressure from the bowl.

Applications:

 Lube oil separation from water and solids

 Diesel fuel separation from water and sludge
 Hydraulic oil purification from water and sludge
 Machining coolant separation from tramp oil and metal fines
 Waste vegetable oil (WVO) separation from water and food particles
 Crude oil recovery from salt water and tank bottom sludge
 Clarified butter separation from water and milk solids
 Milk classification from fat and solids
 Animal fat purification from water and particles
 Fish oil purification from water and fish-meal

PARTS

Exterior Framework Disc Horizontal Shaft

Bowl Motor Vertical Shaft
Gravity Disc Clutch/ Friction Pads Paring Disc Distributor
Gear Box Spur Gear Centripetal Impeller
Pilot Valve Bowl Body Gear Pump
3- Way Valve Main Bowl Heater
Bowl Hood Water Supply
Top Disc Purifier Break