ESC101A - 07 - Four Stroke Diesel Engine

Lecture No.
7
Four Stroke Diesel Engine
Delivered by
DR. SURESH R
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Faculty of Engineering & Technology © RamaiahUniversity
©Ramaiah Universityof
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Learning Outcomes
• At the end of this Lecture, student will be able to:

– Explain the working of 4 stroke diesel engines.
– Identify the process in P-V and T-S diagrams for Diesel cycle
– Derive the formulae for air standard efficiency of Diesel cycle
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Four Stroke Diesel Engine
• Diesel Engine: Operates on theoretical diesel cycle.
• Four stroke: The cycle completes in two revolution of the
crankshaft or 4 strokes of piston
• Constant pressure combustion cycle: combustion of the
fuel takes place at constant pressure
• Compression ignition (C.I. engines): Fuel ignites due to
high temperature of compressed air
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Working:
Four stroke Diesel engine
air intake
exhaust
/intake
compression
fuel injection
exhaust
combustion 4
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Working: Four stroke Diesel engine
•self ignition (without electrical
spark plug)
•fuel is sprayed
•more weight
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Suction stroke
A-B
• Inlet valve: open , exhaust valve: close
• Piston is at TDC and start to move downwards.
• The inlet valve is open and exhaust valve is
closed.
• Suction created by the downward motion of
the piston draws in the air from the
atmosphere
• Suction stroke end when the crank completes
half a revolution and piston reaches BDC
• Inlet valve closes down at the end.
• Line A to B on PV Diagram
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Compression stroke
B-C
• Inlet and exhaust valves: remain closed.
• The piston moving up BDC to TDC
compresses the air adiabatically
• Pressure and temperature rises to as high as
4MPa and 1000 °C respectively.
• Line B-C: reversible Adiabatic Compression
Process
• Just before the end of the stroke: fuel
injector sprays a fine spray of fuel into the
hot compressed air
• Crank completes one revolution.
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Working (power) stroke (C-D-E)
• Inlet and exhaust valve: remains closed
• Expansion occur in two stages:
• Ist stage (C-D): Hot gases (combustion)
expand at constant pressure
• IInd stage (D-E): Hot gases expand in
reversible adiabatic way
• Exerts force on the piston and pushes it
from TDC to BDC as gases expand and
pressure decreases
• At the end of the stroke: exhaust valve
opens and hot gases exit out due to high
pressure inside compared to the
atmosphere pressure, Process E-B
• The crank completes one and half
revolutions. 8
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Exhaust stroke
(B-A)
• Inlet valve: close, exhaust valve: open
• The piston returns from BDC to TDC: pushes
the remaining burnt gases to the
atmosphere at constant, Line B-A on PV
Diagram.
• At the end of the stroke, exhaust valve
closes and small quantities of gas gets
trapped in the clearance volume which mix
with the fresh air entering the cylinder in
the next cycle.
• The crank completes two revolutions.
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4 Stroke Diesel Engine- Animation
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P-V and T-S Diagram
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P-v Diagram of ideal Diesel Cycle
Cut off Ratio -
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Air Standard Efficiency (ASE)
• A.S.E. = 1 – Heat Rejected / Heat Added

• = 1 – Cv (T4 – T1) / [Cp (T3 – T2)]
• = 1 – (T4 – T1) / [ (T3 – T2)]
Now, T2 = T1 r - 1
• T3 = T2 ; where  is cut – off ratio = v3/v2
• T4 = T3 / (r/) - 1
 1
1 1    1

• A.S.E. of diesel cycle = 1   r      1 
 
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Comments on Diesel Efficiency
• Air standard efficiency of diesel cycle depends on cutoff
ratio, in addition to compression ratio and decreases as
the cut off ratio increases for fixed compression ratio.
• The quantity (-1)/[(-1) is greater than unity for
values  > 1.
• Therefore, the diesel cycle efficiency is less than that of an
Otto cycle with the same compression ratio.
• However, due to high compression ratio diesel engine
efficiency is practically higher than that of petrol engine
running on the Otto cycle. Diesel cycle efficiency reaches
a minimum when cutoff ratio equals compression ratio.
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Fuel injector
fuel injector
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CRDI
( Common Rail Direct Injection System
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Cylinder Deactivation
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Comparison of Petrol Vs Diesel
Description Petrol Diesel
Weight for Same power Lighter Heavier
Compression Ratio Lower ( 8 to 12) Higher ( 10 to 25)
Fuel Efficiency Lower Better ( High
Compression ratio)
Ignition System Required Not Required
Starting the Engine Easy Little Harder ( glow plug)
Life Shorter Longer ( no lubrication

oil burning)
Torque at Low Speed Lower Higher
Initial Cost Low High
Fuel Economy Low Higher ( Cheaper than
Petrol)
Electronic Engine Mgt Necessary Not Necessary
Turbo charging Not Easy Easy
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Comparision
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Diesel Engine
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Summary
• Four stroke diesel engine

– Working: It is a compression ignition engine
– It works on Diesel cycle, which combusts fuel at
constant pressure
– Construction: It consists of a fuel injector instead of a
spark plug (petrol engine) that injects fuel to
compressed air
– Efficiency of diesel engines are generally higher than
petrol engines
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Lecture No.

• At the end of this Lecture, student will be able to:

•self ignition (without electrical

Cut off Ratio -

• A.S.E. = 1 – Heat Rejected / Heat Added

Life Shorter Longer ( no lubrication

• Four stroke diesel engine

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