UNIDAD EDUCATIVA PARTICULAR “SAN JOSÉ DE CALASANZ”

Name:………………………………………………………………… Date: ……….

…………………………….
Grade: 1ro bachillerato Subject: History and Social Sciences

PART II: LEGACY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD

Interconnection between ancient cultures

Peoples and civilizations of the world have never lived in isolation: there has always
been commercial, religious and other political reasons to enter into relation with each
other.

From this exchange:

 Armed conflicts -They have expanded or reduced territories
 Control ofhuman beings or reliability on other authorities
 Possibility of collecting taxes or paying them
 Spread of ideas and values - Different ways of seeing reality
 Establishment of partnerships
 Transfer of goods and products – Trading
 Understanding the existence of a wider world - Ignorance of the existence of
other people
Contact with other people had difficulties because of the huge distances and the under
development of their means of transport

Economy and trade routes

Ancient civilizations sought and settled at sites near
. water sources

So they took advantage of nearby land for their crops

. and meet the needs of the population

Then developed tools and agricultural techniques such

. as irrigation, plowing, fertilizer use, etc.

This allowed them to diversify crops, increase

. production and obtain surplus

Thus the agriculture combined with animal care became the base of the economy.
 Exists the need of new
lands and increasing
Population increases
croplands for the food
demand

Obtaining raw
The existence of Trade relations with materials. Tools were
surplus other peoples not available in the
territory

Consolidated the social

and political structures

The location of peoples and civilizations along rivers and seas, in addition to
agricultural development, also contributed to:
• Facilitate the movement of people and goods
• The establishment of commercial and administrative routes, even atlong distance and
large scale
• Enable the displacement of military and political control of colonized territories

This contact between different peoples and civilizations was linked to trade that
allowed the accumulation of wealth and the creation of empires.
In the beginning, trade was based on barter and then on objects with a monetary value.
Trade routes geographically connected to the production centers and markets through
various means: caravans that moved through the desert, galleons that plied the sea, etc.
UNIDAD EDUCATIVA PARTICULAR “SAN JOSÉ DE CALASANZ”
Name:………………………………………………………………… Date: ……….…………………………….
Grade: 1ro bachillerato Subject: History and Social Sciences
PART II: LEGACY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD
WORKSHEET #9
Interconnection between ancient cultures

1. What were the results of the exchange between ancient cultures?

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2. What were the results of the existence of surplus?

Exists the need of new

lands and increasing
Population increases
croplands for the food
demand

Obtaining raw
The existence of Trade relations with materials. Tools were
surplus other peoples not available in the
territory

Consolidated the social

and political structures

3. What did the location of peoples and civilizations along rivers and seas
contributed to?
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4. What did Trade allow?

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Major trade routes of the ancient world

The Great Silk Road
The Silk Road was an overland route that linked China to the Mediterranean world via
Mesopotamia,Iran, and Central Asia. There were two periods of heavy use of the Silk
Road: (1) 150 B.C. - 907 A.C. and (2) the thirteenth through seventeenth centuries.

It was called the Silk Road because one of the major products traded was silk cloth
from China. People throughout Asia and Europe prized Chinese silk for its softness and
luxury. The Chinese sold silk for thousands of years and even the Romans called China
the "land of silk".
The Silk Road was important because it helped to generate trade and commerce
between a number of different kingdoms and empires. This helped for ideas, culture,
inventions, and unique products to spread across much of the settled world.
Besides silk, the Chinese also exported (sold) teas, salt, sugar, porcelain, and spices.
Most of what was traded was expensive luxury goods. This was because it was a long
trip and merchants didn't have a lot of room for goods. They imported, or bought,
goods like cotton, ivory, wool, gold, and silver.
Merchants and tradesmen traveled in large caravans. They would have many guards
with them. Traveling in a big group like a caravan helped in defending from bandits.
Camels were popular animals for transport because much of the road was through dry
and harsh land. It was initially overland route and then turned maritime.
History
Although there was some trade between China and the rest of the world for some time,
the silk trade was significantly expanded and promoted by the Han Dynasty which
ruled from 206 BC to 220 AC. Later, under the rule of the Yuan Dynasty set up by
Kublai Khan of the Mongols, trade from China along the Silk Road would reach its
peak. During this time the Mongols controlled a significant portion of the trade route,
enabling Chinese merchants to travel safely. Also, merchants were granted more social
status during the Mongol rule.
Fun facts about the Silk Road
  It was over 4,000 miles long.
 Marco Polo traveled to China along the Silk Road.
 Buddhism spreaded from Asia and Christianity spreaded from Europe.
 Not all that was traded along the Silk Road was good. It is thought that the
bubonic plague, or Black Death, traveled to Europe from the Silk Road.
 Very few merchants traveled along the entire route. Goods were traded at many
cities and trade posts along the way.
 There wasn't just one route, but many routes. Some were shorter, but more
dangerous. Others took longer, but were safer.

Spices Route

During the Middle Ages, wealthy Europeans began to desire spice due to its many uses.
However, the spices that they craved did not grow in Europe, so as a result, they had to
be brought from Asia. People made a route between Asia and Europe in order to
transport spices amongst many other goods. The route they have created is known now
as the spice trade route, which was a vast network of sea routes that many traders used
to deliver goods. They stretch from the west coast of Japan, through the islands of
Indonesia, around India to the lands of the Middle East - and from there, across the
Mediterranean to Europe. It is a distance of over 15,000 kilometres and, even today, is
not an easy journey. From our very earliest history, people have travelled the Spice
Routes. At first, they probably ventured only short distances from their home ports but
over the centuries their ships sailed further and further across seas and oceans. They
braved treacherous seas and eventual hostile reception on arrival in an unknown land.
These journeys were not undertaken purely in the spirit of adventure - the driving force
behind them was trade. The Spice Routes were, and still are, first and foremost trade
routes.
As early as 2000 BC, spices such as cinnamon from Sri Lanka and cassia from China
found their way along the Spice Routes to the Middle East. Other goods were
exchanged too - cargoes of ivory, silk, porcelain, metals and dazzling gemstones
brought great profits to the traders who were prepared to risk the dangerous sea
journeys. But precious goods were not the only points of exchange between the traders.
Perhaps more important was the exchange of knowledge: knowledge of new peoples
and their religions, languages, expertise, artistic and scientific skills. The ports along
the Maritime Silk Roads (Spice Routes) acted as melting pots for ideas and
information. With every ship that swept out with a cargo of valuables on board, fresh
knowledge was carried over the seas to the ship's next port of call.
Today, it may seem strange that the demand for spices was the main reason for such
large-scale trade across such long distances. One probably thinks of them simply as
flavouring for food. Yet, the word “spice” comes from the Latin species, which means
an item of special value, as compared to ordinary articles of trade. Travelling these
long distances becomes understandable if one considers the fact that many of the
important spices had ritual and medical values and could only grow in the tropical East,
from South of China to Indonesia as well as southern India and Sri Lanka. In particular,
they grew in the Moluccas or, as they are better known, the Spice Islands.
The profits to be made from spices were considerable. They were small and dried, and
consequently could be transported easily. The wealth of the spice trade brought great
power and influence and, over the centuries, bloody battles were fought to win control
of it and the routes along which it took place.

Via Maris
Via Maris is the modern name for an ancient trade route, dating from the early Bronze
Age, linking Egypt with the northern empires of Syria, Anatolia and Mesopotamia —
modern day Iran, Iraq, Israel, Turkey and Syria. In Latin, Via Maris means "way of the
sea." It is a historic road that runs along the Israeli Mediterranean coast. It was the most
important route from Egypt to Syria (the Fertile Crescent) which followed the coastal
plain before crossing over into the plain of Jezreel and the Jordan valley.
Its earlier name was "Way of the Philistines", a reference to a passageway through the
Philistine Plain (which today consists of Israel's southern coastal plain and the Gaza
Strip).
Together with the King's Highway, the Via Maris was one of the major trade routes.
The Via Maris was crossed by other trading routes, so that one could travel from Africa
to Europe or from Asia to Africa. It began in al-Qantara and went east to Pelusium,
following the northern coast of Sinai through el-Arish and Rafah. From there it
followed the coast of Canaan through Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Joppa, and Dor before
turning east again through Megiddo and the Jezreel Valley until it reached Tiberias on
the Sea of Galilee. Again turning northward along the shore, the Via Maris passed
through Migdal, Capernaum, and Hazor. From Hazor it crossed the northern River
Jordan at Jacob's Daughters' Bridge then climbed sharply over the Golan Heights and
wound its way northeast into Damascus. Here travellers could continue on the King's
Highway as far as the Euphrates River or proceed northward into Anatolia.

Incense Route

There has been Incense Trade Route for as long as there has been recorded history,
linking Egypt and Mesopotamia with Arab and India. As soon as the camel was
domesticated, Arab tribes began carrying incense from southern Arabia to the
civilizations scattered around the Mediterranean Sea. Up until 24 BC the Nabataeans
moved large caravans of frankincense, myrrh and other incenses from southern Arabia
and spices from India and beyond to the Mediterranean ports of Gaza and Alexandria.
The Roman historian Pliny the Elder mentioned that the route took 62 days to traverse
from one end to the other. Many of the route stops were cities or towns while others
were simply watering locations or dry encampments in the desert.
It is important to note that the Incense Route was not fixed. As towns or kingdoms tried
taxing the caravans passing through them, the merchants would switch their routes,
using different passes or treks through the desert. As a result, towns along the route
would wax and wane, depending on the route that the caravans took.
Soon after 24 B.C., the Incense Road began to be replaced by the Incense Sea Route.

UNIDAD EDUCATIVA PARTICULAR “SAN JOSÉ DE CALASANZ”

Name:………………………………………………………………… Date: ……….…………………………….
Grade: 1ro bachillerato Subject: History and Social Sciences

PART II: LEGACY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD

WORKSHEET #10
The Great Silk Road, the Spices Route

1. Why is it called the Silk Road and why was it important?

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2. What goods did the Chinese trade?

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3. How did merchants and tradesmen travel?

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4. Why was the Spices Route created?

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5. Describe geographically where is the Spices Route located?

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6. What goods were exchanged along the Spices Route?

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7. What is the Via Maris and which countries did it link?

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8. What countries did the Incense Route link and what was traded along it?
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Greek Colonization And Its Main Trading Routes
In the first half of the first millennium B.C., Greek city-states, most of which were
maritime powers, began to look beyond Greece for land and resources, and so they
founded colonies across the Mediterranean. Trade contacts were usually the first steps
in the colonization process and then, later, once local populations were subdued or
included within the colony, cities were established. These could have varying degrees
of contact with the homeland, but most became fully independent city-states,
sometimes very Greek in character, in other cases culturally closer to the indigenous
peoples they neighboured and included within their citizenry. One of the most
important consequences of this process, in broad terms, was that the movement of
goods, people, art, and ideas in this period spread the Greek way of life far and wide to
Spain, France, Italy, the Adriatic, the Black Sea, and North Africa. In total then, the
Greeks established some 500 colonies which involved up to 60,000 Greek citizen
colonists, so that by 500 B.C. these new territories would eventually account for 40%
of all Greeks in the Hellenic World.
Trade & resource opportunities

The Greeks were great sea-farers, and travelling across the Mediterranean, they were
eager to discover new lands and new opportunities. First the islands around Greece
were colonized, for example the first colony in the Adriatic was Corcyra (Corfu),
founded by Corinth in 733 B.C. (traditional date), and then prospectors looked further
afield. The first colonists in a general sense were traders and those small groups of
individuals who sought to tap into new resources and start a new life away from the
increasingly competitive and over-crowded homeland.
Trade centres and free markets (emporia) were the forerunners of colonies proper.
Then, from the mid-8th to mid-6th centuries B.C., the Greek city-states (poleis) and
individual groups started to expand beyond Greece with more deliberate and longer-
term intentions. However, the process of colonization was likely more gradual and
organic than ancient sources would suggest. It is also difficult to determine the exact
degree of colonization and integration with local populations. Some areas of the
Mediterranean saw fully-Greek poleis established,while in other areas there were only
trading posts composed of more temporary residents such as merchants and sailors.
The very term 'colonization' infers the domination of indigenous peoples, a feeling of
cultural superiority by the colonizers, and a specific cultural homeland which controls
and drives the whole process. This was not necessarily the case in the ancient Greek
world and, therefore, in this sense, Greek colonization was a very different process
from, for example, the policies of certain European powers in the 19th and 20th
centuries A.C. It is perhaps here then, a process better described as 'culture contact'.
The establishment of colonies across the Mediterranean permitted the export of luxury
goods such as fine Greek pottery, wine, oil, metalwork, and textiles, and the extraction
of wealth from the land - timber, metals, and agriculture (notably grain, dried fish, and
leather), for example - and they often became lucrative trading hubs and a source of
slaves. A founding city (metropolis) might also set up a colony in order to establish a
military presence in a particular region and so protect lucrative sea routes. Also,
colonies could provide a vital bridge to inland trade opportunities. Some colonies even
managed to rival the greatest founding cities; Syracuse, for example, eventually
became the largest polis in the entire Greek world. Finally, it is important to note that
the Greeks did not have the field to themselves, and rival civilizations also established
colonies, especially the Etruscans and Phoenicians, and sometimes, inevitably, warfare
broke out between these great powers.

Roman Trade
Trade was vital to Ancient Rome. The empire cost a vast sum of money to run and
trade brought in much of that money. The population of the city of Rome was one
million and such a vast population required all manner of things brought back via trade.
The Roman Empire was criss-crossed with trade routes. There were sea routes that
covered the Mediterranean and Black Seas and numerous land routes using the roads
built by the Romans. Trade and moving the Roman Army around were the two
principle reasons for building roads.
The most important port was Ostia as it was the nearest major port to Rome itself.
Ostia was situated at the mouth of the River Tiber and was only 15 miles from Rome.
Many ships travelled between Ostia and the major North African city of Carthage, a
journey that took between three and five days. Ships also arrived from Spain and
France at Ostia. All their goods could be quickly moved to Rome itself as they were
taken in barges to the city up the River Tiber after slaves had transferred the products
from the merchant ships to the barges. Ironically, Ostia was to play a major part in the
downfall of Rome when Alaric the Goth captured Ostia in AD 409 knowing that this
would starve Rome of much needed food.
The Romans did what they could to make sea journeys safe – lighthouses were built as
were safe harbours and docks. The Roman Navy did what it could to make the
Mediterranean Sea safe from pirates.
The Romans made trade as easy as possible. There was only one currency used and
there were no complicating customs dues. Trade was also encouraged by many years of
peace within the Empire. Trade was vital to the success of the Empire. When the
Empire collapsed, trade throughout the lands that had once made up the Roman
Empire, also collapsed. The Mediterranean Sea became a dangerous place for
merchants as there were no powers to control the activities of pirates who marauded as
far north as the English Channel.
What was acquired from where?
Trade involved foodstuffs (e.g. olives, fish, meat, cereals, salt, prepared foods such as
fish sauce, olive oil, wine and beer), animal products (e.g. leather and hides), objects
made from wood, glass, or metals, textiles, pottery, and materials for manufacturing
and construction such as glass, marble, wood, wool, bricks, gold, silver, copper, and
tin. Finally, there was, of course, also the substantial trade in slaves.
The fact that many goods were produced as regional specialities on often very large
estates, for example, wine from Egypt or olive oil from southern Spain, only increased
the inter-regional trade of goods. That such large estates could produce a massive
surplus for trade is evidenced at archaeological sites across the empire: wine producers
in southern France with cellars capable of storing 100,000 litres, an olive oil factory in
Libya with 17 presses capable of producing 100,000 litres a year, or gold mines in
Spain producing 9,000 kilos of gold a year. Although towns were generally centres of
consumption rather than production, there were exceptions where workshops could
produce impressive quantities of goods. These 'factories' might have been limited to a
maximum workforce of 30 but they were often collected together in extensive
industrial zones in the larger cities and harbours, and in the case of ceramics, also in
rural areas close to essential raw materials (clay and wood for the kilns).

Appian Way
The Appian Way was one of the earliest and
strategically most important Roman roads of the
ancient republic. It connected Rome to Brindisi, in
southeast Italy.
The road is named after Appius Claudius Caecus, the
Roman censor who began and completed the first
section as a military road to the south in 312 B.C.
during the Samnite Wars.
The Appian Way was used as a main route for
military supplies since its construction for that purpose in 312 B.C.
The Appian Way was the first long road built specifically to transport troops outside
the smaller region of greater Rome (this was essential to the Romans). The few roads
outside the early city were Etruscan and went mainly to Etruria. By the late Republic,
the Romans had expanded over most of Italy and were masters of road construction.
Their roads began at Rome, where the master itinerarium, or list of destinations along
the roads, was located, and extended to the borders of their domain — hence the
expression, "All roads lead to Rome".

Peoples and ancient civilizations used land routes and waterways. Some of these
peoples built roads and communication routes along the rivers, seas and oceans
thatfacilitated trade and the exchange of knowledge. In Egypt, the Nile river was the
main route of communication and trade. Hindus through the Ganges; Indus and
Brahmaputra rivers and the Indian Ocean trade route had a commercial activity with
China and even through other seas with the Mediterranean civilizations. The
Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea became a major trade route for Phoenicians,
Greeks and Romans over the centuries.

Population Movements
We refer to the movement of large groups of people that were caused by:
• The technological development that allowed people to look for better places to live. •
The colonization of new territories to expand trade.
• The formation of great empires ( Mesopotamia , Egypt , Greece , Rome) allowed the
transfer of soldiers and settlers to occupy new lands.
• As a result of the conquests many inhabitants of the conquered peoples were taken as
slaves and sold. They were intended for craft, mining, and agricultural activities.

Because of these population movements, many aspects of the various societies

(language, ethnicity, culture ) were modified.

UNIDAD EDUCATIVA PARTICULAR “SAN JOSÉ DE CALASANZ”

Name:………………………………………………………………… Date: ……….…………………………….
Grade: 1ro bachillerato Subject: History and Social Sciences

PART II: LEGACY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD

WORKSHEET #11
Greek Colonization, Roman Trade, Appian Way and Population
Movements

1. Why did the Greek Colonization take place and what products were traded?
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2. What was the most important consequence of the Greek Colonization?

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3. How many colonies were established and how many people were involved?
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4. Describe how the process of the Greek Colonization was.

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5. The Roman Empire was criss-crossed with trade routes. How?

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6. What was the most important Roman port and where was it situated?
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7. How did the Romans make their journeys safe?

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8. What goods did the Roman trade involve?
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9. What was the Appian Way and why was it created for?
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10.The population movements were caused by:

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