Summarize Newmark’s translation procedures by giving their distinct features and

identify when it is best used or applied.

Translation helps the people with different customs, environmental setting and language in

order to get the ambition of communication. According to Newmark, there are a range of

translation procedures embody different features to serve a certain reason.

First, transference, it is the process of transfer of a SL to a TL. It is done when the TL lacks a

lexical equivalence of for rhetorical or stylistic purposes. It also incorporates transliteration

or as referred to “transcription” by Harvey (2000).

Second, naturalization or the adaptation of a SL term to the pronunciation and to the word-

forms of the TL, then to the normal morphology of the TL.

Third, Cultural equivalent, Newmark (1988) affirmed that the cultural correspondent

procedure is a near rendition of a SL cultural term into a TL cultural term. It means

replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. However, its use is limited since "they are

innacurate".

Fourth, functional equivalent, it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. The handy equal

procedure "requires the use of a culture-free word, sometimes with a new explicit term".

Fifth, descriptive equivalent means explaining the ST phrase in several words to the TL.

Unlike functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent focuses on describing the cultural

expression. Descriptive equivalent and functional equivalent are necessary elements in

translation.In this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explain in some words.
Sixth, Componential Analysis or the "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a

alike meaning but is not an understandable one-to-one equivalent, by representative first

their common and then their differing sense components." It is best used when comparing

SL with TL words that have similar meaning but not an obvious one-to-one equivalent by

showing their differing sense components and or semis.

In addition to aforesaid translation procedures, we have also synonymy. The term

"synonymy" is used by Newmark (1988) to refer to an estimated TL equivalent of a SL

word when there is no exact equivalent in the TL. According to Newmark (1988), this

procedure is practical when there is no clear corresponding and when the word is

irrelevant in the text.

On the other hand, through translation or loan translation is "the literal translation of

common collocations, names of organizations, the components of compounds". For

example, “secondary school” is “sekundaryang paaralan” in Filipino.

Furthermore, shifts or transpositions involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL.

According to Newmark (1988), translation shifts are grammatical changes from the SL into

the TL. He classifies them into four types. The first type is the change of grammar due to the

grammatical differences between the ST and the TT. The second type of shift is to change

the grammatical structure of the SL because of the lack of the SL grammatical construction

in the TL. The third type of shift is used when the factual translation of ST is grammatically

possible, but its sound is awkward in the TL. The fourth type of shift is the replacement of a

ST grammatical structure to a lexical structure in the TL.

Lastly, modulation, it refers to a modify of a meaning of the ST in the TL text because of

different viewpoints in the SL and TL.It occurs when the translator reproduce the message

of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the

SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective.