1

Vehicle
Handling

MEA221: Vehicle Design and Simulation(1)

Dr. Mohamed Abdelwahab
 2

Steering
system

MEA221: Vehicle Design and Simulation(1)

Dr. Mohamed Abdelwahab
 3

Steering
system

MEA221: Vehicle Design and Simulation(1)

Dr. Mohamed Abdelwahab
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Bump
Steer

MEA221: Vehicle Design and Simulation(1)

Dr. Mohamed Abdelwahab
 5

Bump
Steer

MEA221: Vehicle Design and Simulation(1)

Dr. Mohamed Abdelwahab
1. Longitudinal forces (FLong): The created torque in the tire
due to a longitudinal forces is the product of the
6
longitudinal forces and the moment arm.

Steering
system
forces &
moments
MEA221: Vehicle Design and Simulation(1)
Dr. Mohamed Abdelwahab
2. Lateral forces (FLat): These forces create a torque at the
contact patch of the tire with the ground. The distance
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caused by the lateral forces acts as a lever arm and is the
sum of the static offset and pneumatic trail.

Steering
system
forces &
moments
MEA221: Vehicle Design and Simulation(1)
Dr. Mohamed Abdelwahab
3. Vertical force

Steering
system
forces &
moments
MEA221: Vehicle Design and Simulation(1)
Dr. Mohamed Abdelwahab
4. Linear damping (b): linear damping of the steering column
damper (bs) and the rack (br) generates an opposing 9
torque with respect to the steering wheel rotation direction.

5. Inertial effects: inertial effects of the steering system

Steering
component such as the steering column, the rack-pinion
mass, the wheel carriers and the hubs increase the resisting
system
torque in accelerating and braking.
forces &
moments
6. Friction: friction that comes from the rack-pinion contact
and bearings of the steering systems.
MEA221: Vehicle Design and Simulation(1)
Dr. Mohamed Abdelwahab
❑ The total resistant torque generated around the left and right
tires of front steering axis can be computed as: 10

Steering
system
forces &
moments
MEA221: Vehicle Design and Simulation(1)
Dr. Mohamed Abdelwahab
 11

Steering
system
forces &
moments
MEA221: Vehicle Design and Simulation(1)
Dr. Mohamed Abdelwahab