Dr. Eng. Rudi W. Prastianto, ST., MT.

Departemen Teknik Kelautan – ITS

Surabaya, 2022

PENDAHULUAN
MEKANIKA RETAK (FRACTURE MECHANICS)
 Outline
▪ Pendahuluan
 Jenis Kriteria Kegagalan Struktur
 Pemusatan Tegangan (Stress Concentration)
 Mengapa struktur gagal (Kegagalan patah-getas
Liberty ships)
 Situasi Operasional Struktur & Lingkup Mekanika
Retak
 Disain berbasis Mekanika Retak
 Pembangunan (construction) & Inspeksi berbasis
Mekanika Retak
Review - Jenis Kriteria Kegagalan
Struktur

1. Kriteria Kegagalan Elastic (Elastic Failure)

2. Kriteria Kegagalan Ultimat (Ultimate Failure)
3. Kriteria Kegagalan Tekuk (Buckling Failure)
4. Kriteria Kegagalan Lelah (Fatigue Failure)
 Review - Pemusatan Tegangan
(Stress Concentration)

▪ Distribusi tegangan (Stress distribution)

▪ Pemusatan tegangan (Stress concentration)
▪ Tegangan nominal (Nominal Stress)
▪ Tegangan Hotspot (Hotspot Stress)
▪ Ketidakkontinyuan (Discontinuity):
 Ketidakkontinyuan Bentuk (Geometrycal
Discontinuity)
 Ketidakkontinyuan Material (Material
Discontinuity)
 Why structures fail

• Brittle fracture
of World War II
Liberty ships,
• 20 ships broken
completely in
two parts.

Brittle fracture of the World War II Liberty ships

Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics (MO-091334) 5
Why structures fail
▪ Negligible during design, construction or operation of
structures:
 Poor workmanship
 Inappropriate or substandard materials
 Error in stress analysis
 Operator error
▪ Application of a new design or material, which produces an
unexpected (an undesirable) result:
 Example: Brittle fracture of World War II Liberty ships
 Broken completely in two while sailing between Siberia-Alaska in
1943
 Totally 2700 ships, 400 fractures, 90 serious failure, 20 ships
broken completely in two
 The first ship applied all-welded hull which were much faster and
cheaper in fabrication

Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics (MO-091334) 6

Why structures fail
Investigations revealed that the Liberty ship
failures were caused by a combination of three
factors:
• The welds, which were produced by a semi-
skilled work force, contained crack-like flaws.
• Most of the fractures initiated on the deck at
square batch corners, where there was a local
stress concentration.
• The steel from which the Liberty ships were
made had poor toughness, as measured by
Charpy impact tests.

Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics (MO-091334) 7

 A local stress concentration
▪ Scallop bentuk kotak
→ rentan terjadi
konsentrasi tegangan.

▪ Scallop bentuk kotak

→ di sudutnya awal
terjadi initial crack.
 Why structures fail (Solution)
▪ The steel in question (old spec.) had always been
adequate for riveted ships because fracture could not
propagate across panels that were joined by rivets. A
welded structure, however, is essentially a single piece of
metal; propagating cracks in the Liberty ships
encountered no significant barriers, and were sometimes
able to tranverse the entire hull.
▪ Once the causes of failure were identified, the remaining
Liberty ships were retro-fitted with rounded
reinforcements at the batch corners. ln addition, high
toughness steel crack arrester plates were riveted to the
deck at strategic locations. These corrections prevented
further serious fractures.
▪ ln the longer term, structural steels were developed with
vastly improved toughness, and weld quality control
standards were developed.
Design Approaches

The strength of material The fracture mechanics

approach approach

Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics (MO-091334) 10

Bagaimana & Kapan ?

▪ Retak tidak berbahaya ?

▪ Retak yg memerlukan perbaikan
takterencana (unscheduled) atau
penggantian komponen ?
▪ Kerusakan lebih parah ➔ patahnya
komponen utama sehingga terjadi
kecelakaan fatal ?
Situasi rutin di lapangan

▪ Ditemukannya retak (crack) pada struktur

utama pada saat inspeksi rutin.
▪ Pertanyaan ke-1 ➔ apakah cukup aman
untuk meneruskan operasi (dengan atau
tanpa pembatasan/pengurangan beban) dan
menunda perbaikan ?
▪ Pertanyaan ke-2 ➔ jika dapat terus
dioperasikan, kapan harus dilakukan inspeksi
berikutnya pada daerah yg retak ?
Lingkup Mekanika Retak
▪ Pertanyaan ke-1 ➔ terkait dengan kekuatan
sisa (residual strength) struktur dengan
adanya retak tsb.
▪ Pertanyaan ke-2 ➔ terkait dengan berapa
kecepatan rambat dari retak tsb/laju
perambatan retak (crack propagation rate)
▪ Jadi, Mekanika Retak:
 Diperlukan guna mengetahui residual strength
dan crack propagation rate.
 Salah satu bagian dari Mekanika yang membahas
tegangan dan regangan pada struktur yang
mengandung retak.
Disain berbasis Mekanika Retak

▪ Dalam tahapan disain, telah diantisipasi

kemungkinan tsb, dengan cara:
 Untuk bagian-bagian struktur yang rentan terjadi
retak ➔ dipilih material dengan spesifikasi: laju
perambatan retak rendah & ketahanan terhadap
retak (fracture thoughness) yang baik.
 Filosofi disain dibuat untuk menghindari
terjadinya retak yang dapat menyebabkan
kegagalan fatal.
Pembangunan (construction) &
Inspeksi berbasis Mekanika Retak

▪ Retro-fitted with rounded reinforcements at

the batch corners → case of Liberty ship.
▪ Example:
 Initial crack, 1 mm → inspection found in
September.
 Crack propagation rate → 0,5 mm/month (from
FM analysis).
 Critical crack size → 3 mm (from FM analysis).
 Inspection schedule → when the next nearest
inspection should be done?