Gyroscopic apparatus

1. what is gyroscopic apparatus?

A gyroscope is a device used for measuring or maintaining orientation and angular
velocity.

2.what is meant by gyroscopic couple?

The turning moment which opposes any change of the inclination of the axis of rotation
of a gyroscope.

3.write down some application of gyroscopic motion?

Applications of gyroscopes include inertial navigation systems, such as in the Hubble
telescope, or inside the steel hull of a submerged submarine. Due to their precision,
gyroscopes are also used in gyrotheodolites to maintain direction in tunnel
mining.[4]Gyroscopes can be used to construct gyrocompasses, which complement or
replace magnetic compasses (in ships, aircraft and spacecraft, vehicles in general), to
assist in stability (bicycles, motorcycles, and ships) or be used as part of an inertial
guidance system.

Weston differential chain block and friction of bearing

1. What advantage or disadvantages does the Weston chain block have
compared with rope block?
Weston chain block is frequently used because of its simple and effective design and ability
to hoist heavy loads compared to rope block. Weston blocks consists of an endless chain
and chain wheels. These are very strong and the engagement of the chains and notched
chain wheels prevent slipping whereas other types of hoists are made up of ropes.

2. What is the V.R for Weston chain block?

V.R.=distance moved by effort/distance moved by load
=18 pitches/.5 pitch=36

3.Why efficiency is usually kept less than 50% in Weston chain block?
Mechanical advantage is reduced mainly due to friction in the system and as a result the
efficiency low. this is however is not a disadvantage if the efficiency is less than 50%, the
machine will not overhaul. That is to say the system will support a load on the snatch block
without applying a force on the effort chain. This feature makes it’s a safe hoisting machine.
4. Draw M.A vs. load curve for Weston chain block?

5.What is meant by dynamic equilibrium and static equilibrium?

Dynamic equilibrium is when all the forces acting on an object are balanced bu the
object it moving, it has a velocity.

Static equilibrium is when all forces acting on an object are balanced (i.e. there is no
resultant forces) and the object is not in motion relative to the plane of reference, in
other words the object does not have a velocity.

6.What are the comparative friction characteristics of each bearing?

Wood and steel >brass and steel>self-tube>ball bearing (friction)

7. What is the basic difference between plain bearing and ball bearing?
Rolling bearings have rolling elements, ether in the form of balls or rollers between
outer and inner rings.

Plain bearings do not have any rolling elements at all, but often come with a boundary
layer of wearing surface such as PTFE ( Teflon) or copper between inner and outer ring
to reduce friction.

8. How can friction be reduced on plain bearing?

1. The use of bearing surfaces that are themselves sacrificial, such as low shear
materials, of which lead/copper journal bearings are an example.
2. Improve overall lubrication either by changing viscosity, using differing or improved
additives or through the use of different lubricants themselves, i.e., synthetics,
solids, etc.

9.Why friction in ball bearing is smallest amount?

A ball bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing that uses balls to maintain the
separation between the bearing races. n most applications, one race is stationary and
the other is attached to the rotating assembly (e.g., a hub or shaft). As one of the
bearing races rotates it causes the balls to rotate as well. Because the balls are rolling
they have a much lower coefficient of friction than if two flat surfaces were sliding
against each other.

10. Write in ascending order of the following bearing on the basis of

their frictional characteristics, self-lube, Brass and steel, wood & steel,
Ball Bearing.
Ball bearing, self-tube, brass &steel and wood and steel.

Pulley and Pulley Block

01. Define pulley

Ans.: A pulley is a wheel used to guide ropes or belts in selected directions so that a force
transmitted in one direction can be changed to another direction which is more convenient.
Pulleys can be fixed or they can be movable.
02. If you get some M.A from a device, does this violate energy conservation law?
Explain.
Ans.: No, It does not violate energy conservation law because, Energy is force times distance.
Mechanical advantage devices like levers or gears increase distance while reducing force.
Energy remains the same since the product of F and D remains the same, no matter what
device you use.

03. Define velocity ratio. What is the value of V.R for a 5 cord system?
Ans.: Velocity Ratio (V. R.) is the ratio of the distance moved by effort to the distance moved by
load.
 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡
V.R. = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

The value of V.R. for a 5 cord system is 5.

04. Draw the load vs. M.A curve for simple pulley block.
Ans.:

05. Can you explain why M.A and efficiency increase with the increase of load for
same pulley block?
Ans.: We know,
Load
M.A. = Effort

If we increase load then M.A. also increase because Mechanical Advantage is proportional
to load.
𝑀.𝐴. 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑∗𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
Efficiency= 𝑉.𝑅. ∗ 100%=𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡∗𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡*100%

Since, load is proportional to efficiency, then if we increase load, then efficiency will
increase.
06. Is there is any effect on M.A due to change in direction of cord?
Ans.: There is no effect on M.A. due to change in direction of cord.
07. Write down the equation of efficiency for simple pulley mechanism.
𝑀.𝐴.
Ans.: Efficiency= 𝑉.𝑅. ∗ 100%

08. How M.A is affected by the load?

Ans.: Mechanical advantage is defined as the ratio of resistance overcomes to the effort
applied. The simple machine requires force to do work. The resistive force to be overcome
is called load.
09. Mention some application of pulley and pulley block arrangement.
Ans.: Some uses of pulleys are obvious like the rigging on a sailboat or the lifting ability of a
crane. pulleys are used in vehicles to increase their power and make them run more
smoothly. An example of a fixed pulley is a weight machine. With a movable pulley, the
pulley itself moves with the application of force. A zip line is an example of a movable
pulley. A complex pulley system can achieve both change in direction and increase in
mechanical productivity. With the addition of more pulleys, the effort to move the load is
lessened.
10. In a simple pulley, Mechanical advantage for certain load is M, friction force
between pulley & cord is F, and load is L. What would be the minimum effort must be
apply to raise the load?
Ans.:

11. If the ideal lifting effort of the apparatus is W/5, but the actual lifting effort is P,
what is represented by P-W/5?
Ans.:
12. What is rigid body?
Ans.: a rigid body is a solid body in which deformation is zero or so small it can be
neglected.
13. What is kinetics of particle?
Ans.: According to Newton 2nd law, a particle will accelerate when it is subjected to
unbalanced force. kinetics is the study of the relations between unbalanced forces and
resulting changes in motion.
14. Explain D' Alembert principle.
Ans.: The principle states that the sum of the differences between the force acting on a
system of mass particles and the time derivatives of the momenta of the system itself
along any virtual displacement consistent with the constraints of the system, is zero.
15. How can you increase M.A of a pulley and pulley block?
Ans.: If we increase load of a pulley and number of pulley then M.A. will increase. It will also
increase, if we decrease the effort.
16. Does friction between pulley and cord require higher effort that it would require
in frictionless pulley? Why?
Ans.: Friction between pulley and cord require higher effort that it would require in
frictionless pulley because some effort is used in overcoming friction between the string
and the grooves of the pulleys. For this, it requires higher effort.
Potential and kinetic energy
Wheel & axle and differential wheel and axle
11.what are the major ways of energy losses in dynamics?
Frictional loss, unwanted heat and sound, air resistance etc.

12.what are the final forms of losses of energy due to friction?

Energy consumed by friction =wh1-wh2, h1 in intial height and h2 is final height where h1>h2.

13.which is easy to pull or push when you are going to slide over a surface?
Why?
When you push there is one component of force that adds to the weight of the body and
hence there is more friction. When you pull the vertical component of force is against
the weight of body and hence there is less overall friction. So it is easy to pull than push
an object.