Chapter 03

NGN Access and Core
Technologies
Chapter 03
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 1

NGN Access and Core Technologies
• Broadband Access technologies
• Fixed Networks (FTTH, xDSL)
• Wireless Networks (WiFi802.11u/ac/ad)
• Core L2 Technologies:
• Compare Packet Switched networks (CONS, CLNS)
• MPLS and FR Network examples
• QoS
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 2

Broadband Solutions
• Cable–Bandwidth is shared by many users.
• DSL–Limited bandwidth that is distance-sensitive.
• Fiber-to-the-Home–Requires fiber-access network overlay.
• Cellular/Mobile–Coverage is often an issue, bandwidth relatively
limited.
• Wi-Fi Mesh–Many municipalities do not have a mesh network
deployed.
• WiMAX–Bit rate is limited to 2 Mb/s per subscriber; cell size is 1.25
miles (1 to 2 km.)
• Satellite–Expensive; limited capacity per subscriber.
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 3
Broadband Solutions
Technology Max Speed
Cable 512 Kbps to 20 Mbps
xDSL 128 Kbps to 8 Mbps
Wifi 802.11 800 Mbps - 7 Gbps
Satellite 6 Mbps or more
FTTx 1 Gbps
4G/LTE/5G 500 Mbps - 20 Gbps
WiMAX 70 Mbps
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 4

Broadband Solutions FTTx
• FTTN (fiber-to-the-node): Fiber is
terminated in a street cabinet, possibly
miles away from the customer premises,
with the final connections being copper.
• FTTC (fiber-to-the-curb): This is very similar
to FTTN, but the street cabinet or pole is
closer to the user's premises.
• FTTB (fiber-to-the-building): Fiber reaches
the boundary of the building, such as the
basement.
• FTTH (fiber-to-the-home): Fiber reaches
the boundary of the living space, such as a
box on the outside wall of a home.
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 5
Broadband Solutions xDSL
• Two key components required to provide a DSL connection:
• Transceiver–Connects the computer of the teleworker to the DSL.
• DSL access multiplexer (DSLAM)–Located at the carrier’s central
office, it combines individual DSL connections from users into
one high-capacity link to an ISP.
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 6

Broadband Solutions WiMAX
• WiMAX 802.16: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
• A single WiMAX tower can provide coverage to an area as large as 3,000
square miles.
• A WiMAX receiver can be built into a laptop or other wireless device.
• Cellular/mobile implementations wireless Internet:
• 3G/4G/5G Wireless
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 7

Core L2 Technologies: WAN Provider
• It operates beyond the geographic scope of a LAN.
• It is used to interconnect the enterprise LAN to remote LANs in
branch sites and telecommuter sites.
• It is owned by an ISP
• The ISP is usually represented by a cloud
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 8

WAN Networks
• Introduction to WAN Technologies
• Circuit Switched vs. Packet Switched Networks
• Connection Oriented vs. Connectionless (CONS, CLNS)
• QoS in IP Networks
• IPv6 Networks
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 9

Introduction to WAN Technologies
• Large scale network
• Owned by an ISP
• Interconnect Sites
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 10

WAN Access Options
WAN
Private Public
Dedicated Switched Internet
Circuit Packet Broadband

Leased Lines
Switched Switched VPN
DSL – Cable -
T1/E1 PSTN - ISDN CLNS
Wireless
CONS
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 11

Dedicated Leased Lines
• Links between networking devices
• Example: Serial Links, Fiber Optics …
• Technology used in WAN networks
• HDLC
• PPP
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 12

Data Bandwidth Technology
POTS
Speed
Up to 56Kbps
Medium
Twisted Pair
DSO 64Kbps ALL Types
• Digital Signal Level DS1/T1

DS1C/T1C
1.544 Mbps
3.152Mbps
Twisted Pair, Coaxial Cable, Optical Fiber
DS2/T2 6.312Mbps Twisted Pair, Coaxial Cable, Optical Fiber
• DS0 = 64 Kb/s DS3/T3
DS3D/T3D
44.736Mbps
135Mbps
Coaxial Cable
Optical Fiber
E1 2.048Mbps Twisted Pair, Coaxial Cable, Optical Fiber
• E1/T1 refers to the bandwidth on a E2
E3
8.448Mbps
34.368Mbps
Twisted Pair, Optical Fiber
lease lines E4
E5
139.264Mbps
565.148Mbps
Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber
OC-1 51.48Mbps Optical Fiber
• European (E-carrier) system OC-3/STM-1
OC-12/STM-4
155.52Mbps
622.08Mbps
Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber
• E1 = 2.048 Mb/s OC-24
OC-48/STM-16
1.244Gbps
2.488Gbps
Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber
• North American (T-carrier) specification OC-192/STM-64

OC256
10Gbps
13.271Gbps
Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber
GSM 9.6-14.4Kbps RF (Wireless)
• T1 = 1.544 Mb/s HSCSD Up to 56Kbps RF (Wireless)
GPRS 56-114Kbps RF (Wireless)
• U.S. Optical Carrier (OC) bandwidth EDGE

UMTS
EV-DO
384Kbps
Up to 2Mbps
Up to 2Mbps
RF (Wireless)
RF (Wireless)
RF (Wireless)
points DSL 256Kbps-8Mbps
Twisted-pair (used as a digital, broadband
medium)
CABLE 256Kbps-52Mbps Coaxial Cable
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 13

Circuit Switched vs. Packet Switched Networks
• Circuit Switched
• A connection is first established
before data transfer.
• Data follow the same path
(circuit).
• Links are reserved
• Links ca n be reused after
termination
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 14

Circuit Switched vs. Packet Switched Networks
• Packet Switched
• Messages broken into smaller
units (packets)
• Source & destination addresses
in packet header
• Connectionless, packets routed
independently (datagram)
• Packet may arrive out of order
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 15

Connection Oriented vs. Connectionless
• Connection-less Network Services (CLNS)
• It splits traffic data into packets that are routed over a shared network
• Packets might follow different paths
• Multiple Sessions share the link
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 16

Connection Oriented vs. Connectionless
• Connection Oriented Network Services (CONS)
• Traffic is split into packets over a shared network
• It follows a single path called virtual circuit
• A connection establishment is required before transmission
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 17

Connection Oriented (CONS)
• Two types of circuits are supported
• PVC: Permanent Virtual Circuit
• Pre-assignment by the carrier
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 18

• SVC: Switch Virtual Circuit
• Dynamically assigned
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 19

Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 20

Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 21

Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 22

• Virtual Circuit Identifier (VCI)
• It is a Globally significant
Circuit Label
• It is unique across the network
for each circuit
• Their names depends on the
technology used
• VCI’s can be reused.
• They are assigned on edge
routers (Ingress - Egress)
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 23

CONS: Frame Relay
• Frame Relay is a WAN technology.
• It operates on Layer 1 and Layer 2 of the OSI
model
• It uses special type of switches called frame
relay switches
• It uses Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVC) across
WAN
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 24

CONS: Frame Relay
• The PDU of the frame relay has the following structure.
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 25

CONS: Frame Relay – Address Field
• DLCI: Data Link Connection
Identifier
• It is used to assign frames to
a specific PVC
• The mapping between the
DLCI and Layer 3 address is
called inverse ARP.
• FECN, BENC and DE will be
explained in QoS section
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 26

CONS: Frame Relay - PVC
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 27

Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 28

Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 29

CONS: Frame Relay – Switching Table
Inbound DLCI Outbound DLCI

VC
Port Inbound Port Outbound
R1 → R2 Se 0/0 102 Se 0/1 201

R1 → R3 Se 0/0 103 Se 0/2 301
R2 → R1 Se 0/1 201 Se 0/0 102
R2 → R3 Se 0/1 203 Se 0/2 302
R3 → R1 Se 0/2 301 Se 0/0 103
R3→ R2 Se 0/2 302 Se 0/1 203
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 30

CONS: Multiprotocol Label Switching
• Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)
• It directs data from one node to the next based on short path labels rather
than long network addresses
• MPLS is a OSI layer 2.5 protocol
• The MPLS path is not dependent on any layer 2 technology
• It is designed to make routers faster
• It performs label lookup instead of longest match IP routing
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 31

MPLS: PDU
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 32

CONS: Multiprotocol Label Switching
• MPLS Terminologies
• LER: Label Edge Router
• LSR: Label Switch Router
• LDP: Label Distribution Protocol
• LSP: Label Switch Path
• LFIB: Label Forwarding Information Base
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 33

MPLS: LER and LSR
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 34

MPLS: LDP
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 35

MPLS: LSP
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 36

MPLS: LSP
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 37

MPLS: LSP
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 38

MPLS: LFIB
LER1
Inbound Label Outbound Label
Se 0/2 -- Se 0/1 3
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 39

MPLS: LFIB
LSR4
Se 0/0 3 Se 0/3 6
LER1
Se 0/2 -- Se 0/1 3
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 40

MPLS: LFIB
LSR4
Se 0/0 3 Se 0/3 6
LER1
Se 0/2 -- Se 0/1 3
LSR3
Se 0/1 6 Se 0/3 10
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 41

MPLS: LFIB
LSR4 LSR2
Inbound Label Outbound Label Inbound Label Outbound Label
Se 0/0 3 Se 0/3 6 Se 0/1 10 Se 0/2 --
LER1
Se 0/2 -- Se 0/1 3
LSR3
Se 0/1 6 Se 0/3 10
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 42

Quality of Service
QoS
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 43

Quality of Service
• Quality of Service (QoS) classify network traffic and gives special
handling.
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 44

QoS Metric
All the below QoS Metrics are set based on Service Level Agreement
with the ISP.
• Throughput
• Delay
• Jitter (Delay Variation)
• Packet Loss Rate
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 45

QoS Metric
Throughput
• Due to varying load from disparate users sharing the same network
resources, the maximum throughput that can be provided to a certain
data stream may be too low for real-time multimedia services.
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 46

QoS Metric
Delay
• It might take a long time for each packet to reach its destination
because it gets held up in long queues, or it takes a less direct route
to avoid congestion. In some cases, excessive latency can render an
application such as VoIP or online gaming unusable.
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 47

QoS Metric
Jitter
• Packets from the source will reach the destination with different
delays.
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 48

QoS Metric
Packet Loss Rate
• The network may fail to deliver (drop) some packets due to network
congestion.
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 49

QoS Protocols Categories
• Coloring or Prioritization
• Frame Relay Discard Eligibility (DE)
• Differentiated Services (DiffServ)
• Queueing
• Token Buckets (Shaping)
• Integrated Services – Resource Reservation (IntServ)
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 50

Frame Relay QoS
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 51

Frame Relay QoS
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 52

Frame Relay QoS
• Access Rate
• The capacity of the local loop
• CIR: Committed Information Rate
• The bandwidth guaranteed by the provider.
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 53

Frame Relay QoS: DE
• DE: Discard Eligibility
• It allows frames to be discarded in preference to other frames when a
network is congested
• DE is set if the user is exceeding CIR
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 54

Frame Relay QoS: FECN
• FECN: Forward Explicit Congestion Notification
• It lets the receiver know that congestion is occurring. Although the problem is
the sender's responsibility, the receiver can inform the sender to implement
congestion avoidance procedures.
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 55

Frame Relay QoS: BECN
• BECN: Backward Explicit Congestion Notification
• Lets the sender know that congestion is occurring. Although the problem is
the receiver 's responsibility, the receiver can inform the sender to implement
congestion avoidance procedures.
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 56

Frame Relay: FECN & BECN
• FECN & BECN
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 57

Differentiated Services
DiffServ
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 58

Differentiated Services (DiffServ)
• IP networks are Best Effort (No QoS)
• Classifying network traffic) on IP networks.
• Used to provide low-latency network traffic such
as voice or streaming media while providing
simple best-effort service to non-critical
services such as web traffic or file transfers.
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 59

DiffServ: DSCP
• DiffServ uses a 6-bit Differentiated
Services Code Point (DSCP) in the 8-
bit differentiated services field (DS
field) in the IP header for packet
classification purposes
• The DSCP value is assigned at
ingress points of the routers.
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 60

DiffServ: ECN
• Explicit Congestion Notification
(ECN) occupies the least-significant
2 bits of the IPv4 TOS field.
• Most networks use the following
commonly defined per-hop
behaviors:
• Default Forwarding (DF)
• Expedited Forwarding (EF)
• Assured Forwarding (AF)
• PHB Class Selector PHBs
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 61

DiffServ: Assured Forwarding
• Assured Forwarding (AF) – Uses the 5 most significant DSCP bits to
indicate queues and drop preference.
• Class 4 is the best queue and Class 1 is the worst queue.
Assured Forwarding Group
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4
Low drop probability AF11 (DSCP 10) 001010 AF21 (DSCP 18) 010010 AF31 (DSCP 26) 011010 AF41 (DSCP 34) 100010
Med drop probability AF12 (DSCP 12) 001100 AF22 (DSCP 20) 010100 AF32 (DSCP 28) 011100 AF42 (DSCP 36) 100100
High drop probability AF13 (DSCP 14) 001110 AF23 (DSCP 22) 010110 AF33 (DSCP 30) 011110 AF43 (DSCP 38) 100110
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 62

• The first 3 most significant bits are used to designate the class.
• The 4th and 5th most significant bits are used to designate the drop
preference.
• The 6th most significant bit is set to zero.
Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 63

Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 64

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NGN Access and Core

Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 1

Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 2

Dr. Ihab A. AGHA 4

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Dedicated Switched Internet

Circuit Packet Broadband

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• Digital Signal Level DS1/T1

• North American (T-carrier) specification OC-192/STM-64

• U.S. Optical Carrier (OC) bandwidth EDGE

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Inbound DLCI Outbound DLCI

R1 → R2 Se 0/0 102 Se 0/1 201

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