Wireless Network

1
Infrastructure
TMF6044 ICT Infrastructure

V2022
2 Overview

´ Wireless LAN
´ WiFi
´ Wireless MAN
´WiMAX
´ Wireless WAN
´ Mobile Broadband (3G, 4G and 5G)
´ Satellite Communication
´Satellite Broadband System
3 The Wireless version of LAN, WAN, MAN
North American Standards European Standards
IEEE is an
American
standard

3G, 4G, 5G
Mobile Broadband
Wireless Access

ETSI Hiper
is
802.21 is a handover standard European
across different type of networks standard
 • Bigger bandwidth can transmit more
4 Wireless LANs • cth mcm radio, setiap jarak frequency antara channel
radio ya adalah bandwidth
• higher power (more than 1wt), it can cover bigger area

´ The integration of wireless technology has enabled

greater mobility to networked computers
´ It is not just a media replacement but also affected the
medium access method used.
´ Technically, wireless LAN affected OSI Layer 1 and Layer 2
´ As newer standards being developed, higher connection
speeds have been achieved with the adoption of higher
operating frequencies that offer more bandwidth
5 Wired Network vs Wireless Network
 6

Wireless
LAN and
OSI
7 Wireless LAN: IEEE 802.11 vs HyperLAN

American Standards European Standards

 Speed 2Mbps only (1997)

8 Common WiFi Standards (IEEE 802.11x) and

900Mhz only for their approved years:
GSM sebab ya
Malaysia sik 5Ghz
adopt frequency
ya sbb takut ada WiFi 6 6Ghz
WiFi 6E
interference
AX AX
2019 2020
• not yet finalized
• no standard
• main difference is
only the speed
2024
BE
WiFi 7
 ** Low frequency, low bandwidth

9 WiFi Frequency Evolution Path

Malaysia ada
mytv Mun di
Europe nya dah AX
adopt DVB

• Device with device only

• Short distance
• Contoh antara kamera dengan
laptop (Mok transfer file)

• mainly for sensor

• slalu pakei di rural area
• below 1Ghz
10 Standard and Specifications
Mun Mok pakei standard ambik
802.11n

802.11AX

2019

2.4/5GHz

9.6 Gbps

220 ft

820 ft
11
WiFi6 (802.11ax) Features
Support More Users Better Signal Strength

Support more
concurrent
devices

Higher Data Larger Coverage

Rate per
transmission
stream
To get different
network
(differentiate
between network
Support more utk dpt less

aggregated interference)

Better Battery Life

transmission
streams
Reduced Frequency Interference
 SNR (signal-to-noise) ratio

12 WiFi Standards Evolution

**utk QAM page before

2^1 BPSK (1Mbps) 1/0

2^2 QPSK(2Mbps) 00/01/10/11 (2024)
Theoretical Speed
2^4 16QAM(4Mbps)
2^8 64QAM
2^16 256QAM

• time to do data detection become smaller and smaller

• must have a very good signal (extremely high) compare to
the noise baruk part pakei higher and higher scheme, mun
sik nya akan pakei lower and lower jak)
13 Wireless LAN Applications

´ LAN Extension
´ Extending the wired Ethernet LAN
´ Cross-building interconnect
´ Wireless bridge between building
´ Nomadic Access
´ Enabling access for laptop to network resources from anywhere
´ Ad hoc networking
´ Sharing resources during a meeting
14 Basic Wireless LAN Configurations
15 Multi-cell Configuration

Roaming / Handover
16 Common Wireless LAN setup
Enterprise Network Integration Home Network Integration
17 Bridging and Routing
Repeater level 1

´ Wireless LAN can interconnect with wired network either

in Bridging mode or Routing mode
´ Bridging – using a Wireless Access Point (AP)
´ Routing – using a Wireless Router (Switch + Router + Wireless)
• Multiple port = router
• 1 LAN port = bridging • router more functionality
• nya mesti same server/network • hotspot is routing sbb nya
• bridging is layer 2 (switching) two different network
• routing in layer 3
LAN

WAN LANs
 Public IP
18 Bridging vs Routing NAT

´ Bridging – Same network segment (same IP subnet)

´ Share the same configurations as the Wired Network
´ Routing – Different network segment with Wired network (different IP
subnet and possibly behind NAT) • NAT (network address translation)
• to create private network
´ Behind NAT (Network Address Translation) is a Private Network.
´ The Wireless Router may provides its own DHCP service, defining its own
DNS servers, setting its own private IP ranges
´ Which is better?
´ Depends on your requirements
´ Performance wise, bridging gives slightly better performance
´ Feature sets wise, router provides more features
19 Expanding Wireless LAN
´ WLAN always has limited coverage range due to
´ its restricted transmit power (1W for 2.4GHz, 0.5W for 5GHz)
´ Obstacles in the environment
´ Ways to expand the coverage
´ Using a higher gain antenna, typical antenna has only 3dBi to 5dBi.
´ Using a Signal Repeater, a repeater can be installed at the edge of the
WLAN coverage
´ Putting up multiple Wireless Access Points or WiFi Mesh
 20 Type of Antenna – Different signal gains

Omnidirectional
Directional
MIMO
21
Extending Wireless LAN
´ Setting up multiple APs will create a very large wireless network and mobile
devices can roam from one AP to another
´ It is a more proper way of expanding wireless LAN
´ To enable roaming across multiple APs, all APs must have
´ the same SSID
´ operating at different channel (frequency) for adjacent AP
´ All APs are connecting to the same wired network
 WiFi Mesh • Mesh is good for signal but not coverage
• better connect wire and polah kedak router
baruk coverage nya bagus
22
Mesh WiFi Router

Mesh router system features

multiple access points

One node acts as router and

link to Internet gateway
(modem)

Others link to each other to

act as Access Points
23 Actual Performance
´ Overheads such as retransmission caused by errors and
waiting to access at MAC layer caused additional delay
in transmission have greatly reduce the actual
throughput of the wireless LAN networks
Network overhead - delay
24 Challenges: Privacy and Security

´ In order to transmit over a wired-LAN, physical connection

must be available. This is a form of authentication which
requires some positive and observable actions to connect to
a wired-LAN.
´ In order to receive a transmission from a wired-LAN, the
receiving station must also be attached to the wired-LAN
physically.
´ But, for wireless LAN, as long as the station is within the radio
range, transmitting and receiving is possible.
´ Hence, wireless LAN uses WEP and WPA in the transmission to
ensure no one can understand what has been transmitted.
WEP easily can
be hacked
25 Challenges: Signal Strength and
Frequency Overlapping

Signal faded with distance and block by Overlapping frequency channels introduce
obstacles hence degrade performance interference and degrade performance
26 Advancement: MIMO Beamforming

Beamforming can be achieved using multiple antenna (MIMO) which

promises a faster, stronger Wi-Fi signal with longer range for each device.
Rather than simply broadcasting in all directions, hence achieving a better
WiFi signal and reception for the mobile devices.

Available on 802.11n, 802.11ac and 802.11ax

27 Wireless MAN
´ Fixed wireless installations that interconnect buildings and locations
´ Antenna and CPE (Customer Premises Equipment) are installed at a fixed
location of the building
Antenna is an equipment inside
´ As Backhaul network the CPE CPE
´ For enterprise networks
´ Cellular towers
´ Hotspots
´ As Last Mile Access network
´ Connecting residential with fixed point-to-point wireless connection
´ Competing with other last mile access technologies such as DSL and Fiber
´ Advantages
´ Cheaper installation cost
´ Faster deployment
´ More stable wireless signal than indoor 3G/4G WiFi router
28 Wireless MAN as Backhaul Network
29 Wireless MAN as Last Mile Access Network
30 What is WiMAX / 802.16?

´ The 802.16/HiperMAN for 2-11 GHz is a wireless metropolitan

area network (MAN) technology that provides broadband
wireless connectivity to Fixed, Portable and Nomadic users.
This powerful OFDM and NLOS technology can be used to
backhaul LANs to the Internet, provide inter-campus
connectivity, and enable a wireless alternative to cable, DSL,
T1’s or even fiber.

´ It provides up to 50-kilometers of service area range, allows

users to get broadband connectivity without needing direct
line of sight with the base station, and provides total data
rates of hundreds of Mbps per base station - a sufficient
amount of bandwidth to simultaneously support hundreds of
businesses with T1/E1-type connectivity and thousands of
homes with DSL-type connectivity with a single base station.
31 The 802.16/HiperMAN Technology
Specs
´ Based on IEEE 802.16 and ETSI HiperMAN - WiMAX
selected the common mode of operation of these two
standards - 256FFT OFDM.
´ Initially concentrated in 2-11GHz Wireless MAN
(Metropolitan Access Networks), with the following set of
features:
´ Service area range 50km
´ Non Line of Sight
´ QoS designed in for voice/video, differentiated services
´ Very high spectrum utilization: 3.8 bit/Hz
´ Up to 280Mbps per base station
´ True broadband for portable users - based on IEEE 802.16e
32 WiMAX Technical Working Groups
´ WiMAX 10-66 GHz technical
working group
´ two MAC system profile
´ two primary PHY system profile
´ WiMAX 2-11 GHz technical
working group
´ defining MAC and PHY system
profile for IEEE 802.16e and
HiperMAN standards
802.16e is the current standard for WiMAX
802.16m is the next generation WiMAX offering 1Gbps
´ The 802.16 family
´ 802.16 - 10 – 66 GHz, QAM
modulation
´ 802.16a - Adds 2 – 11 GHz & 2
OFDM profiles
´ 802.16b/c – Interoperate &
certification specifications
´ 802.16d - Adds 2 – 11 GHz to
interop spec.
´ 802.16e - Mobility specification
& study group
´ 802.16.2 & 2a – Coexistence of
Broadband systems, 10 – 66 GHz
and 2 – 11 GHz
´ 802.16m – WiMAX 2
33 Comparison
34 Performance

802.16m: 40Mbps (mobile) and up to 1Gbps (fixed)

35 System Deployment Requirements
- Line of Sight (LOS)
The Line of Sight Concept
´ An optical line of sight exists if an imaginary straight line can be
drawn connecting the antennas on either side of the link.

Clear Line of Sight

´ A clear line of sight exists when no physical objects obstruct
viewing one antenna from the location of the other antenna.
´ A radio wave clear line of sight exists if a defined area around the
optical line of sight (Fresnel Zone) is clear of obstacles.
36 Fresnel Zone
´ The Fresnel zone is the area of a circle around the line of
sight.
´ The Fresnel Zone is defined as follows:
´ When at least 80% of the first Fresnel Zone is clear of obstacles,
propagation loss is equivalent to that of free space
37 System Deployment Requirements
-Topology Analysis
´Topology Studies
´Topo Studies are a
requirement for any
outdoor deployment
to ensure a proper
design for LOS (Line of
Sight) or NLOS (Near
Line of Sight)
Connections
38 802.16 Applications

FRACTIONAL T1 for
SMALL BUSINESS BACKHAUL for
HOTSPOTS
RESIDENTIAL & SoHo DSL

T1+ LEVEL SERVICE

ENTERPRISE

BACKHAUL ALWAYS BEST CONNECTED

802.16

Multi-Point 802.11
BACKHAUL
802.11

802.11
39 Wireless WAN
´ Wireless WAN is based on mobile telecommunication cellular
networks to transfer data
´ 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G
´ It is also commonly called Mobile Broadband
´ It aims to provide a much larger network coverage especially via its
capability to roam from cell to cell seamlessly
´ Since its coverages are provided via communication towers, all
signal propagation impairments experience in Wireless MAN will also
exist in wireless WAN systems.
´ The high mobility nature of the end user mobile devices will further
add challenges to provision a good connection.
´ The Mobile Broadband under the European 3GPP initiatives (3G/4G)
is more popularly adopted compared to the IEEE802.20
40 The Wireless LAN, MAN, WAN coverage

2km until 10km

41 Wireless vs Mobile
Mobile is Wireless, Wireless is not necessary Mobile

Cth: WiMAX
42 WiFi vs Mobile Broadband

WiFi / WLAN

Mainly design for telephone and

not design for the internet

Mobile
Broadband
43 How Networks Connect to each other?
Mobile Broadband

Bottleneck always happen here

(wireless section)
PSTN

Public switch telephone

network (PSTN) or
known as landline

Fixed Broadband
 44 Mobile Network Setup – Cellular Network
BSC – Base Station Controller
MSC – Mobile Switching Centre
MS – Mobile Station (device)
45 The Cellular Concept

Ideally, a cell like this with round coverage, assuming the tower has
an omni-directional antenna.
46 Frequency Re-use
- minimize adjacent frequency interference

Principle of Frequency
Re-use:

Adjacent cell shall not

be using the same
frequency

Frequency planning
is important to avoid
interference

For example, an operator is allocated with a band of

frequency that consists of 7 sub-band of frequencies
47 Different sizes of Cells – Capacity planning

• Support up to 7 people
• nya macam router
48 Cell Sizes and Capacity
49 Cellular System Overview

MSC
50 Mobile Handoff

Handoff allows a smooth

transition of mobile
connection being hand
over from one tower (Base
Station, BS) to another
tower as the mobile device
moves.

The handoff decision is

based on the signal
strength from each tower

Mobile moves from one cell to another cell

51 Multiple Access Scheme
´ In a cell, the base station needs to serve many mobile terminals at
the same time (both downlink and uplink)
´ All mobiles in the cell need to communicate to the base station in a
organized way to avoid interference among different senders and
receivers
´ Different multiple access schemes have been adopted to enable
multiple mobiles to communicate with the base station effectively
´ They are
´ FDMA – used in 1st Gen Analog mobile
´ TDMA – used in 2nd Gen Digital mobile
´ CDMA – used in 3rd Gen mobile
´ OFDMA – used in 4th Gen mobile
´ OFDMA, SCMA, NOMA – candidates for 5th Gen mobile
52 Mobile Network Evolution
Qualcom is the owner of
3G and 4G

5G is here but the standardization process is still on-going

 Mobile Broadband Speed Evolution
53

2G evolves to 2.5G with

GPRS and EDGE
(384kbps)

3G evolves to 3.5G with

HSPA+ (168Mbps)

4G evolves from LTE to

LTE-A Pro (3Gbps)

5G has many offers from

various technology
developers such as
Qualcomm, Samsung,
Huawei, Nokia etc (up
to 20Gbps).
54 5G Visions
´ Number of connection
´ More connection per square km to
support more devices
´ We need 1 million connections per
square km
´ Throughput (Bandwidth)
´ 4G has 10 times more bandwidth
than 3G but until 4K video come
into picture
´ We need 10Gbps
´ Latency
´ 3G latency = 100ms
´ 4G latency = 50ms
´ We need 1ms for mission critical
services such as self-driving
55 5G Specification Requirements
56 5G Standardization: The 5G Race
57
Current Deployments

´ 224 operators in 88 countries have

demonstrated, testing, and field trial of
5G technologies.
´ First large scale deployment was in South
Korea in April 2019 by Samsung.
´ Malaysia push 80% 5G adoption by 2024.
´ Frequency bands identified by MCMC for
Malaysia:
´ 700MHz – long range, massive number of
things
´ 3.5GHz – mobile broadband, mission
critical
´ 26/28GHz (millimeter wave, mmWave) –
short range access and backhaul
58
Current 5G Deployment in Malaysia
(as of Dec 2022 reported by DNB)

Average 5G:
394Mbps

Average 4G:
35Mbps
59 Overall Comparison

4G LTE
5G
802.11n/ac/ax 802.16m WiMAX2

10Gbps 1Gbps 10Gbps

60 Satellite Broadband System

´ Long distance communication always restricted by

obstacles sit in between the transmitter and receiver.
´ The curvature nature of the Earth has caused limited
Line-of-Sight (LOS) hence signal traveling on Earth
surface will not go too far.
´ By having a signal repeater in the sky, the
communication distance can be greatly increased
without being blocked by obstacles on the ground.
´ Hence, to provide full coverage on Earth surface, a
minimum of 3 satellites at Geostationary Orbit (GEO) will
provide footprint up to 99%. 36000km away from Earth
61 Satellite Operating Concept
High frequency good
bandwidth but highly
chance to get blocked by
obstacle even the thick
cloud (cth: astro)
The Satellite acts as Signal
Repeater, called the
Transponder
The Uplink and Downlink
frequencies are different to
avoid signal interference
Both Uplink and Downlink
have very good Line-of-
Sight (LOS) hence signal
can travel a very long
distance. The furthest
satellite is 36,000km from
Earth.
62 Satellite Transponder Components

Uplink and Downlink frequencies used are subject to the

operating band. This example uses C-band frequencies.
63 Common Satellite Orbits
Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
~160km – 1000km

Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)

~10,000km – 20,000km

GEO Earth Orbit (GEO)

~36,000km

Only GEO satellites have traveling speed similar to the Earth rotation speed
64 Satellite Footprint – the Coverage Area

Subject to the
antenna beam
pattern.
Footprint
It is not always
round in shape.
65 MEASAT-3d Footprints Tok dipakei astro
X-band use by military
66 Satellite Frequency Bands and Services

C-band, Ku-band and Ka-band are commonly used in Malaysia for VSAT Internet service
Ku-band also used for Cable TV such as ASTRO
67 Starlink Satellite System
Speed Down: 25 – 220Mbps
Speed Up: 5 – 20Mbps
Latency: 25ms – 60ms
550km above Earth
Expected: 42,000 satellites
Current (July 2023): ~4500 satellites

Running on LEO (lowest orbits)

68 Advantages of Satellite
Communications

´ Area of coverage is more than that of terrestrial systems

´ Each and every corner of the earth can be covered
´ Transmission cost is independent of coverage area
´ More bandwidth and broadcasting possibilities
69 Disadvantages of Satellite
Communications
´ Launching of satellites into orbits is a costly process
´ Propagation delay of satellite systems is more than that
of conventional terrestrial systems
´ Difficult to provide repairing activities if any problem
occurs in a satellite system
´ Limited satellite lifespan
´ Free space loss
´ Frequency congestion
70 Applications of Satellite Systems

´ TV broadcasting
´ Cable TV service – ASTRO TV
´ Radio broadcasting and voice communications
´ Satellite phone – Iridium
´ Internet applications
´ VSAT Internet service
´ Starlink (LEO, 40K satellites, Internet and Phone)
´ Military applications and navigations
´ Remote sensing applications
´ Weather condition monitoring & Forecasting
71
Extra Notes
Last Mile Access and the future
72 Last Mile Access
-The most costly part of network deployment

• Fiber can be lay in a low cost

because of technology call PON
(PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK)
• can go up to 20km

Slain fiber nya boleh pakei

microwave link (tower to tower)
up to 40km only

Can be
wireless
ISP or fiber

Last Mile
Access Home Network
LAN / Ethernet
WiFi / Hotspot
73 Last Mile Technologies

Telephone network
74 Question to ponder:
Will Wireless replace Wired in the future?
Depend on applications
´WiFi to replace Gigabit Ethernet? scenario

´Bluetooth to replace USB 4 cable? Driving factor is cost

´Mobile Broadband to replace PON fiber optics?
Depend on the situation
´Fixed Wireless to replace DSL?
• Both is dying because nowadays need a tons of bandwidth
• depend on where are u applying? Urban or rural (rural is
possible because not high demand)
75 What are the Challenges and
Complexities in moving forward?
´ To achieve higher and higher Data Rates
´ To overcome the spectrum limitation of wireless
medium (Spectrum Sharing)
´ To reduce Latency for mission critical services
´ To accommodate Massive Scale for IoT (Internet of
Things) deployment
76
Thank you